ANIMAL NUTRITION Chapter 41 Animals are heterotrophs Nutrition is not only the need for food, but...

ANIMAL NUTRITIONChapter 41

ANIMAL NUTRITIONChapter 41

Animals are heterotrophs

Animals are heterotrophs

NutritionNutrition is not is not

only the need for food, only the need for food,

but also the need for but also the need for

specificspecific food food

components.components.

Require food for

1. fuel (chemical energy)2. carbon for its own

molecules3. essential nutrients

Require food for

1. fuel (chemical energy)2. carbon for its own

molecules3. essential nutrients

FUEL FUEL - ATP- ATP

BIOSYNTHESISBIOSYNTHESIS

ENERGY STORAGEENERGY STORAGE

Food ProcessingFood Processing

IngestionIngestion DigestionDigestion AbsorptionAbsorption

Act of eating

Process of breaking

food down into

molecules small

enough for the body to

absorb

Take up small

molecules from the digestive

compartment

EliminatioEliminationn

Undigested material

passes out of the

digestive compartmen

t

IntracellulIntracellularar

ExtracellulaExtracellularr

Dietary Categories

(represents the kind of food the animal usually

eats)

Dietary Categories

(represents the kind of food the animal usually

eats)

HerbivoresHerbivores CarnivoresCarnivores OmnivoresOmnivores

Gorillas

Cows

Hares

Snails

Sharks

Hawks

Spiders

Snakes

Cockroaches

Crows

Bears

Raccoons

Humans

Mainly eat plants and

algae

Eat other animals

Consume animals as

well as plants or

algae

Most animals are Most animals are opportunisticopportunistic – –

Eating foods that are outsideEating foods that are outside

their main dietary categorytheir main dietary category

Feeding MechanismsFeeding Mechanisms

SuspensioSuspension (filter) n (filter) feedersfeeders

Substate Substate feedersfeeders

Fluid Fluid feedersfeeders

Clams

Oysters

Baleen whales

Maggots

Earthworms

Mosguitos

Leeches

Hummingbirds

Bees

Sift small food

particles from the

water

Live in or on their

food source

Suck nutrient

rich fluids from a

living host

Bulk Bulk feedersfeeders

Most animals

Eat relatively

large pieces of

food


SuspensioSuspension (filter) n (filter) feedersfeeders

Sponges

Clams

Oysters

Baleen whales

Sift small food

particles from the

water


Substate Substate feedersfeeders

Maggots

Earthworms

Live in or on their

food source


Fluid Fluid feedersfeeders

Mosguitos

Leeches

Hummingbirds

Bees

Suck nutrient

rich fluids from a

living host


Bulk Bulk feedersfeeders

Most animals

Eat relatively

large pieces of

food



Act of eating

Process of breaking

food down into

molecules small


absorb

Take up small


compartment


Undigested material

passes out of the


t



CHOs, fats CHOs, fats andand

proteins can proteins can allall

be used as be used as fuel.fuel. Campbell; Fig. 9.19Campbell; Fig. 9.19

Virtually all food,

whether of plant or animal origin,

consists of highly complex

compounds that cannot be used

without first being broken down

to simpler compounds =

digestion.

Virtually all food,

whether of plant or animal origin,

consists of highly complex

compounds that cannot be used

without first being broken down

to simpler compounds =

digestion.

Campbell; Fig.40.10Campbell; Fig.40.10

Net Energy Value of Net Energy Value of FoodsFoods

4 kcal per gram for 4 kcal per gram for proteinprotein

4 kcal per gram for CHO4 kcal per gram for CHO

9 kcal per gram for lipid9 kcal per gram for lipid


4 kcal per gram for 4 kcal per gram for proteinprotein

4 kcal per gram for CHO4 kcal per gram for CHO


Amino Amino acidsacids

Simple Simple sugarssugars

Fatty Fatty acidsacids

If the food intake exceeds the energy used,

most animals store the surplus as fat,

irrespective of the nature of the food.



4 kcal per gram for 4 kcal per gram for CHOCHO

FastFast

Aerobic Aerobic oror anaerobic anaerobic

Storing glycogen also Storing glycogen also requires storing requires storing waterwater


SlowerSlower

AerobicAerobic


4 kcal per gram for 4 kcal per gram for CHOCHO

FastFast

Aerobic Aerobic oror anaerobic anaerobic

Storing glycogen also Storing glycogen also requires storing requires storing waterwater


SlowerSlower

AerobicAerobic

Simple Simple sugarssugars

Fatty Fatty acidsacids

Glucose

• Human body regulates the use and storage of glucose.

Figure 41.3

1 When blood glucose level rises, a gland called the pancreas secretes insulin,a hormone, into the blood.

Insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells and stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen. As a result, blood glucose level drops.

