Analysis of Low Income Housing

8/11/2019 Analysis of Low Income Housing

1/81

ANALYSIS OF LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN

KANO, NIGERIA

BY:

TPL. Abubakar Sadiq Sani, MNITP, RTP.HND (ARC), PGD (U&RP), ADLS, MSc..

BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REUIREMENTS FOR THE A!ARD OF:

D"#$"r "% Mana&'('n$ D'&r'' in T")n P*annin&.

OF THE

St Clements UniversityR'&. N". E +-/

R'&i0$'r'd O%%i#': Churchill Building, Grand Tur,TUR!S & CA"C#S i$land, Bri%i$h '$% "ndi'$.

Phn' *+ - /*/* 0a1: *+ - /*/2

MAR1H 23

Pr'a(b*'


2/81

Thi$ $%ud3 a44rai$'$ and anal3$'$ %h' indig'nu$ l56inc7' hu$ing

4rc'$$, 5i%h 4ar%icular r'8'r'nc' % %h' ci%3 8 !an, Nig'ria. A$ a

9acgrund % %h' $%ud3, %h' l5 inc7' hu$ing 4rc'$$'$ in 9%h %h'd''l4ing and d''l4'd cun%ri'$ 8 %h' 5rld 5a$ r'i'5'd and

anal3$'d.

Th' Di$$'r%a%in di$c'r$ a l% 8 in8r7a%in n l56inc7' hu$ing:

. Th' di$$'r%a%in $%udi'd 7ul%i6la%'ral, 9i6la%'ral, c77uni%3

d''l47'n% and g'rn7'n% a44rach'$ % l56inc7' hu$ing in 9%h

d''l4'd and d''l4ing cun%ri'$ 8 %h' 5rld and 8ind %ha% 7$%a44rach'$ cnc'n%ra%'$ n 4r;'c% a44rach % hu$ing. /. Th'

di$$'r%a%in $%udi'd 7'%hd$ and %'chni.

Tha% 4rac%ic' 8 7a$$ cn$%ruc%in 8 hu$'$ and %h' allca%in 8 $i%'$

and $'ric'd 4l%$ % l5 inc7'6'arn'r$ 93 g'rn7'n%$ and 7ul%i6

la%'ral rgani$a%in$ $4n$r'd 4rgra77'$, in !an d'$ n%

$a%i$8ac%ril3 9'n'8i% %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$, 9'cau$' ''n 5h'n $uch

hu$'$?4l%$ allca%'d, %h' 9'n'8iciari'$ $'ll %h' hu$'$ % %h' 7'diu7

and high6inc7' 'arn'r$ and 7' % %h'r ar'a$ 8 inad'


3/81

un4lann'd and ill'gal hu$ing d''l47'n%$ i$ $igni8ican%l3 high'r %han

%ha% 8 4u9lic hu$ing d''l47'n%. . Th' 4'r%3 l''l 8 %h' l5

inc7' 'arn'r$ n''d % 9' addr'$$'d alng $id' hu$ing d'li'r3 %hrugh

$u44r%i' 4rgra77'$ 8 %'nur' $'curi%3 and c77uni%3 9a$'d

7'chani$7$ 8 hu$ing 8inanc'.

14a5$'r + INTRODU1TION.


4/81

+.+ INTRODU1TION.

Manind 8ir$% 8 all 7u$% 'a%, drin, and ha' $h'l%'r and cl%hing,

9'8r' h' can 4ur$u' 4li%ic$, ar% and r'ligin '%c. (0r'd'ric ng'l$,

**>). Sh'l%'r i$ n'c'$$ar3 % ''r3n' and %h' 4ri$in 8 hu$ing,

a$ a 7'an$ 8 $ling n' 8 %h' ur9an 4r9l'7$, i$ n' 8 %h'

cnc'rn$ 8 T5n Planning. Hu$ing a$ d'8in'd 93 %h' Uni%'d

Na%in$ (UN) 'nc74a$$'$ %h' hu$ing uni% and %h' 'n%ir' ancillar3

$'ric'$ a$ 5'll a$ c77uni%3 8acili%i'$ %ha% ar' n'c'$$ar3 8r hu7an

5'll69'ing.

