Animal & Human Tissues and Organ Systems Information downloaded off of the internet on 3-17-06 and...

Animal & Human Tissues and Animal & Human Tissues and Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

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The Multicellular BodyThe Multicellular Body

Stem CellsStem Cells

Cells that have the capacity to give Cells that have the capacity to give rise to many cell typesrise to many cell types

Some in adult tissuesSome in adult tissues But more cells with greater potential in But more cells with greater potential in

embryosembryos Some object to the use of cells derived Some object to the use of cells derived

from human embryosfrom human embryos

Impacts, IssuesImpacts, Issues

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Stable operating conditions in the internal Stable operating conditions in the internal environment environment

Brought about by coordinated activities of Brought about by coordinated activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systemscells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

TissueTissue

A group of cells and intercellular substances A group of cells and intercellular substances

that interact in one or more tasksthat interact in one or more tasks

Four typesFour types

Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue Muscle tissueMuscle tissue

Connective tissueConnective tissue Nervous tissueNervous tissue

OrgansOrgans

Group of tissues organized to perform a Group of tissues organized to perform a task or taskstask or tasks

Heart is an organ that pumps blood through Heart is an organ that pumps blood through bodybody

Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissuetissue

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Organs interact physically, chemically, or Organs interact physically, chemically, or

both to perform a common task both to perform a common task

Circulatory system includes the heart, the Circulatory system includes the heart, the

arteries, and other vessels that transport arteries, and other vessels that transport

blood through the bodyblood through the body

Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

Lines the body’s surface, cavities, Lines the body’s surface, cavities,

ducts, and tubesducts, and tubes

One free surface faces a body fluid or One free surface faces a body fluid or

the environmentthe environmentsimplesquamousepithelium

basementmembrane

connective tissue

Epithelial Tissue – 3 typesEpithelial Tissue – 3 types

Squamous – flat cellsSquamous – flat cells Cuboidal – cube-shaped cellsCuboidal – cube-shaped cells Columnar – pillar or column-shaped cellsColumnar – pillar or column-shaped cells

Simple Squamous Epithelium. LM X75.

Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited

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Stratified squamous epithelium from mouth mucosa. H&E stain. LM X100.

Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited

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Human kidney tubule section showing cuboidal epithelium. LM X360.


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Human pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the bronchus of the lung. H&E stain. X180.


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Simple columnar epithelium. LM X140.


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GlandsGlands

Secretory organs derived from Secretory organs derived from epitheliumepithelium

Exocrine glands have ducts or tubesExocrine glands have ducts or tubes- Secrete products into cavities- Secrete products into cavities

Endocrine glands are ductless Endocrine glands are ductless - Secrete products directly into Secrete products directly into

bloodstreambloodstream

Cell JunctionsCell Junctions

Tight junctions Tight junctions prevent leaks prevent leaks

Gap junctions Gap junctions connect abutting connect abutting cytoplasms cytoplasms

Adhering junctions Adhering junctions cement cells cement cells togethertogether

Tight junctions

Adhering junction

Gap junctions

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Most abundant tissue in the bodyMost abundant tissue in the body Cells are scattered in an extracellular Cells are scattered in an extracellular

matrixmatrix Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in

a polysaccharide ground substancea polysaccharide ground substance

Types of Connective Types of Connective TissueTissue

Loose connective tissueLoose connective tissueDense, irregular connective tissueDense, irregular connective tissueDense, regular connective tissueDense, regular connective tissue

CartilageCartilageBone Bone

Adipose tissueAdipose tissueBloodBlood

Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue

Contain fibers and fibroblastsContain fibers and fibroblasts Fibroblasts produce and secrete the fibersFibroblasts produce and secrete the fibers

Loosely arranged in a semifluid Loosely arranged in a semifluid substancesubstance

Acts as the framework for epitheliumActs as the framework for epithelium Allows organs to expandAllows organs to expand

Dense, Irregular Dense, Irregular Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Contains fibroblasts and collagen fibersContains fibroblasts and collagen fibers Occurs in skin and forms tough capsules Occurs in skin and forms tough capsules

around organsaround organs

Dense, Regular Dense, Regular Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Contains rows of fibroblasts in between Contains rows of fibroblasts in between parallel bundles of fibersparallel bundles of fibers

Tendons attach muscle to boneTendons attach muscle to bone Ligaments attach bone to boneLigaments attach bone to bone Contains elastic fibers that allow Contains elastic fibers that allow

movement at jointsmovement at joints

loose connective tissue dense, irregularconnective tissue

dense, regularconnective tissue

Areolar (loose) connective tissue. LM X60.


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Collagen or dense connective tissue. X155.

Credit: © Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

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CartilageCartilage

Cells are called chondrocytes Cells are called chondrocytes Cells lie in small chambers called Cells lie in small chambers called

lacunae, separated by a matrixlacunae, separated by a matrix Also called hyaline cartilageAlso called hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage. X64.

Credit: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited

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BoneBone

Cells are called osteocytesCells are called osteocytes Cells are located in chambers called Cells are located in chambers called

lacunae arranged in concentric circleslacunae arranged in concentric circles Also called compact boneAlso called compact bone

Bone section showing osteocytes in lacunae arranged in concentric circles surrounding Haversian canals. LM X75.


