AnimalsAnimals

Animal Behavior NamePhylogenetic tree Biology

Date

Sponges

Cnidarians

Flatworms

Roundworms

MollusksAnnelids

Arthropods

EchinodermsChordates

Animals (Common ancestor)

have are carry out

with such as

Animals

Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

Eukaryoticcells Heterotrophs Essential

functions

No cell walls

All animals are multicellular and heterotrophic.• lack cell walls. • have nerves and muscles• Most can move and ability of flight is unique to

animals.

• Most reproduce sexually• Most are invertebrates • Most animals live in the sea

Animals can vary greatly

They can be found in the arctic, the rainforests of South America, deep ocean trenches, and at the tops of mountains.

Invertebrates: jellyfish, spiders and earth worms are all animals.

Vertebrates: reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds and mammals are vertebrate animals

Fossils show as animals evolved they became more complex.

Birds are thought to be descendents of

dinosaurs.

InvertebratesInvertebrates

• Animals that lack backbones• Almost all animals are invertebrates and they

can be found anywhere on earth. • Includes: sponges, jellyfish, octopus, clams,

snails, spiders, beetles, and crabs.• Some have exoskeletons (insects) to protect

their bodies and provide structure.• Can reproduce sexually and asexually,

depending on the species

SpongesSponges

• sessile as adults, asymmetric, and have no tissues - specialized cells,

• reproduce sexually or asexually, and they feed by filtering particles from water.

Purple tube sponge

CnidariansCnidarians

•found in marine environments.

• radial symmetry and tentacles.• a polyp form and a medusa form.• Most are carnivorous

Brain Coral (Anthazoans)

Box jellyfish (Scyphozoans)

FlatwormsFlatworms• Have soft bodies with bilateral symmetry and no segments.

No body cavity, specialized respiratory (lungs) or circulatory (heart) organs. Nutrients/gas pass through body. They can be found in the sea or on land.

Blue marine flatworms

Tapeworm

(Turbellia)

(Cestoda)

Round wormsRound worms• Nematodes. • can be found anywhere.• Feed on fungi, bacteria, and sometimes other round

worms. Most are parasitic but some are predators.

• Can be microscopic to 8m long

Hook worms (parasitic)

Pin worms

Caenorhabditis elegans

AnnelidsAnnelids

• Segmented worms• found in freshwater, saltwater and on land.• They have organs in each segment. Have a gut,

circulatory system and nervous system (with brain).• Reproduce sexually and asexually

Earth worm (land)

Leeches (water)

AArtrthhrropopooddss

• Account for 2/3 of known species • includes insects, arachnids and crustaceans. • All have an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and

jointed appendages.

• All but scorpions lay eggs. Some go through metamorphosis (caterpillar - butterfly) before they reach maturity.

• They can be helpful (pollinators) or harmful (destroy crops, spread disease)

ArachnidsArachnids• Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites• All have 8 legs and are mostly found in terrestrial environments.• No antennae and no wings.

Spiders: jumping spider and banana spider. Scorpions: Asian forest

scorpion & Australian wood scorpion

Mites: yellow mite and velvet mite.

InsInseectscts• Most diverse group of animals. • Arthropods with hard

exoskeletons and divided bodies.• Have jointed legs and compound

eyes.

MMoollusksllusks

• Have the most varied body forms• May have one or all: radula, shell made of calcium carbonate,

mantle, and gills.• All consist of a head, body and foot.• They can be filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores, eat dead

animals, parasites, or predators.

Paper Nautilus

Flamboyant cuttlefish

Giant Squid

Cephalopods:Cephalopods:• largest and most intelligent invertebrates including octopus, squid, and cuttlefish• They have tentacles with suckers on them• They also have beaks and large brains

• Bivalves – Have a shell with two parts. Mussels, oysters and clams.

Gastropods – most of the mollusks alive today. Various group including snails, sea slugs and shells.

• Terrestrial – live on land• Aquatic – live in the

water

Spiny Caribbean lobster (decapods)

(copepods)

Antarctic Krill

Hermit Crab

Barnacles (sessile)

CrustaceansCrustaceans

EchinodermsEchinoderms• Includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers• Most have protective spines, some poisonous• Most feed on small organisms and organic matter.

Most can move, but some can notRadial symmetry

Water-vascular system

Invertebrate ChordatesInvertebrate Chordates

• 2 groups of chordates with no vertebrae: lancets and tunicates.

• Have notochords. All but tunicates have a hollow nerve chord

Blue-bell tunicate

White-spotted sea squirt

lancet

VertebratesVertebrates

• Animals with backbones. • A very diverse group of animals that includes

amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. • have a skull made of bone which surrounds and

protects the brain.• All vertebrates are also segmented, have 4

jointed appendages and bilateral symmetry.• They also have a chambered heart, closed

circulatory system, complex organs and a coelom.

AmphibiansAmphibians

• Ectotherms• Adapted to life on land or in the water (most live near water)• Smooth skin with no scales• Some can change colors

• Reproduce sexually (some are hermaphroditic)• Return to water to breed.