"% i$ di88icul% % $a%i$8ac%ril3 d'8in' %h' l56inc7' gru4, h5''r

8r %h' 4ur4$' 8 %h' Na%inal hu$ing 4lic3, %h' l56inc7' gru4

ha$ 9''n d'8in'd a$ 5ag' 'arn'r$ and $'l8 '74l3'd 4'4l' 5h$'

annual inc7' i$ ENE 2,+++.++ r 9'l5 a$ 8 **, r 5h$' annual

inc7' i$ /+= r 9'l5 %h' 7a1i7u7 annual inc7' 8 %h' high'$%

$alar3 grad' l''l 5i%hin %h' ciil $'ric' $%ruc%ur' a% an3 gi'n %i7',

5hich''r i$ high'r.

"n Nig'ria 2= 8 %h' 44ula%in i$ '$%i7a%'d % 9' 8 %h' L56

inc7' gru4, %h' ariu$ ciilian and 7ili%ar3 G'rn7'n%$ ha'

7ad' cnc'r%'d '88r%$ % 4rid' ad'


5/81

Th' 4lanning, d'$ign, 8inancing, cn$%ruc%in and 7anag'7'n% 8 l56

inc7' hu$ing in a d''l4ing cun%r3 li' Nig'ria, i$ 8 gr'a%

cnc'rn % all $%a'hld'r$ in hu$ing d''l47'n% in %'r7$ 8 %h'

'1%'n% %ha% %h'3 acc77da%' %h' 'cn7ical, $ci6cul%ural and

%'chnlgical 8ac%r$ in %h' hu$ing 4rgra77'.

+.2 HOUSING PROBLEM.

Hu$ing, n' 8 %h' 4h3$ilgical n''d$ 8 7an ha$ 9'c7' a gl9al

4r9l'7. D'$4i%' %h' '74ha$i$ 9'ing laid n hu$ing 4ri$in 93

4'4l' and ariu$ G'rn7'n%$, %hi$ 9a$ic hu7an n''d ha$ cn%inu'd

% 'lud' 7an3 (#ni9un, *2, Car '% al, 2 and A9idun, *2).

"n d''l4ing cun%ri'$ $uch a$ Nig'ria g'rn7'n%$ ha' 9''n

7aing a%%'74%$ a% 4riding ad'). "nd''d, in 7an3 d''l4ing cun%ri'$,

%h' 4ri$in 8 $h'l%'r, 4ar%icularl3 8r %h' l56inc7' gru4, i$

gr$$l3 inad'


6/81

. G'rn7'n% in Nig'ria 4r'8'r$ $ling hu$ing 4r9l'7$ %hrugh

dir'c% 7a$$ hu$ing cn$%ruc%in 8r $%a88 acc77da%in and

r'c'n%l3 %hrugh 4ar%n'r$hi4$ 8r $al' % indiidual$ and

rganiFa%in$.

/. Th' c$% 8 4rduc%in 8 %h' hu$'$ 93 g'rn7'n% i$ al7$%

du9l'd %ha% 93 an indiidual hi7$'l8.

>. Uni%'d Na%in$ D''l47'n% Prgra77' (UNDP), %h' 0'd'ral and

!an S%a%' g'rn7'n%$, ha' 9''n 7aing a%%'74%$ % $l' l56

inc7' hu$ing 4r9l'7$ %hrugh allca%in 8 Si%' and S'ric'd

4l%$ and dir'c% cn$%ruc%in 8 7a$$ hu$'$, $uch 4r;'c%$

allca%'d % %h' L56inc7' 'arn'r$, 'nd 5i%h land $4'cula%r$

and r'


7/81

. Th' 9uilding cd' in Nig'ria $4'ci8i'$ %h' u$' 8 i74r%'d, 7d'rn

9uilding 7a%'rial$, in$%'ad 8 lcall3 4rduc'd 7a%'rial$ %ha% ar'

7r' cnduci' % %h' 'nirn7'n%. Thi$ cn%ri9u%'$ % %h'

d'4l'%in 8 %h' cun%r3$ 8r'ign r'$'r'$, and high c$% 8

hu$ing $u44l3.