2

STIMULUS:Blood glucose

level risesafter eating.

Homeostasis:90 mg glucose/100 mL blood

STIMULUS:Blood glucose

level dropsbelow set point.

Glucagon promotesthe breakdown of

glycogen in theliver and the

release of glucoseinto the blood,

increasing bloodglucose level.

4

When blood glucose level drops, the pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon, which opposes the effect of insulin.

3

UndernourishedUndernourished – –

calorie deficientcalorie deficient

OvernourishedOvernourished – –

calorie excesscalorie excess

Stores of glycogen Stores of glycogen and fat are used up and fat are used up

– so what is left?– so what is left?

Hypothalamic feeding Hypothalamic feeding centercenter

Fat stores Fat stores

Neuropeptide Y

Food intakeFood intake

Leptin secretion Leptin secretion

Neg

ati

ve f

eed

back

Neg

ati

ve f

eed

back

Hypothalamic feeding Hypothalamic feeding centercenter

Fat stores Fat stores

Neuropeptide Y

Food intakeFood intake

Leptin secretion Leptin secretion XX

Neg

ati

ve f

eed

back

Neg

ati

ve f

eed

back

XX

Hormones and Appetite

Figure 41.5

Produced by adipose (fat) tissue, leptin suppresses

appetite as its level increases. When body fat decreases,

leptin levels fall, and appetite increases.

Leptin

PYY

Insulin

Ghrelin

Secreted by the stomach wall, ghrelin is one of the signals that triggers feelings of hunger as mealtimes approach. In dieters who lose weight, ghrelin levels increase, which may be one reason it’s so hard to stay on a diet.

The hormone PYY, secreted by the small intestine after meals,

acts as an appetite suppressant that

counters the appetite stimulant ghrelin.

A rise in blood sugar level after a meal stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin (see Figure 41.3). In addition to its other functions, insulin suppresses appetite by acting on the brain.

MalnourishedMalnourished – –

diet is missing diet is missing

one or moreone or more

essential nutrientsessential nutrients

Materials that must Materials that must be obtained in their be obtained in their preassembled form preassembled form

because animal because animal cells cannot make cells cannot make them from any raw them from any raw

materialmaterial

Materials that must Materials that must be obtained in their be obtained in their preassembled form preassembled form

because animal because animal cells cannot make cells cannot make them from any raw them from any raw

materialmaterial

Osteophagia – Osteophagia –

bone eatingbone eating

Essential NutrientsEssential Nutrients

Essential Essential amino amino acidsacids

Essential Essential fatty acidsfatty acids

VitaminsVitamins MineralsMinerals

In order for protein

synthesis to occur in human

adults, eight amino acids

must be available

simultaneously and in the

correct relative amounts

Important for

phospholipid

membrane; and

principal storage

compound

Organic molecules in

small amounts

Inorganic molecules in

small amounts

Water soluble

Fat soluble



Act of eating

Process of breaking

food down into

molecules small


absorb

Take up small


compartment


Undigested material

passes out of the


t




DigestionDigestion

Process of breaking

food down into

molecules small


absorbIntracellulIntracellul

ararExtracellulExtracellul

arar



DigestionDigestion

Process of breaking

food down into

molecules small


absorb


ExtracellulExtracellularar


GastrovasculGastrovascular cavityar cavity

Complete digestive Complete digestive tract or alimentary tract or alimentary

canalcanal

Campbell; Fig. 33.4Campbell; Fig. 33.4


Campbell; Fig.41.12aCampbell; Fig.41.12a

Campbell; Fig.41.12bCampbell; Fig.41.12b

Campbell; Fig.41.12cCampbell; Fig.41.12c

Highly reliant on digestive system to remain healthy

Cannot afford to store heavy materials in body

for lengthy period

Highly reliant on digestive system to remain healthy

Cannot afford to store heavy materials in body

for lengthy period

1.1. Mouth Mouth – usually– usuallyrelatively simplerelatively simple

1.1. Mouth Mouth – usually– usuallyrelatively simplerelatively simple

2.2. EsophagusEsophagus – may be widened atmidpoint to form crop crop (storage area)(storage area)

2.2. EsophagusEsophagus – may be widened atmidpoint to form crop crop (storage area)(storage area)

5.5. Small intestineSmall intestine – food digestionand absorption

5.5. Small intestineSmall intestine – food digestionand absorption

4.4. GizzardGizzard – thick muscular walls andsandpaper like surface

4.4. GizzardGizzard – thick muscular walls andsandpaper like surface

7.7. Large intestineLarge intestine 7.7. Large intestineLarge intestine

8. Cloaca – 8. Cloaca – final hfinal holding area 8. Cloaca – 8. Cloaca – final hfinal holding area

3.3. ProventriculusProventriculus – glandular stomach which is highly acidic

3.3. ProventriculusProventriculus – glandular stomach which is highly acidic

stomachstomachstomachstomach

6.6. CaecumCaecum – bacterial breakdownof cellulose

6.6. CaecumCaecum – bacterial breakdownof cellulose

Proctor and Lynch; Manual of Proctor and Lynch; Manual of

OrnithologyOrnithology

Campbell; Fig. 41.21

EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS

OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS



1. Length of digestive system

2. Accessory structures (such as)

a. Crop

b. Gizzard

c. Liver

d. Caeca

Carnivorous Bird

Herbivorous Bird

Grain Fruits and Berries

Gizzard Substantial Substantial Reduced in size

Small intestine

Shorter, less complex

Longer, more

complex

Shorter, less complex

Caeca Small or absent

Well developed

Less well developed






Dentition

Many kinds of Many kinds of animals have animals have

tooth–like tooth–like structures, but structures, but

only vertebrates only vertebrates have true teeth, have true teeth,

with an ultra-hard with an ultra-hard layer of ENAMEL layer of ENAMEL

on the outside and on the outside and softer DENTINE on softer DENTINE on

the inside.the inside.

Many kinds of Many kinds of animals have animals have

tooth–like tooth–like structures, but structures, but

only vertebrates only vertebrates have true teeth, have true teeth,

with an ultra-hard with an ultra-hard layer of ENAMEL layer of ENAMEL

on the outside and on the outside and softer DENTINE on softer DENTINE on

the inside.the inside.

http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/nuteeth.htmhttp://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/nuteeth.htm

The incisors in The incisors in blueblue

(cutting plant (cutting plant food)food)

The canines in The canines in redred

(slicing and (slicing and tearing meat)tearing meat)

The molars in The molars in green (grinding green (grinding grass and other grass and other

plants)plants)

http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/nuteeth.htm

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/kinds_of_teeth.htmlkinds_of_teeth.html

Examples of modified incisorsExamples of modified incisors

http://www.fireandicephoto.com/gallery/africa/Africa1.html






XXUse of

Symbiotic Microorganis

ms

http://www.unexco.com/termites.jpg

Four compartment stomach


Reticular epithelium –

honeycomb lining

1. Reticulum – form food bolus and initiate

regurgitation


regurgitation



Rumen Interior


regurgitation


regurgitation

2. Rumen – digestiveand fermentation vat containing anaerobic

microbes and siteof fatty acid absorption

2. Rumen – digestiveand fermentation vat containing anaerobic

microbes and siteof fatty acid absorption

http://www.borderouge.com/http://www.borderouge.com/photos/chai.jpgphotos/chai.jpg



Omasum epithelium

3. Omasum – lined by muscular folds, reduces

particle size, absorbswater (and any

leftover fatty acids)

3. Omasum – lined by muscular folds, reduces

particle size, absorbswater (and any

leftover fatty acids)


regurgitation


regurgitation

2. Rumen – digestiveand fermentation vat,

contains anaerobicmicrobes, site

of fatty acid absorption

2. Rumen – digestiveand fermentation vat,

contains anaerobicmicrobes, site

of fatty acid absorption



1.1. ReticulumReticulum – form food bolus and initiate

regurgitation

1.1. ReticulumReticulum – form food bolus and initiate

regurgitation

2.2. RumenRumen – digestiveand fermentation vat,

contains anaerobic microbes, site of fatty acid absorption

2.2. RumenRumen – digestiveand fermentation vat,

contains anaerobic microbes, site of fatty acid absorption

3.3. OmasumOmasum – lined by muscular folds, reduces particle size,

absorbs water (and any leftover fatty acids)

3.3. OmasumOmasum – lined by muscular folds, reduces particle size,

absorbs water (and any leftover fatty acids)

4.4. AbomasumAbomasum – trueglandular stomach where bacteria and pathogens

are killed

4.4. AbomasumAbomasum – trueglandular stomach where bacteria and pathogens

are killed

What do the microbes provide to the ruminants?

What do the microbes provide to the ruminants?

1. Digestion of cellulose1. Digestion of cellulose


ms

2. Provision of organic acids2. Provision of organic acids

3. Provision of protein3. Provision of protein

4. Provision of B vitamins4. Provision of B vitamins

5. Detoxify compounds5. Detoxify compounds

What do the ruminants provide to the microbes?

What do the ruminants provide to the microbes?

1. Housing with reliable heat1. Housing with reliable heat

2. Adequate nutrition2. Adequate nutrition

3. Garbage removal3. Garbage removal

4. Neutral environment4. Neutral environment


ms






1. Foregut fermenters

a. Cows, sheep, goats

2. Hindgut fermenters

a. Horses, rodents, rabbits

b. Coprophagy

a. Using feces as a nutritional resource

b. Food passes through entire digestive tract a second time

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