Ancient India. Indus River Valley Some of the earliest people in India lived along the Indus River,...
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Transcript of Ancient India. Indus River Valley Some of the earliest people in India lived along the Indus River,...
Ancient India
Indus River Valley Some of the earliest people in India
lived along the Indus River, for the same reasons people in North Africa and the Middle East settled around the Nile and the Tigris and Euphrates
By the Indus River communities developed
Social Structure of Ancient India
Varnas is the system of four main social classes Brahmans: Priests, study and teach the
Vedas, perform religious ceremonies Kshatriyas: Warriors, Rulers, study the
Vedas, lead the gov’t and head the army Vaisyas: Common people, merchants,
artisans, farmers, tend the herds, sell products
Sudras: Unskilled laborers, servants, serve other Varnas
Parihas: Slaves, perform unclean tasks
Early India’s Social System
GROUPS OUTSIDE VARNAS: Pariahs = orange
VARNAS: Brahmans = red Kshatriyas =
purple Vaisyas = blue Sudras = green
Concept of Duty Dharma is the duties of the males
who belonged to each varna The concept of dharma includes doing
what is proper for one’s age
HINDUISM
Hinduism Based on different beliefs and practices Differences from other religions: was
not founded on the teachings of one person and does not have one holy book
As a result, it became a complex religion of many deities
Three important gods: Brahma the creator Vishnu the preserver Shiva the destroyer
Hinduism (cont’d) Religious writings is the Upanishads They tell that all living things have
souls and all souls are part of one eternal spirit, the Brahman Nerguna
To experience true freedom a soul must be separated from the material world and united with the Brahman Nerguna
Hinduism Cycle of Rebirth
Reincarnation rebirth of the soul A soul passes through many lifetimes
before it achieves union with the universal spirit
Karma determines the cycle of rebirth How a person lives their life will determine
what form they take on in the next life; failure to fulfill your dharma means you might be reborn into a lower varna
To move towards universal spirit you must have good karma and fulfill your dharma
Hinduism Cycle of Rebirth (cont’d)
Ahimsa practice that requires believers to protect humans, animals, plants, insects
Still important today Cycle of rebirth continues until a
person reaches spiritual perfection Ultimate aim of life is moksha, or
release from the pain and suffering of rebirth after rebirth
BUDDHISM
Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
A Kshatriya prince Lived a sheltered life and one day was
exposed to scenes of misery Wandered for 7 yrs as a hermit to seek
the truth through fasting and self-denial Soon he began to share his insights with
others and the meaning of his “enlightenment”
Began to be called Buddha or “Enlightened One”
Four Noble Truths 1: all people suffer and know sorrow 2: people suffer because their desires
bind them to the cycle of rebirth 3: people could end their suffering by
eliminating their desires 4: one cold eliminate desire by
following the Eightfold Path
The Eightfold Path Urges his followers to do 8 things:
Know the truth Resist evil Say nothing to hurt others Respect life Work for the good of others Free their minds of evil Control their thoughts Practice meditation
The Eightfold Path (cont’d)
By following the path one could reach nirvana or a state of freedom from the cycle of rebirth
Buddha rejected the varna system Said your place in life depended on
the person, not their birth Did not believe in caste system or
Hindu deities
Spread of Buddhism Buddha spent 40 years teaching After his death monks spread this belief
to India, Asia (China, Japan, Korea) Architecture honored Buddha through
stupas or large stone mounds over the bones of Buddhist holy people
Theravada: close to original teachings (SE Asia, S Asia)
Mahayana: encouraged worship of Buddha as savior (China, Korea, Japan)
Mauryan Empire• 322 BC Founder: Chandragupta Asoka – after fierce wars of
conquest, became “enlightened”
Renounced war Followed Buddhist teachings Buddhism official religion, but
Hinduism tolerated Spread Buddhism throughout
India and other parts of Asia
Asoka’s Rock Edicts
Laws carved on rocks and pillars throughout empire
Written in local languages
Laws stressed concern for other human beings
Gupta Empire 320AD-535AD: after
Mauryan Empire India’s “Golden
Age” – arts & sciences flourished b/c low taxes
Began to write down rules for everything: grammar, drama, politics
Sanskrit of Gupta court became major language of north
Economy of EmpiresAgricultural
(agrarian)Coastal Rim –
trade in cotton, gems, spice, gold, silk, cashmere