. Th' hu$'$ 9uil% 5i%h %h' 7d'rn 9uilding 7a%'rial$, ar' n'i%h'r

ad'


8/81

.> THE RESEAR1H PROBLEM.

i%hin %h' cn%'1% 8 d''l4ing %h' hu$ing $%ra%'g3 %ha% 'ncurag'$

'na9ling cnc'4%$ in %h' 4r7%in 8 hu$ing64rduc%in 4rc'$$'$,

%h' a9' r'i'5 4in%$ % %h' n''d % 8ind %h' an$5'r % %h'


9/81

ii) A44rai$' %h' 7'%hd$, %'chni


10/81


11/81

G'gra4hical di'r$i%3

Th' id'n%i8ica%in 8 l5 inc7' hu$ing a$ a $igni8ican% i$$u' 8

cnc'rn 93 %h' l5 inc7' hu$'hld$ in a 4ar%icular r'gin and

U$ing %h'$' cri%'ria, $''ral ca$' $%udi'$ 5'r' id'n%i8i'd.

S'#"ndar; 0"ur#'0: #nc' %h' ca$' $%udi'$ 5'r' $'l'c%'d, '1%'n$i'

r'$'arch 5a$ und'r%a'n % lca%' r'l'an% $'cndar3 $urc'$. "n a

nu79'r 8 ca$'$ %h'r' 5a$ nl3 li7i%'d in8r7a%in a9u% l5 inc7'

hu$ing cndi%in$ $4'ci8icall3, 5hich %h'n r'


12/81

5h'%h'r %h' ca$' $%udi'$ 5uld 9' r'4r'$'n%a%i' 8 %h' 5id'6ranging

l56inc7' hu$ing i$$u'$ cn8rn%ing l56inc7' hu$'hld$. Th'

r'$'arch'r al$ had % gra44l' 5i%h %h' 8%'n a79iguu$ r c74l'1 l'gal

land$ca4' g'rning l56inc7' hu$'hld$ and hu$ing. "n 7an3 ca$'$,

%hugh %h'r' 7igh% 9' $4'ci8ic l'gi$la%in n l56inc7' hu$'hld$

righ%$, 7ain$%r'a7 la5$ r'garding nn6di$cri7ina%in, '


13/81

and 'ri'5 8 l5 inc7' hu$ing in di88'r'n% r'gin$ 8 %h' 5rld and

c'r%ainl3 $'%$ %h' $%ag' 8r 7r' in6d'4%h r'$'arch, anal3$i$ and ac%in

4'r%aining % l5 inc7' hu$'hld$ hu$ing righ%$.

Da%a cll'c%in n hu$ing in Nig'ria i$ 'r3 di88icul%, 9'cau$' $7'

$urc'$ ar' n% r'lia9l' and 7$% 8 %h' %i7'$ 9$l'%'. D'$4i%' %h'$'

$hr%c7ing$ %hi$ $%ud3 cll'c%'d, clla%'d and anal3$'d aaila9l' da%a n

l5 inc7' hu$ing in !an, Nig'ria, a$ 8ll5$:

.*./. Da$a r'quir'('n$0.

Da%a r'


14/81

J Acc'$$ % 4u9lic 8acili%i'$ $uch a$ $h4$, $chl$ and h$4i%al$.

J Th' nu79'r 8 4'4l' in %h' hu$'hld including an3 a9$'n%.

J Th' ag' 8 %h' hu$'hld h'ad.

J Th' ag' and $'1 8 all hu$'hld 7'79'r$.

J Th' hu$'hld %34' i.'. nucl'a%'d. 1%'nd'd?$ingl' 8a7il3.

iii< P4;0i#a* 0'$$in&0:

J Cli7a%'.

J Lca%in 8 !an.

J R'ginal %ran$4r% linag'$.

B< Land u0' and H"u0in& Fa#i*i$i'0 Da$a:

i< Land u0'.

J1i$%ing land %'nur'.

J Hu$ing $%ruc%ur' 8r7 7a4$ and a'rial 4h%gra4h$.

ii< H"u0in& *a;"u$0=d'n0i$i'0.

J Pl% d''l47'n%.

J Th' na%ur' and '1%'n% 8 9uilding n'c'$$ar3 % 7''% a% l'a$% $hr% %'r7

hu$'hld n''d$ and %h' a9ili%3 8 hu$'hld$ % 4rid' %hi$ 8r %h'7.

J Hu$ing la3u%$?d'n$i%i'$.

iii< Pub*i# %a#i*i$i'0=r'#r'a$i"n.

J Th' nu79'r 8 $chl$, %h' ag'$ %h'3 ca%'r 8r and %h' nu79'r 8 4lac'$

(88icial), %h' nu79'r 8 childr'n ac%uall3 a%%'nding and 4r9l'7$ %ha%

'1i$%.


