Anatomy of Bacteria Morphology Structure Function.
Transcript of Anatomy of Bacteria Morphology Structure Function.
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Anatomy of Bacteria
MorphologyStructureFunction
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Binary Fission
• “a method of asexual reproduction involving halving of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell followed by the development of each half into a new individual”
• septum• progeny cells• generation time
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Morphology
• Size
• Shape
• Arrangement
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Size
• prokaryotic (bacteria) cells are very small compared to eukaryotic cells
• prokaryotic cells are the most abundant form of life on earth
• prokaryotic cells can survive in conditions that are too extreme for eukaryotic cells
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Shape
• Readings question one:
What are the three basic shapes that most bacteria exhibit?
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Spiral(Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete)
• Vibrio: “curved or bent rods that resemble commas”
• Spirillum: “a corkscrew shape with a rigid cell wall and hair-like projections called flagella that assist in movement”
• Spirochete: “a flexible cell wall but no flagella in the traditional sense. Movement occurs by contractions (undulating) of long filaments (endoflagella) that run the length of the cell.”
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Arrangement
• Readings question two:What are the three basic arrangements that most bacteria exhibit?
Additional arrangements:Tetracocci: “grouping of four spherical shaped
cells”Sarcinae: “a cube-like packet of eight spherica
bacteria”
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Structure and Function• up until the 1950’s prokaryotes were believed to
simply be “bags of enzymes”• prokaryotes have a simpler construction than
eukaryotes• prokaryotic cell has 5 essential structural
components:– Nucleoid (bacterial chromosome)– Ribosomes– Cell membrane– Cell wall– Capsule
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Nucleoid
• bacterial chromosome• typically one large circular molecule of DNA• floats freely in the cytoplasm• genetic control center of the cell• determines all of the properties and functions
of the bacterium
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Ribosomes
• proteins and RNA• prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than
eukaryotic ribosomes• protein synthesis• “granular” appearance
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Cell Membrane and Cell Wall
• Readings question three:
What is the difference between the cell membrane and the cell wall?
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Capsule
• “the membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, helps to protect against phagocytosis”
• glycocalyx• slime layer
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Cytoplasm
• Readings question four:• What is the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?
• primary structures: nucleoid and ribosomes
• plasmids: extrachromosomal pieces of DNA
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Endospores
• “a thick-walled spore within a bacterium”
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Endospores
• produced by the bacterium to help it survive in an unfavorable environment
• formed by vegetative cells- “sporulation”• one of the most resistant forms of life
• germination
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Clostridium tetani
• deep wound punctures that become anoxic
• tetanus toxin spreads and causes disease
• spastic paralysis and can result in death
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Clostridium botulinum
• botulinum toxin in improperly preserved foods
• botulism can result in death due to respiratory failure as a result of muscle paralysis
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Clostrideium perfringens
• most prevalent reported cause of food poisoning
• enterotoxins in the intestines
• diarrhea and intestinal cramps with no fever or vomiting
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Flagella
• protein structures attached to the cell surface that resemble “whip-like” appendages
• distributed in distinguishing patterns
• flagella of prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells
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Pili (Fimbriae)
• short, hair-like structures on the surface of prokaryotic cells composed of protein
• shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella• allow bacteria to attach to surfaces• e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Gram-staining
• Readings question five:
• What is the purpose of gram-staining? What are the characteristics of gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria?