Anatomy & Physiology

Basic structure: cells, tissues, organs

Body planes, directions, & cavities

Integumentary system

Basic Structure of the Human Body

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ System

ORGANISM

Animal structure has a hierarchyA. CELLULAR LEVEL:

Muscle cell

B. TISSUE LEVEL:Muscle tissue

C. ORGAN LEVEL:Heart

D. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL:Circulatory system

E. ORGANISM LEVEL:Many organ systemsfunctioning together

The Cell• Cell membrane• Cytoplasm• Organelles

– Nucleus• Nucleolus • Chromatin

– Ribosomes (free; bound)– Centrosome

• Centrioles – Mitochondria– Golgi apparatus– Endoplasmic reticulum– Lysosomes– Vesicles

• Pinocytosis• Phagocytosis

» See next slide

Cell Reproduction

• 2 types of cells in our body:• Regular body cells (somatic cells) -------- 46 chromosomes

• Sex cell (gametes) ---------------------------- 23 chromosomes

• Mitosis = process of cell reproduction for body cells• Get identical cells; thus same as cloning & asexual reproduction

• Meiosis = process of cell reproduction for sex cells• Do not get identical cells; thus get variation

Mitosis

• Key: first chromosomes replicate & become chromatids– DNA

– Chromatin

– Chromosomes

• Then : (PMAT)

– Prophase

– Metaphase

– Anaphase

– Telophase

Meiosis, Fertilization, Stem Cells

Tissues

• Tissue =when cells work together for a common purpose

• 4 types

1. Epithelial --- lines body surfaces

2. Connective ---connects & supports things

3. Muscle ---- moves & protects

4. Nerve ------ control & communicate

Systems of the Body

• 11 organ systems1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Circulatory

6. Lymphatic

7. Respiratory

8. Digestive

9. Urinary

10. Endocrine

11. Reproductive

• The integumentary system :– Covers and protects the body

– Regulates body temp

– Makes vitamin D

• The skeletal system: – Supports and protects the body

– Moves the body

– Makes blood cells

Hair

Cartilage

Skin

Nails

Bones

• The muscular system: – Produces movement

– Enables body posture

– Produces body

heatSkeletalmuscles

• The endocrine and nervous systems:

– control, regulate, and coordinate body functions

ENDOCRINESYSTEM

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Thymus gland

Pineal gland

NERVOUSSYSTEM

Senseorgan

Spinalcord

Nerves

Brain

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Testis (male)

Ovary(female)

• The circulatory system: – transports the food and oxygen

• The lymphatic (immune) system– Protects the body

– Carries tissue fluid & wastes to blood

CIRCULATORYSYSTEM

Heart

Bloodvessels

LYMPHATIC ANDIMMUNE SYSTEMS

Bonemarrow

Thymus

Spleen

Lymphnodes

Lymphvessels

• The digestive system:– Digests & absorbs food

– Eliminates wastes

• The respiratory system– Exchanges oxygen for

carbon dioxide

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Esophagus

Liver

Stomach

Smallintestine

Largeintestine

Anus

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Lung

Mouth

RESPIRATORYSYSTEM

• The urinary system:– Disposes of certain wastes

– Keeps body in fluid & chemical balance

Ureter

Urinarybladder

Urethra

Kidney

• The reproductive system:– perpetuates the species

Figure 20.9GG. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

FEMALE

Ovary

Oviduct

Uterus

Vagina

MALE

Penis

Seminalvesicles

Prostate gland

Vasdeferens

TestisUrethra

Body planes, directions, & cavities

Body Planes: sagittal, coronal (frontal), & transverse

Body Directions

proximal/distal lateral /medial

cephalic/ caudalsuperior/ inferiorsuperficial/ deep

anterior/ posteriorventral/ dorsal

Body Cavities

Figure 1-8

Areas of the abdomenAreas of the abdomen

• Quadrants• Regions

Integumentary System

• Anatomy– 3 layers

• Epidermis

• Dermis

• Subcutaneous layer

– Hypodermis

Physiology

- Protection

- Excretion of waste

- Synthesis of Vitamin D

- Sensation

- Body temperature regulation

Figure 7-1

Cutaneous membraneCutaneous membrane

Figure 7-4

GlandsGlands

• Sebaceous glands (oil)

• Sudoriferous glands

•Eccrine•Apocrine