15/81

J T34'$ 8 h'al%h car' and ca4aci%3 8 8acili%i'$ c74ar'd 5i%h h'al%h

4r9l'7$ in %h' ar'a and 88icial $%andard$ 8 4ri$in.

J #%h'r $cial r 4u9lic 8acili%i'$ and %h'ir ca4aci%i'$ c74ar'd 5i%h

$%andard$.

i9< 1ir#u*a$i"n=$ran05"r$a$i"n.

U$i*i$i'0.

J Th' '1%'n%, na%ur' and 5'ndi$ur':

J Hu$'hld 4riri%i'$ 8r $4'nding an3 addi%inal inc7'.


16/81

J Th' 7a1i7u7 a7un% 5hich hu$'hld$ can a88rd 'ach 7n%h 8r

hu$ing and r'la%'d $'ric'$.

J An3 $aing$ r lan$ aaila9l' and acc'$$'d 8r hu$ing.

J T%al n'% hu$'hld inc7', including an3 $'cndar3 $urc'$, $uch a$

r'n% 8r7 l'%%ing r7$ r ca$h 8r7 %h' $al' 8 d7'$%ic 4rduc'.

J Th' gr$$ and n'% inc7'$ 8 all hu$'hld 7'79'r$ and an indica%in

8 5h'%h'r r n% an incr'a$' i$ '14'c%'d in %h' n'ar 8u%ur'.

J Pr'8'rr'd lca%in 8 hu$'$.

J Priri%i'$ 8r 4ri$in 8 u%ili%i'$.

.*.>. S"ur#'0 "% Da$a.

Da%a 8r %hi$ $%ud3 5'r' d'ri'd 8r7 8i'ld $ur'3$ and in'$%iga%in$

8 %h' r'$id'nc'$ 8 %h' $a74l'd hu$'hld$ in %h' $'l'c%'d

n'igh9urhd$, %hrugh %h' ad7ini$%ra%in 8


17/81

Daa%a, Sharada and Nai9a5a ha' 9''n id'n%i8i'd a$ 7ainl3 8 l5

inc7' r'$id'n%$.

Da%a 5'r' 9%ain'd 8r7 l5 inc7' hu$'hld$ in %h'$'

n'igh9urhd$ 8 !an. Thrugh in%'ri'5 7'%hd %h'


18/81

$%and a% >./7illin (NPC) and Da%a aaila9l' 8r7 %h' UNDP

indica%'$ %ha% 2= (/.-7illin) 8 %h' r'$id'n%$ 8 !an ar' 8 %h'

l56inc7' gru4. A9u% -+= (+,+++) r'$id' in %h' $'l'c%'d

r'$id'n%ial 5ard$ c'r'd 93 %h' $ur'3, %aing an a'rag' 8a7il3 $iF'

8 .4'r$?hu$'hld ->,/*- hu$'hld$ ar' %arg'%'d 8r %h' $%ud3.

Taing /+= 8 %hi$ a$ $a74l' $iF', a9u% / hu$'hld$?/4'r$n$

ar' in%'ri'5'd.

.*.. Su((ar;:

Th' da%a 8r7 %h' in8r7al in%'ri'5 5a$ dra5n a% %h' 0'd'ral

Mini$%r3 8 r$ and Hu$ing, 0'd'ral Hu$ing Au%hri%3, !an

S%a%' Mini$%r3 8 r$ and Hu$ing, !an S%a%' Mini$%r3 8 Land

and Ph3$ical Planning, !an S%a%' Hu$ing Cr4ra%in, !an S%a%'

"n'$%7'n% and 4r4'r%i'$ C74an3 Li7i%'d, Dala Building Sci'%3,

Uni%'d Na%in$ D''l47'n% Prgra77' 88ic' in !an, Ah7adu

B'll Uni'r$i%3 aria, D'4ar%7'n% 8 Ur9an and R'ginal Planning

and %h' !an S%a%' nirn7'n%al Planning and Pr%'c%in Ag'nc3.


19/81

1HAPTER 2: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS.

/. BA1?GROUND OF THE STUDY AREA.

2.+.+. Hi0$"ri#a* S'$$in&.

"n %h' +%h c'n%ur3 C.., Ba3a;idda A9u3aFid, $aid % 9' an '1il'd 4rinc'

8r7 Baghdad, 8und'd $''n Hau$a ci%36$%a%'$, 8 5hich !an 5a$ n'.

Pr'hi$%ric $%n' %l$ di$c'r'd n %h' $i%', h5''r, $ugg'$% %ha% %h'

ci%3K$ ac%ual hi$%r3 '1%'nd$ 7uch 8ar%h'r in% %h' 4a$%. Schlar$ 8r7 %h'

anci'n% '74ir' 8 Mali 9rugh% "$la7 % !an in %h' >-+$, and %h' ci%3

achi''d gr'a% 4r$4'ri%3 during %h' rul' 8 Muha77ad Ru78a (->6

-). all$ 9uil% during %ha% 4'rid $%ill $urrund %h' ld


20/81

S% Cali4ha%'. "n %h' /+%h c'n%ur3, !an ha$ r'%ain'd a i%al rl' in

%h' r'ginal 'cn73, 9u% %hrugh di88'r'n% 7'an$. Tda3 %h' 4ri7ar3

cr4$ ar' 4'anu%$ and c%%n, 5hich ar' cn$u7'd lcall3 and '14r%'d.

Th' %anning and d'cra%in 8 hid'$ and $in$, h5''r, r'7ain$ a 7a;r

'cn7ic ac%ii%3.

M$% cn%'74rar3 r'$id'n%$ $%ill clai7 % 9' Hau$a, %hugh $iF'a9l'

44ula%in$ 8 0ulani, ru9a, "g9 and %h'r %ri9'$ al$ r'$id' in !an.

Th' ci%3 ha$ %'n 7a;r di$%ric%$: 0agg' %h' S3rian uar%'r$ and %h'

ad;ining C77'rcial T5n$hi4 Sa9n Gari %h' Na$$ara5a B74ai

Dra3i Ungu5a uu Daa%a, !urna and %h' riginal, 5all'd ci%3. Th'$'

di$%ric%$ diid' 8ur%h'r in% a44r1i7a%'l3 ++ $7all n'igh9rhd$

(unguwa), 'ach 8 5hich c'n%'r$ n a 7$


21/81

!an r'7ain$ a hu9 8 %ran$4r% high5a3$ cn'rg' u4n %h' ci%3,

railrad$ run % Nguru, Lag$, and Pr% Harcur%, and %h' air4r% $'ric'$

7a;r in%'rna%inal 8ligh%$.

!an i$ al$ h7' % nu7'ru$ $chl$ and in$%i%u%'$, including !an

S%a%' "n$%i%u%' 8r High'r duca%in, an Ara9ic la5 $chl, Ba3'r

Uni'r$i%3, a $%a%' 4l3%'chnic cll'g', a c77'rcial $chl, an

agricul%ural r'$'arch in$%i%u%' %ha% 8cu$'$ n 4'anu%$, %5 li9rari'$, and

$''ral %'ach'r6%raining in$%i%u%'$.

/../. P4;0i#a* S'$$in& "% ?an".

+. L"#a$i"n.

!an i$ %h' ca4i%al 8 !an S%a%', Nig'ria li'$ n la%i%ud' /+, +>N, *+,

>/ and ,2-8''% a9' $'a l''l.

/. L"#a* #*i(a$'.

!an ci%3 li'$ 5i%hin %h' $udan $aannah r'gin 8 Nig'ria, 5i%h rain3

$'a$n 5i%hin %h' 7n%h$ 8 @un' #c%9'r, Har7a%an 4'rid 8r7

#c%9'r 6 0'9ruar3 and dr3 $'a$n 8r7 March @un'. Thi$ 5'a%h'r ha$

'88'c% n 9uilding 7a%'rial$ 9'cau$' in %h' Har7a%an and Dr3 $'a$n$ %h'

r'la%i' hu7idi%3 i$ 'r3 l5 5hil' in %h' Rain3 $'a$n %h' r'la%i'

hu7idi%3 i$ high.


22/81

2.+.@ ?an" T")n P*annin& and Ar#4i$'#$ur'.

Th' T5n Planning and Archi%'c%ur' 8 !an ar' gr'a%l3 in8lu'nc'd 93

%h' "$la7ic r'ligin a$ n%ic'd in %h'r "$la7ic Ci%i'$ 8 Marra'ch and

Cair. Pu9lic $%r''%$ ar' 4'n % ''r3 n' 5hil' cul6d'6$ac giing acc'$$

% a $7all gru4 8 hu$'$ 9'lnging in c65n'r$hi4 % %h$' 5h li'

alng i%. Tradi%inal Archi%'c%ur' i$ 7$%l3 %ra9'a%'d 5i%h 8la% r8$.

Th' 8in'$% 8 "$la7ic Planning in%rica%', 3'% cn$i$%'n% i$ 4rac%ic'd in

!an a$ i$ 8und in ci%i'$, %5n$ and illag'$ 5hich 5'r' 8und'd a$

"$la7 $4r'ad$, li%'rall3 8r7 S4ain % "ndia and 8r7 Su%h6'a$% A$ia %

A8rica.

"$la7ic la5$ '1%rac%'d 8r7 %h' hl3 uran and %h' Sunna 8 %h' hl3

4r4h'% 8 "$la7, Muha77ad Sallahu Alaihi 5a $alla7 i$ %h' 7ain la5

g'rning %h' Ur9aniFa%in 8 'arl3 !an. Th' la5 di$%ingui$h'$ 9'%5''n

%h' 4u9lic $%r''% (Shari), 5hich i$ 4'n % ''r3n' and %h' cul d' $ac

(0ina) giing acc'$$ % %h$' 5h li' alng i%. Th' 4rinci4l'$ includ'

%h$' 8:

i) Hara7: Oinila%' Fn'$O, an i74r%an% a$4'c% 8 ur9an 4lanning in

Mu$li7 ciiliFa%in. T5n$ 5'r' u$uall3 9uil% n'ar a ri'r 5hich

4rid'd drining and d7'$%ic 5a%'r (u4$%r'a7) and carri'd a5a3 5a$%'

and $'5ag' (d5n$%r'a7, u$uall3 und'rgrund, unli' 7$% ci%i'$ in

ur4' in 7'di'al %i7'$). Mu$li7$ clai7 % ha' in%rduc'd %h' id'a 8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_civilization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_civilization&action=edit


23/81

carr3ing ca4aci%3, and cl'arl3 did li7i% %h' nu79'r 8 8a7ili'$ in an3

gi'n %5n. Th' hara7 5'r' %34icall3 4$i%in'd % 'n$ur' acc'$$ %

4arland and na%ur' (5hich 5'r' gi'n an%h'r na7', hi7a), % r'$%ric%

ur9an $4ra5l, 4r%'c% 5a%'r6cur$'$ and 5a%'r$h'd$ and a$'$. "n %hi$

r'$4'c% %h' rul'$ $%rngl3 r'$'79l'd 7d'rn Fning la5$, 5i%h %h' $a7'

4ur4$'$.

Th' di$%inc%in 9'%5''n hara7 and hi7a i$ %hugh% 93 $7' 7d'rn

$chlar$ % ha' 9''n n'c'$$ar3 du' % a di88'r'n% 7'an$ 8 d'ciding

5hich r'gin$ 5'r' % ha' r'$%ric%in$ 6 %h' $'l'c%in 8 hara7 5a$

cn$id'r'd % 9' 7r' u4 % %h' c77uni%3 5hil' %h' $'l'c%in 8 hi7a

had 7r' % d 5i%h na%ural charac%'ri$%ic$ 8 %h' r'gin, 5hich 5'r'

cn$id'r'd % 9' 9'$% r'$4'c%'d 93;uri$%$. Thi$ id'a 4r9a9l3 ari$'$ 8r7

%5 di88'r'n% 9liga%in$ 8 %h' Mu$li7 % r'$4'c% i;7a (cn$'n$u$ 8

n'igh9r$ 5i%hin "$la7) and 4rac%ic' hali8a($%'5ard$hi4 8 na%ur' und'r

Allah). "% 7a3 r 7a3 n% r'8l'c% ac%ual 7'an$ 8 d'ci$in 7aing

hi$%ricall3.

ii) "n%'rd'4'nd'nc': 4'4l' 5i%hin %h' ci%3 and %h' $%ruc%ur'$ %h'3 inha9i%,

ar' cn$id'r'd in%'rd'4'nd'n% in an 'clgical $'n$'.

iii) Priac3: ''r3 8a7il3 i$ 'n%i%l'd % acu$%ic, i$ual and %h'r ind 8

4riac3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoning_laws&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoning_laws&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa


24/81

i) #riginal u$ag': ld'r and '$%a9li$h'd u$'$ $uch a$ %h' 4$i%ining 8

5ind5$, 4ar%3 5all$, drainag'$ and $ n ha' 4rir righ%$ 'r an3 la%'r

u$'$.