• Life cycles (metamorphosis): egg – larva – adult

• Frogs and toads -

Marine toad

• Both are amphibians and share similar features.

• 3 chambered hearts and well developed nervous system• short bodies, no tails as adults, and their legs are adapted for jumping rather

than walking. •Carnivores

Corroboree frog, red-eyed tree frog,

CaeciliansCaecilians – live underground or underwater in tropical areas. Resemble worms. Some lay eggs while others have live

birth. Ex: Mexican caecilian, ringed caecilian.

Newts and Salamanders – Some live only on land and some only in water. Carnivorous larva. Mostly found north of the equator.

Fire salamander

Tiger salamander

Siren

Newt

ReReptptilesiles

• Covered with scales• Have good senses• Ectothermic• Include snakes, crocodilians, and lizards.• Most lay eggs on land (even if they live in the water)• Most lay eggs but some have live young• Snakes and lizards have a Jacobson's organ.

• Snakes – no legs, outer ears or eyelids. Carnivorous. Can dislocate jaw. Most lay eggs but some have live young. Ex: Gaboon viper, American copperhead, Carpet python and yellow-bellied sea snake.

•Lizards – Most successful reptiles. Some can regenerate limbs. All over the world except Antarctica. Ex: Thorny devil, web-footed geckos, armadillo lizard, and komodo dragon.

Turtles and tortoisesTurtles and tortoises:: • Turtles – water, tortoises – land (usual reference)• All have a shell (fused to skeleton), no teeth, 4 limbs, • Lay their eggs on land. • carnivores or herbivores

Tortoise: Galapagos tortoise, Indian star tortoise, pancake tortoise

Turtle: Green turtle, Alligator snapping turtle, Matamata

• Crocodilians: Large primitive reptiles. Extreme predators (carnivores) who hunt prey or eat carrion. Most live in fresh water. Females will care for and protect young after they hatch.

• Alligators - Only two species (Chinese and American). Live mostly in the Americas or China.

• Crocodiles – Several species. Some live in salt water. Live in

Asia, South America, Africa and Australia.

• CrocodilesNile Crocodile

Saltwater Crocodile

• Caimans – Live mostly in the Americas or Africa.

• Gharials – Found in Asia. Poorly developed limbs so spends most of the time in the water.

FFiishsh

• Largest group of vertebrates• Ectothermic• Fertilization of eggs normally occurs outside of the

body, reproduction varies among types of fishes.• Breathes through gills, covered in scales, streamlined

bodies for swimming, • lives in all types of water. Few travel between salt

water and fresh water.

• 3 main groups: Cartilaginous fish, jawless fish, bony fishes,

• Sharks –successful predators. internal skeleton made of cartilage. Live in salt water. Most are predators. Internal fertilization with young being born live or in an egg case. Can sense electrical signals in the water.

HammerheadBasking sharkBasking shark

Banded catshark

• Rays – Have wing like fins and broad flat bodies. Most live in sea beds but some live in open water.

Manta RayManta Ray

Spotted Eagle Ray

Bony fishes – large varied group of fishes. Most have a swim bladder. Have a internal skeleton. Occur in all types of water all over the world. Most have external fertilization

Marine fish: Marine fish: Morey eel, yellowfin tuna and clown fish.

• Jawless fish: first group of fish to appear. Primitive. 2 groups: hagfish and lampreys. They lack a jaw.

Freshwater – Freshwater –

Lobe-finned – Lobe-finned – enlarged fins that are muscle attached to bone.

Ray-finned – Ray-finned – most primitive bony fishes. Large freshwater species

coelacanth

Longnose gar

salmontrout Zebra fish

BBiirrddss

• Birds are members of the class Aves. • Most birds lack teeth and have a reduced tail. • Their forelimbs have been modified into wings that enable flight (however not all birds can fly).

• Birds have highly efficient lungs, divided ventricles in their heart, and are warm-blooded.• Adapted differently depending on their way of life.

• They have lightweight bones and a body covered with feathers (which also enables flight)

Australian Warbler Superb Lyrebird

Mockingbird

SongbirdsSongbirds: birds that have vocal cords that produce various notes that are used to attract mates or to hold territories. They include wrens, mockingbirds, canaries, and cardinals

Ducks:Ducks: Mostly aquatic birds found in sea water and freshwater. Usually keep 1 mate. Migratory (mallard duck, bufflehead, mandarin duck )

Birds of Prey: (Bald Eagle, Osprey, Eagle Owl). Predatory birds that hunt food usually while flying. Large and powerful talons and beaks.

HummingbirdsHummingbirds: Very small birds native to America. Able to hover in place and even fly backwards. Important pollinators. Feed on nectar.

ParrotsParrots:: About 300 species found in warm or tropical regions. Have curved bill and strong legs. Most are bright colors. Intelligent and can imitate human voices.

