Ancient Indian Civilization and Society
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Transcript of Ancient Indian Civilization and Society
IndiaIndiaStandard GS-1.4Standard GS-1.4
Explain the impact of religion in classical Explain the impact of religion in classical Indian civilization, including Hinduism and Indian civilization, including Hinduism and the effects of its beliefs and practices on the effects of its beliefs and practices on
daily life, changes that occurred as a result daily life, changes that occurred as a result of Buddhist teachings, and the influence of of Buddhist teachings, and the influence of
religion on culture and politics.religion on culture and politics.
Essential Question:Essential Question:What were the effects of Hinduism and Buddhism What were the effects of Hinduism and Buddhism on the daily life, culture, and politics, of classical on the daily life, culture, and politics, of classical Indian civilizations?Indian civilizations?
1.1. Indus RiverIndus River2.2. Ganges RiverGanges River3.3. HarappaHarappa4.4. Mohenjo-DarroMohenjo-Darro5.5. NepalNepal6.6. PakistanPakistan7.7. Indian OceanIndian Ocean8.8. Sri LankaSri Lanka9.9. ChinaChina10.10. Himalaya Himalaya
MountainsMountains
Chapter 3 Key TermsChapter 3 Key TermsTerm Definition
monsoon Seasonal wind pattern in southern
Sanskrit Writing system developed by the Aryans
raja Aryan prince or leader
Hinduism Religion of the majority of ; originated with the Aryans
ascetics People who practiced self-denial to achieve understanding of ultimate reality
Buddhism Philosophy founded by Siddhartha Gautama in in the 6th century
Silk Road Trade route that linked China to the Mediterranean Sea and made the Kushan kingdom of India very prosperous
pilgrim A person that travels to religious sites often bringing wealth to those areas and helping to spread ideas.
I. The Land of IndiaI. The Land of IndiaThe summer The summer monsoonsmonsoons bring bring heavy rains, which farmers heavy rains, which farmers depend on to grow their depend on to grow their cropscrops. . If the rains come too early or If the rains come too early or too late, or if there is too much too late, or if there is too much or too little rain, crops are or too little rain, crops are ruined and many people ruined and many people starvestarve..
Label the following on the India map Label the following on the India map provided:provided:
1.1. Both Both citiescities were carefully planned were carefully planned1.1. Buildings were made of Buildings were made of mudmud bricks. Some bricks. Some
neighborhoods were surrounded by walls.neighborhoods were surrounded by walls.2.2. Public wells supplied a regular supply of Public wells supplied a regular supply of
waterwater..3.3. Bathrooms featured advanced Bathrooms featured advanced drainagedrainage
systems.systems.4.4. Wastewater was carried to Wastewater was carried to sewagesewage pits pits
beyond the city walls.beyond the city walls.5.5. Trash was collected in street-level Trash was collected in street-level garbagegarbage
bins.bins.
2.2. Rulers and the EconomyRulers and the Economya)a) Power based on belief in divine assistancePower based on belief in divine assistanceb)b) Religion and political power closely linkedReligion and political power closely linked
i.i. Royal palace and temple combinedRoyal palace and temple combined
c)c) Economy based on farming and extensive Economy based on farming and extensive tradetrade..
A. Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroA. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
1.1. The Aryans were a group The Aryans were a group of of Indo-EuropeanIndo-European nomadic nomadic peoples who conquered peoples who conquered the the IndiansIndians and created a and created a new new IndianIndian society based society based on their culture and on their culture and institutions. institutions.
a)a) Eventually settled along the Eventually settled along the Ganges RiverGanges River
2.2. Pastoral people with a strong Pastoral people with a strong warrior traditionwarrior tradition
a)a) The creation of the iron The creation of the iron plowplow, along with the use of , along with the use of irrigation, made it possible irrigation, made it possible for the Aryans and their for the Aryans and their subject peoples to clear the subject peoples to clear the dense jungle growth along dense jungle growth along the the GangesGanges River and turn it River and turn it into a rich into a rich farmingfarming area. area.
