Anatomy & Physiology of Mechanical Digestion ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 13-14.
Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Joints
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Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Joints
Ch. 8 Warm-Up
1. What is another name for joints?
2. What are the 2 main functions of joints?
3. What do you think are the most common joint injuries?
Ch. 8 Warm-Up
John bent over to pick up a dime. What was the type of joint and the movement that occurred at:a)his hip jointb)at his knees, andc)between his index finger and thumb?
Ch. 8 Warm-Up
1. Tony fell asleep in class, and when he woke up, he let go with a big yawn. To his horror, he couldn’t close his mouth – his lower jaw was “stuck” open. What happened?
2. What is the cause of Lyme disease?3. How you determine by looking at
someone suffering from arthritis has OA or RA?
Joints (or articulationsarticulations)
Where two or more bones meet Functions: movement, hold skeleton
together Classified by structure (or function):
1. Fibrous (synarthroses): immovable joint2. Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses): slightly
movable3. Synovial (diarthroses): freely movable
Fibrous Joints
No movement Located:
SuturesSutures: bones of skull held together by connective tissue fibers
Between teeth & jaws
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones united by cartilage Located:
Epiphyseal plates Rib & sternum Pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
Bones separated by fluid-containing joint cavity
Synovial fluid Synovial fluid reduces friction between cartilages
MenisciMenisci: fibrocartilage that partially divides a joint cavity at knee, reduces friction
BursaBursa: flattened sacs containing synovial fluid, occur where bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, skin rub together
Types of Synovial Joints
1.1. PlanePlane – wrist
2.2. HingeHinge – elbow, ankle, fingers
3.3. PivotPivot – ulna/radius
4.4. CondyloidCondyloid (ellipsoidal) – wrist, knuckle
5.5. SaddleSaddle – thumb
6.6. Ball-and-socket Ball-and-socket – shoulder, hip
Joint Movement
Every skeletal muscle attached to bone or connective tissue at 2+ points Origin: attached to
immovable (less movable) bone
Insertion: attached to movable bone
1. Gliding
Flat bone slips over another Back-forth, side to side Eg. Between vertebrae, wrist, ankle
2. Angular Movement
Increase or decrease angle between bonesTypes:A. Flexion: angle between bones (bend knee)B. Extension: angle along sagittal plane,
straighten limbs, (unbend knee)C. Abduction: “moving away” from midline along
frontal plane (spread apart fingers)D. Adduction: “move toward” midline (arm moving
in)E. Circumduction: make “cone” in space (pitcher
winding up to throw ball)
Special Movements
Radius & Ulna: Supination: bones
are parallel, anatomical positionSup- = “soup bowl”
Pronation: bones form an X, relaxed positionPro- = pro-
basketball player dribbles
Joint Disorders
ArthritisArthritis (joint inflammation) OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis: : wear-and-tear, degeneration Rheumatoid arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis: chronic inflammation,
autoimmune GoutGout: : uric acid deposits in soft tissue of joints SprainSprain: ligaments stretched or torn DislocationDislocation: bones forced out of alignment BursitisBursitis: inflammation of bursa TendonitisTendonitis: inflammation of tendons
(overuse) Lyme DiseaseLyme Disease: tick bite joint pain, arthritis,
skin rash, flu-like symptoms
Robert Griffin III (RGIII)
Repaired lateral collateral ligament (LCL) Reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 2nd
time