Cells—smallest unit of structure and function of living things

Tissues—groups of cells working together to perform a function

Covers the body surface and lines all body cavities

Organs—groups of tissues working

together to perform a function

Organ Systems—groups of organs working

together to perform a function

The process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant by negative

feedback (feedback inhibition)

Process in which a stimulus produces a response in the opposite direction

Example: Furnace, AC

Animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within

Examples: Birds, mammals, other mammals

Animal that relies on interactions with the environment to help it control body temperature

Examples: Turtles, snakes, other reptiles

Consist of brain, spinal cord and

peripheral nerves

Function—controls and

coordinates functions

throughout the body and

responds to internal and

external stimuli.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1. Action potential arrives at end of axon

2. Vesicles of neurotransmitter fuse with membrane of axon

3. Release of neurotransmitter

4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor

Dim the lights in a room.

After a few minutes, look at the eyes of another person and note the size of the pupil (the black center spot in the middle of the eye).

Turn the room lights back on.

Check the size of the pupils again.

What happened?

The pupils should now be smaller. This is the pupillary response: it "automatically" keeps out excessive light that may damage the eye.

The knee jerk reflex is one that you may have had tested at a check up at the doctor's office. In this test, the doctor hits your knee at a spot just below your knee cap and your leg kicks out. Try it!

Have a partner sit with his or her legs crossed so that his leg can swing freely.

Hit his leg just below the knee with the side of your hand.

What happened?

The leg will kick out immediately (if you hit the right place).

The knee jerk reflex is called a monosynaptic reflex because there is only one synapse in the circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes about 50 milliseconds between the tap and the start of the leg kick. That is fast! The tap below the knee causes the thigh muscle to stretch. Information is then sent to the spinal cord. After one synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is sent back out to the thigh muscle that then contracts.

Get a ruler (or a yardstick or candy bar). Hold the ruler near the end (highest number) and let

it hang down. Have another person put his or her hand at the

bottom of the ruler and have them ready to grab the ruler (however, they should not be touching the ruler).

Tell the other person that you will drop the ruler sometime within the next 5 seconds and that they are supposed to catch the ruler as fast as they can after it is dropped.

Record the level (inches or centimeters) at which they catch the ruler (you can convert the distance into reaction time with the chart below).

Test the same person 3 to 5 times (vary the time of dropping the ruler within the 5 second "drop-zone" so the other person cannot guess when you will drop the ruler).

Consist of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons

Function—supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement (joints), stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation.

Consist of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Function—works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Consist of skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands

Function—serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

Consist of heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood

Function—carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells of the body, helps fight infection, carries cell waste to the kidneys, helps regulate body temperature

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0QTWzU-xI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0s-1MC1hcE

Consist of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs

Function—provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

Consist of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum

Function—breaks down food into simpler compounds that the cells of the body can use, absorbs nutrient, absorbs water, eliminates waste

Digestion Activity – Simulation

Helicobacter pylori Causes ulcers

Consist of the skin, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Function—eliminates waste in ways that maintain proper water and salt balance (homeostasis)

Consist of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testes (in males)

Function—controls growth, development, and metabolism, sexual maturity (reproduction), also maintains homeostasis

Consist of the testes, epididymis, vasdeferens, urethra, and penis (in males); fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (in females)

Function—produces reproductive cells, eggs in females, sperm in males, provides for the developing embryo

Consist of white blood cells, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels

Function—helps protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system