b)b) Governed by Aryan princes Governed by Aryan princes called called rajasrajas
3.3. Developed their first writing Developed their first writing system, known as system, known as SanskritSanskrit, , around 1000 BCaround 1000 BC
B. Arrival of the AryansB. Arrival of the Aryans
1.1. Caste systemCaste system a)a) a rigid set of social a rigid set of social
classesclasses
b)b) Determined one’s Determined one’s occupation, economic occupation, economic potential, and position potential, and position in societyin society
c)c) Based, in part, on skin Based, in part, on skin colorcolor
C. Society in Ancient IndiaC. Society in Ancient India
2. Untouchables2. Untouchables
5% of India’s population5% of India’s population
not treated as humans not treated as humans and were separated from and were separated from the rest of societythe rest of society
Given menial and Given menial and degrading tasks such as degrading tasks such as handling trash and handling trash and collecting dead bodiescollecting dead bodies
C. Society in C. Society in Ancient India Ancient India (continued)(continued)
1.1. Extended family; patriarchalExtended family; patriarchala)a) Villages were run by a Villages were run by a
headman and council of eldersheadman and council of elders
2.2. MenMena)a) Could inherit propertyCould inherit propertyb)b) Educated and served as priestsEducated and served as priestsc)c) Could take a second wife if first Could take a second wife if first
was infertilewas infertile
3.3. WomenWomena)a) Marriages arranged by parentsMarriages arranged by parents
a)a) Women were an economic burden Women were an economic burden on their parentson their parents
b)b) SutteeSuttee required a wife to throw required a wife to throw herself onto her dead herself onto her dead husband’s flaming funeral pyre.husband’s flaming funeral pyre.
D. Family in Ancient IndiaD. Family in Ancient India
Religions of India SongReligions of India SongTo the tune of “Mary had a Little Lamb”To the tune of “Mary had a Little Lamb”
India has 2 religionsIndia has 2 religions
Hinduism and BuddhismHinduism and Buddhism
Both believe in karma, Both believe in karma, dharma,dharma,
ahimsa, and reincarnationahimsa, and reincarnation
Hinduism is the oldest oneHinduism is the oldest one
with thousands of gods but with thousands of gods but no founderno founder
3 of the most important are3 of the most important are
Brahma, Vishnu, and ShivaBrahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism rejects the caste systemrejects the caste system
They offer hope to all who They offer hope to all who want to achieve nirvanawant to achieve nirvana
India has 2 religionsIndia has 2 religions
Hinduism and BuddhismHinduism and Buddhism
Both believe in karma, Both believe in karma, dharma,dharma,
ahimsa, and reincarnationahimsa, and reincarnation
Hinduism and/or BuddhismHinduism and/or Buddhism
ReincarnationReincarnation is the belief that the individual is the belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death. soul is reborn in a different form after death.
Karma is the force generated by a person’s Karma is the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will actions that determines how the person will be be rebornreborn in the next life. in the next life.
DharmaDharma is the divine law in Hinduism that is the divine law in Hinduism that requires all people to do their requires all people to do their dutyduty..
YogaYoga is a method of training designed to lead is a method of training designed to lead to union with to union with BrahmanBrahman..
Hinduism: OriginsHinduism: Origins
No single founderNo single founder– Developed from the Developed from the
overlapping beliefs overlapping beliefs of Indus and Aryans of Indus and Aryans as well as othersas well as others
– Hinduism is one of Hinduism is one of the most complex the most complex religionsreligions
Hinduism: Major BeliefsHinduism: Major BeliefsEverything in the universe is Everything in the universe is part of the unchanging, all part of the unchanging, all powerful spiritual force called powerful spiritual force called Brahman.Brahman.