ExamplesExamples: Green violetear, Rufous hummingbird, hummingbird, White-tailed humming bird,

Ex: Macaw, Kea, Lorikeet,

Mammals

• Three types: 1. Placentals: young develop in female. Vary in size, shape, diets, and

habitat. Ex: Whales, deer, lions2. Marsupials: Mostly found in Australia and New Guinea, young are born

shortly after fertilization and complete development in mother’s pouch. Ex: Kangaroos, opossums

3. Monotremes: Most primitive group, have reptilian appearance, lay eggs. Have a cochlea. Ex: platypus

Efficient lungs, nervous system, and a 4 chambered heart. Young are dependent on parents for long time

Have hair, specialized teeth, mammary glands, and are endotherms. Diverse in size, anatomy and habitat range

• The category of mammals that eat meat. Carnivores such as lion, wolves, or tigers eat only meat. Omnivores such as bears and raccoons eat both meat and plants. Some are solitary and some live in packs. (Placentals)

Carnivores and Omnivores:Carnivores and Omnivores:

Family Mustelidae:Family Mustelidae: the weasel family, the largest family in Carnivores. Includes weasels, minks, badgers, wolverines, and otters

Cats: They come from the family felidae Strict carnivores! They come from the family felidae Strict carnivores! SolitarySolitary

Serval, sand cat, tiger, cheetah, lion

DogsDogs: live in groups called packs. They belong to the live in groups called packs. They belong to the family canidae (canids) Found all over the world.family canidae (canids) Found all over the world.

Bears:Bears: (family Urisidae), most are omnivores. 8 species (and several sub species) spread out over a wide variety of habitats. 6 species are vulnerable or endangered.

Raccoons & relativesRaccoons & relatives:: (From the genus prycon), most are omnivores. 3 species. Common raccoon, crab-eating raccoon, and the Tres Marias raccoon.The kinkajou, coati and red panda are relatives of

the raccoon.

• BatsBats – Only mammals that can fly. They have membraned wings which are an extension of their back and belly skin stretched over arms and hands. They live in tropical or temperate environments. Diets can vary from fruit to insects/birds/rodents/bats to blood.

Vampire bat Pallid bat Rodriguez’s flying fox

Spectral bat

• Insectivores – Small mammals that eat insects. They are normally active at night. Most have small eyes and ears but larger snouts. Can be found throughout the world.

Moonrat and hedgehog

Grant’s golden mole and star nosed shrew

Eurasian water shrew

Southern short-tailed shrew

• RodentsRodents – Almost ½ of mammals are rodents. They are found everywhere except Antarctica and in every habitat on earth. They easily adapt and thrive in many environments. They produce many young. Most eat plants but some will eat small animals.

Woodchuck MuskratNaked mole-rat

• Rabbits and haresRabbits and hares – Medium sized rodent like mammals. They have large incisors used for gnawing. Are herbivores. Have characteristic long ears, long hind legs, and eyes on side of head (help to avoid predators).

Arctic hareBlack-tailed jackrabbit

• UngulatesUngulates – The various types of mammals with hooves. They are widespread throughout the world and are very successful herbivores. Most are fast enough to outrun predators. This group consists of even-toed and odd-toed mammals. They can be solitary or live in large social groups.

BongoBongo

Even-toedEven-toed

Odd-toed:Odd-toed:

Grevy’s Zebra and white rhinoceros

• CetaceansCetaceans – Mammals who have fish shaped bodies. They have hairless bodies with flippers and tails. They can be found in oceans all over the world. Cetaceans include whales,

dolphins, and porpoises.

Porpoises: Dall’s porpoise, Harbor porpoise, Vaquita,

Toothed whales:Toothed whales: Sperm whale, Killer whale,

DolphinDolphin: Dusky dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin, Common dolphin, Spinner dolphin, Commerson’s dolphin, False killer whale, Amazon river dolphin

Baleen whalesBaleen whales: Blue whale, Northern Pacific right whale, humpback whale,

• PinnipedsPinnipeds –clumsy on land but fast in the water. Some can hold their breath underwater for up to an hour while hunting. Seals cannot support themselves upright on land. Most live in large colonies. All (but one species) live in salt water.

WalrusSea lions: California sea lion, New Zealand sea lion,

Seals: Northern fur seal, Antarctic fur seal, leopard seal,

• ElephantsElephants – largest land animal. endangered herbivore. Has a long trunk and tusks.

African elephant, African forest elephant, Indian elephant

• Manatee and dugongManatee and dugong – closest living relative is the elephant. Endangered. Live in Florida and India.

• Examples: Golden lion tamarin, western tarsier, Chimpanzee, Spider monkey, and Mandrill,

Primates – Prosimians, monkeys and apes. Found mostly in tropical areas, most of the time in trees (South/Central America, Africa and Madagascar). About 200 species.

• Unusual placentals -

Edentata – Anteaters, armadillos Tubulidentata - aardvarks

Hyracoidean - hyraxes

Macroscelidea – elephant shrew

Dermoptera – flying lemurs

• Marsupials – live offspring that are born shortly after fertilization and continue development in mothers pouches. Most are found in Australia and New Guinea

Quoll

Opossum

Tasmanian Devil

• Monotremes – Unusual primitive mammals that lay eggs. Have structures that resemble reptiles. Consists of platypus and echidna. Carnivores that lack teeth. Only 5 species

Babies!

• Viviparous– Live birth

• Oviparous– Lay eggs

• Ovoviviparous– Egg is carried inside female until birth