3 morphology & cell biology of bacteria (2)
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Transcript of 3 morphology & cell biology of bacteria (2)
Morphology & Cell Biology of Bacteria (Part II)
Siti Sarah Jumali (ext 2123)
Room 3/14
Bacterial cell Inclusion Bodies
• Definition: A collective variety of small bodies within bacterial cytoplasm.
• Some are called vesicles, some are called vacuoles
• Act as reserve deposits/storage• Cells may accumulate nutrients and use them
whenever in impermissible condition
May consists of
• Polyhydroxybutyrate• Polyphosphate• Glycogen• Sulphur
2 types
1. Granules- not bounded by membrane, substance densely compacted and hard to dissolve in cytoplasm (glycogen or polyphosphate)
2. Vesicles- bounded by specialize membrane, mostly consist of gas, carbon, carbohydrate, iron, poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (lipid)
Granule
• Densely compacted substances without a membrane• Each granule contains specific substances:
1. Glycogen (glucose polymer)
2. Polyphosphate (phosphate polymer, supplies energy to metabolic processes)
• Sulphur bacteria contains reserve granules of sulphur• Polyphosphate granules- called volutin or
metachromic granules exhibit metachromasia (metachromic granules exhibit different intensities of color). These granules are depleted in starvation
vacuole
Cytoplasmic bridge
Cleavage furrow
Volutin or metachromic granules
Vesicles
• Certain bacteria have specialized membrane enclosed structure called vesicles or vacuoles.
• Some aquatic photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria have rigid gas-filled vacuoles and it helps in floating at certain level
• Some magnetotactic bacterium e.g. Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum stores magnetite (Ferric oxide). The presence of such magnetic inclusions enables these bacteria to respond to magnetic fields.
Common inclusion bodies in Microorganisms
Cytoplasmic inclusions Where found Composition Function
glycogenmany bacteria e.g. E. coli
polyglucosereserve carbon and energy source
polybetahydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
many bacteria e.g. Pseudomonas
polymerized hydroxy butyrate
reserve carbon and energy source
polyphosphate (volutin granules)
many bacteria e.g. Corynebacterium
linear or cyclical polymers of PO4
reserve phosphate; possibly a reserve of high energy phosphate
sulfur globules
phototrophic purple and green sulfur bacteria and lithotrophic colorless sulfur bacteria
elemental sulfur
reserve of electrons (reducing source) in phototrophs; reserve energy source in lithotrophs
Common inclusion bodies in Microorganisms cont’d
Cytoplasmic inclusions Where found Composition Function
gas vesiclesaquatic bacteria especially cyanobacteria
protein hulls or shells inflated with gases
buoyancy (floatation) in the vertical water column
parasporal crystalsendospore-forming bacilli (genus Bacillus)
proteinunknown but toxic to certain insects
magnetosomes certain aquatic bacteriamagnetite (iron oxide) Fe3O4
orienting and migrating along geo- magnetic field lines
carboxysomes many autotrophic bacteriaenzymes for autotrophic CO2 fixation
site of CO2 fixation
phycobilisomes cyanobacteria phycobiliproteins light-harvesting pigments
chlorosomes Green bacterialipid and protein and bacteriochlorophyll
light-harvesting pigments and antennae
Magnetosome
The bacterial endospore• Microscopic, highly resistant, non-
motile, non-reproductive structure produced by few types of bacteria as a result of tough environmental conditions to ensure survival because it allows the bacteria to remain dormant for extended amount of time
• Two most common types- Bacillus and Clostridium
• Helps to survive in impermissible condition
• Highly resistant to heat, drying, acids, bases, desiccation, certain disinfectants and radiation
The bacterial endospore
Component of Endospores
• The heat resistance is due to
-Calcium-dipicolinate: abundant within the endospore, may stabilize and protect the endospore’s DNA
• Specialized DNA-binding proteins saturate the endospore’s DNA and protect it from heat, drying, chemicals and radiation.
• The cortex may osmotically remove water from the interior of the endospore and the dehydration caused is thought to be very important in the endospore’s resistance to heat and radiation.
• DNA repair enzymes contained within the endospore are able to repair damage during germination
• The chemical resistance of endospores is due to impermeability of the sporecoat towards the chemical substance
Component of Endospores
Formation of Endospores
• Sporulation (sporogenesis)• A process of endospore formation• The endospore can survive possibly thousands
of years until a variety of environmental stimuli trigger germination, allowing outgrowth of a single vegetative bacterium.
Sporulation Process
• 1- Vegetative bacterium about to enter the endospore cycle
• 2- A spore septum forms as the cytoplasmic membrane invaginates
• 3- Each nucleiod becomes surrounded by its own cytoplasmic membrane
Sporulation Process
Sporulation Process cont’d
• 4- Cytoplasmic membrane surrounds the isolated nucleiod, cytoplasm and membrane from the previous step, forming a forespore
• 5- Forespore is completed and other DNA molecule is eventually degraded
• 6- A thick peptidoglycan (cortex) is synthesized between the inner and outer forespore membranes. Calcium dipicolinate is synthesized and incorporated in the forming endospore.
Sporulation Process cont’d
• 7- A second impermeable proteinaceous protective layer called the spore coat is then synthesized
• 8- As the vegetative portion of the bacterium is degraded, the completed endospore is released
• 9- Sometimes, a final layer called the exosporium may be added
Germination Process
• A process of endospore returning to their vegetative state
• With the proper environmental stimuli. The endospore germinates. As the protective layers of the endospore are enzymatically broken down, a vegetative bacterium begins to form and emerge
Endospore and Infectious Disease
• Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis;• Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani;• Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum;• Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium
perfringens;• Clostridium difficile causes the most serious
cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and can lead to pseudomembranous colitis, a severe infection of the colon.
Notice anything?
What are the 2 common bacteria that are associated with endospores?
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Features of Eukaryotes
• Eu = “true”, karyon = “nucleus”• Presence of a nucleus, a double
membrane-bound control center separating DNA from the rest of the cell.
• In addition to the plasma membrane, eukaryotic cells contain internal membrane-bound structures called organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Eukaryotic cells can reproduce in one of several ways, including meiosis (sexual reproduction) and mitosis (cell division producing identical daughter cells).
Features of Prokaryotes
• Pro = “before”, karyon = “nucleus”• Prokaryotes, the first living
organisms to evolve, they lack a membrane-bound nucleus. The only membrane in prokaryotic cells is the plasma membrane--the outer boundary of the cell itself. Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, ribosomes the only type of organelle.
• Prokaryotes are most always single-celled, except when they exist in colonies.
Announcement
• Your first test will be next week, during tutorial
• Bring 2B along• There will be super easy multiple choice
questions and few subjective questions.