Hindus worship many gods Hindus worship many gods that are part of the Brahmanthat are part of the Brahman
– BrahmaBrahma: the creator: the creator– VishnuVishnu: the preserver: the preserver– ShivaShiva: the destroyer: the destroyer
Hinduism: Major Hinduism: Major BeliefsBeliefs
Every person Every person has an essential has an essential self or self or atmanatman which is just which is just another name another name for Brahman, for Brahman, and the ultimate and the ultimate goal is moksha, goal is moksha, or union with the or union with the Brahman, thus Brahman, thus reincarnationreincarnation makes this makes this possiblepossible
Hinduism: Sacred Hinduism: Sacred TextsTexts
No No singlesingle sacred text sacred text– Vedas, Upanishads, Vedas, Upanishads,
Ramayana, Bhagavad Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, and Mahabharata Gita, and Mahabharata
Vedas and Upanishads Vedas and Upanishads recorded Hindu teachingsrecorded Hindu teachings
The Bhagavad-Gita spells The Bhagavad-Gita spells out many ethical ideas out many ethical ideas central to Hinduism such as central to Hinduism such as ahimsaahimsa, or nonviolence., or nonviolence.
Effects of Hinduism on Daily Effects of Hinduism on Daily LifeLife
o The ultimate goal in Hinduism to reach moksha, The ultimate goal in Hinduism to reach moksha, or union with the Brahman and escape from the or union with the Brahman and escape from the cycle of reincarnation. cycle of reincarnation.
o This process is not completed within one life This process is not completed within one life time so Hindus believe that one’s karma time so Hindus believe that one’s karma determines their status in a next life through determines their status in a next life through reincarnation. reincarnation. o Karma is ruled by dharma, divine law, which requires Karma is ruled by dharma, divine law, which requires
all people to do their duty. all people to do their duty. o This belief supports the caste system developed by This belief supports the caste system developed by
the Aryans. the Aryans. o Brahmins are believed to be the closest to moksha while Brahmins are believed to be the closest to moksha while
Untouchables are the ones that are farthest away from the Untouchables are the ones that are farthest away from the goal.goal.
Buddhism: Buddhism: OriginsOrigins
Prince Siddhartha Gautama Prince Siddhartha Gautama enjoyed a happy life, married enjoyed a happy life, married and had a sonand had a sonOne day he left the palace One day he left the palace and he saw suffering for the and he saw suffering for the first time and set out to first time and set out to discover “the realm of life discover “the realm of life where there is no suffering or where there is no suffering or deathdeathOne day he sat down to One day he sat down to meditate for 48 days until he meditate for 48 days until he became enlightened and became enlightened and understood the cause and understood the cause and cure for suffering and pain he cure for suffering and pain he then became the Buddhathen became the BuddhaSome of his followers Some of his followers collected his teachings into collected his teachings into the Tipitaka or “Three the Tipitaka or “Three Baskets of Wisdom”Baskets of Wisdom”
BuddhismBuddhism
Siddhartha accepted the idea of Siddhartha accepted the idea of reincarnationreincarnation, but rejected the Hindu division , but rejected the Hindu division of human beings into rigidly defined of human beings into rigidly defined castescastes, , based on previous reincarnations. based on previous reincarnations. – He taught that all human beings could reach He taught that all human beings could reach
nirvananirvana as a result of their behavior in this life. as a result of their behavior in this life. Siddhartha rejected the multitude of Siddhartha rejected the multitude of godsgods that that has become identified with Hinduism. has become identified with Hinduism.
– He forbade his followers to worship either his He forbade his followers to worship either his personperson or his or his imageimage after his death. after his death.
BuddhismBuddhism
Achieving wisdom is a key step to achieving Achieving wisdom is a key step to achieving nirvananirvana, or ultimate reality – the end of the self , or ultimate reality – the end of the self and a reunion with the and a reunion with the Great World SoulGreat World Soul..
List the Four Noble Truths.List the Four Noble Truths.– Ordinary life is full of Ordinary life is full of sufferingsuffering..– This This sufferingsuffering is caused by our is caused by our desiredesire to satisfy to satisfy
ourselves.ourselves.– The way to end The way to end sufferingsuffering is to end is to end desiredesire for selfish for selfish
goals and to see others as goals and to see others as extensionsextensions of ourselves. of ourselves.– The way to end The way to end desiredesire is to follow the is to follow the Middle Path.Middle Path.