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AdiposeAdipose

Another name for fatAnother name for fat Insulates the body and provides paddingInsulates the body and provides padding Cells sometimes referred to as “ghost Cells sometimes referred to as “ghost

cells”cells”

Human unilocular (white) fat and adipose (adult fat). H&E stain. LM X100.


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In-text FigureIn-text FigurePage 346Page 346

BloodBlood

Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide and cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastesother wastes

Blood cells are separated by plasmaBlood cells are separated by plasma

Types – red blood cells, white blood cells, Types – red blood cells, white blood cells, plateletsplatelets

Human blood smear showing red and white blood cells.

Credit: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited

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Figure 20.3gFigure 20.3gPage 346Page 346

cartilage bone tissue adipose tissue

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

Composed of cells that contract when Composed of cells that contract when stimulatedstimulated

Helps move the body and specific Helps move the body and specific body partsbody parts

Skeletal, cardiac, smoothSkeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

Figure 20.4Figure 20.4Page 347Page 347

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle

Located in muscles that Located in muscles that attach to bonesattach to bones

Long, cylindrical cells are Long, cylindrical cells are striated striated

Cells are bundled closely Cells are bundled closely together in parallel arraystogether in parallel arrays

Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle

Located in walls of many Located in walls of many internal organs and some internal organs and some blood vessels blood vessels

Cells are not striped and Cells are not striped and taper at the endstaper at the ends

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

Present only in the heartPresent only in the heart Cells are striated and Cells are striated and

branchingbranching Ends of cells are joined by Ends of cells are joined by

communication junctions communication junctions

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Detects stimuli, integrates information, Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for responseand relays commands for response

Consists of excitable neurons and Consists of excitable neurons and supporting neuroglial cellssupporting neuroglial cells

Neurons (nerve cells) are specialized cells that conduct nerve impulses. The impulses are then relayed through a long process called the axon. LM.

Credit: © BBC Microimaging/Visuals Unlimited

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NeuronsNeurons

Excitable cellsExcitable cells When stimulated, an electrical impulse When stimulated, an electrical impulse

travels along the plasma membranetravels along the plasma membrane Arrival of the impulse at the neuron Arrival of the impulse at the neuron

endings triggers events that stimulate or endings triggers events that stimulate or inhibit adjacent neurons or other cellsinhibit adjacent neurons or other cells

NeurogliaNeuroglia

Neuroglial cells constitute more than Neuroglial cells constitute more than half of the nervous tissuehalf of the nervous tissue

Protect and support the neurons, both Protect and support the neurons, both structurally and metabolicallystructurally and metabolically

Major Organ SystemsMajor Organ Systems

IntegumentaryIntegumentary MuscularMuscular SkeletalSkeletal NervousNervous Endocrine Endocrine DigestiveDigestive

LymphaticLymphatic RespiratoryRespiratory UrinaryUrinary CirculatoryCirculatory Reproductive Reproductive

IntegumentarySystem

MuscularSystem

SkeletalSystem

NervousSystem

EndocrineSystem

CirculatorySystem

LymphaticSystem

RespiratorySystem

DigestiveSystem

UrinarySystem

ReproductionSystem

Major Body CavitiesMajor Body Cavities

Cranial cavityCranial cavity

Spinal cavitySpinal cavity

Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity

Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity

Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity

Figure 20.6Page 348

Planes of Symmetry Planes of Symmetry

frontal plane(aqua)

transverse plane(yellow)

midsagittal plane (green)

DORSAL SURFACE

ANTERIOR

transverse

midsagittal

frontal

VENTRAL SURFACE

POSTERIOR

Primary TissuesPrimary Tissues

In vertebrate embryos, cells become In vertebrate embryos, cells become arranged to form three primary tissues:arranged to form three primary tissues:

EctodermEctoderm

MesodermMesoderm

EndodermEndoderm These give rise to all adult tissuesThese give rise to all adult tissues

Skin: An Organ SystemSkin: An Organ System

Outermost epidermis is Outermost epidermis is stratified epitheliumstratified epithelium

Underlying dermis is Underlying dermis is mainly dense mainly dense connective tissuesconnective tissues

Hypodermis consists of Hypodermis consists of loose connective tissue loose connective tissue and adipose tissueand adipose tissue

Functions of Human SkinFunctions of Human Skin

Protects the body from injury, Protects the body from injury, dehydration, UV radiation, and some dehydration, UV radiation, and some pathogens pathogens

Helps control temperatureHelps control temperature Receives some external stimuliReceives some external stimuli Involved in production of vitamin DInvolved in production of vitamin D

Lab grown epidermis

In-text FigureIn-text FigurePage 350Page 350

Sunlight Damages SkinSunlight Damages Skin

UV light stimulates melanin production UV light stimulates melanin production in skin; produces a tanin skin; produces a tan

Tan is the body’s way of protecting Tan is the body’s way of protecting itself against UVitself against UV

Prolonged sun exposure causes elastin Prolonged sun exposure causes elastin fibers to clump, skin to age fibers to clump, skin to age prematurely, can lead to skin cancerprematurely, can lead to skin cancer

Sunlight causes skin ulcers in a person with porphyria


Porphyria: A diverse group of diseases in which the production of heme is disrupted. Porphyria is derived from the Greek word "porphyra", which means purple. When heme production is faulty, porphyrins are overproduced and lend a reddish-purple color to urine. All forms of porphyrias are inherited. The key clinical features are skin sensitivity to sunlight and/or by intermittent acute attacks of abdominal and nerve pain.

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