Four Noble Four Noble TruthsTruths
All life is full of All life is full of suffering, pain, suffering, pain,
and sorrowand sorrow
The cause of The cause of suffering is the suffering is the desire for things desire for things that are really that are really
illusionsillusions
The only cure The only cure for suffering is for suffering is to overcome to overcome desiredesire
The way to The way to overcome desire overcome desire is to follow the is to follow the Eightfold PathEightfold Path
Through meditation a Through meditation a person might achieve person might achieve
enlightenment or enlightenment or NirvanaNirvana: the union : the union
with the universe and with the universe and release from the cycle release from the cycle
of rebirth.of rebirth.
Other DifferencesOther Differences
Buddhism rejected the priests, formal Buddhism rejected the priests, formal rituals, and existence of many godsrituals, and existence of many gods
Buddhists rejected the caste system Buddhists rejected the caste system offering hope of nirvana to alloffering hope of nirvana to all
Buddhism SpreadsBuddhism Spreads
It split into two major It split into two major schools of thought…schools of thought…
– TheravadaTheravada: more like : more like Buddha’s original teachings, Buddha’s original teachings, main scriptures Tripitakamain scriptures Tripitaka
– MahayanaMahayana: easier for : easier for everyday people to follow, everyday people to follow, and worshiped Buddha as and worshiped Buddha as god, main scriptures Sutarasgod, main scriptures Sutaras
Mauryan Empire Gupta EmpireDates
GovernmentWho governed?
EconomyHow did they gain wealth?
Cultural DevelopmentsLiterature, architecture, science, math?
IV. ANCIENT INDIAN EMPIRESIV. ANCIENT INDIAN EMPIRES
A. Maurya EmpireA. Maurya Empire1.1. Chandragupta Maurya was the founder Chandragupta Maurya was the founder
and ruled from 324-301BC.and ruled from 324-301BC.a)a) Created a highly centralized state, divided Created a highly centralized state, divided
the empire into provinces, maintained order the empire into provinces, maintained order through secret police.through secret police.
b)b) He feared assassination so much that he He feared assassination so much that he had secret passageways, taste-testers, and had secret passageways, taste-testers, and women warriors for protection.women warriors for protection.
2.2. Asoka Maurya, Chadragupta’s Asoka Maurya, Chadragupta’s grandson, conquered most of the grandson, conquered most of the Indian subcontinent through war and Indian subcontinent through war and violence.violence.
a)a) Eventually he converted to Buddhism and is Eventually he converted to Buddhism and is considered the greatest Indian emperor.considered the greatest Indian emperor.
i.i. He built hospitals, shelters for travelers, and He built hospitals, shelters for travelers, and treated his people as his own children.treated his people as his own children.
ii. Elephant Army Video
B. Kushan KingdomB. Kushan Kingdom1.1. Silk Road = trade route that linked China to Silk Road = trade route that linked China to
Mesopotamia and Rome.Mesopotamia and Rome.2.2. The Silk road helped the Kushan kingdom of The Silk road helped the Kushan kingdom of
India become very prosperous in the first India become very prosperous in the first couple of hundred years AD.couple of hundred years AD.
C. Gupta EmpireC. Gupta Empire
1.1. 320 AD a new Empire 320 AD a new Empire emerged at the site of the old emerged at the site of the old Maurya capital, Pataliputra.Maurya capital, Pataliputra.
a.a. Golden Age of Indian civilizationGolden Age of Indian civilization
b.b. Trade led to prosperous cities.Trade led to prosperous cities.
c.c. Religious pilgrims brought Religious pilgrims brought wealth.wealth.
2.2. Eventually the Huns invaded in Eventually the Huns invaded in the 5the 5thth century AD and the century AD and the empire collapsed.empire collapsed.
D. D. Achievements Achievements
and Cultureand Culture
1. Literature 2. Architecture 3. Science
Vedas, earliest known literature from Aryans, Ramayana= world’s
longest poem
Rock Chambers, Pillars, and Stupas: Dome
shaped Buddhist Shrines
Earth=Sphere, Concept
of Zero, Algebra