) Building h'igh%: %hi$ cn%rl$ %h' righ% 8 n'igh9r$ % %h' h'igh% 8

n'5 4r4$'d d''l47'n%.

i) R'$4'c% 8r %h' 4r4'r%i'$ 8 %h'r$.

ii) Pr'6'74%in: in $'lling 8 n'$ 4r4'r%3, n' 7u$% 88'r 8ir$% r'8u$al

% n'$ n'igh9r$?$, ad;ac'n% 4r4'r%3 5n'r?$, r ''n n'$ 4ar%n'r?$.

iii) S''n cu9i%$ a$ %h' 7ini7u7 5id%h 8 4u9lic Shari$.

i1) Thr'' cu9i%$ a$ %h' 7a1i7u7 righ% 8 5a3 8r hu$'hld$ in 8rn% 8

%h'ir hu$'$.

1) An3 4u9lic %hrugh8ar' $huld n''r 9' 9$%ruc%'d 93 4'r7an'n% r

%'74rar3 9$%ruc%in$.

Sa9ngari and %h' c77'rcial and indu$%rial 4l%$ 5'r' $i%'d 93 %h'

Clnial rul'r$ and 7ad' % cn8r7 % Lugard$ 4lan 8r T5n$hi4$. A

Tudun5ada 5a$ 8und'd in - % 4rid' h7' 8r Mu$li7$ 8

Nr%h'rn Nig'ria 5h 5'r' n% na%i'$ % !an Ci%3 lca%'d 'a$% 8 %h'

Sa9ngari and nr%h 8 B74ai. Th' n'5'r r'$id'n%ial ar'a % %h' nr%h,

G5ag5ar5a, i$ $i7ilar in charac%'r % Tudun5ada.

C77'rcial and indu$%rial ar'a$ gr'5 a$ a r'$ul% 8 !an$ 9'ing %h'

nr%h'rn %'r7inu$ 8 %h' rail5a3 lin' 8r7 Lag$. !an ha$ %h' gr'a%'$%

di'r$i%3 8 c77'rc' in Nr%h'rn Nig'ria. During %h' Clnial 4'rid


25/81

%h' '7'rg'nc' 8 a n'5 Clnial Ci%3 8 !an 5a$ n%ic'd alng$id' %h'

%radi%inal Ci%3. Th' cul%ural 4a%%'rn$ and 8unc%inal r'


26/81

"n addi%in % Bri%i$h 88icial$, %h' n'5 Ci%3 hu$'d ur4'an$, L'9an'$'

and "ndian %rad'r$ and $h4''4'r$ a$ 5'll a$ ru9a$, "g9$, Si'rra

L'n'an$ and %h'r A8rican$ 5h c7' 8%'n 5i%h %h'ir 8a7ili'$ a$

Cl'r$, La9ur'r$, Trad'r$, Sldi'r$, and Plic'7'n r $i74l3 a$ $'''r$

8 a n'5 5a3 8 li8'. Th'$' i77igran%$ 9rugh% 5i%h %h'7 %h' 5a3$ 8

%h'ir na%i' land$ and cr'a%'d di$%inc%i' $'g7'n%$ 5i%hin %h' ur9an

land$ca4'. Th'3 i'5'd %h' 8a7il3 and h7', %rad', r'ligin and

'duca%in di88'r'n%l3 8r7 %h' inha9i%an%$ 8 %h' ld %5n$ and ci%i'$, and

in 5a3$ 8%'n un$374a%h'%ic % %h'ir Clnial rul'r$. Al%hugh %h'ir

nu79'r$ ha' $%'adil3 incr'a$'d (%h'3 n5 8r7 %h' 7a;ri%3 8 %h'

44ula%in), %h' i77igran%$ di88'ring righ% 5a3$Q 8 ccu43ing

$'%%l'7'n%$ $%ill d n% d7ina%' %h' %%al ur9an 4a%%'rn.

"n r'c'n% 3'ar$ n' 7a;r dra59ac 9%h 8 %h' %radi%inal ci%3 and %h'

n'5 clnial ci%3 ha$ 9'c7' a44ar'n%. N'i%h'r ha$ a 9radl3 9a$'d

Munici4al %radi%in, 5hich ha$ 7'an% %ha% ur9an gr5%h ha$ 9''n

uncn%rll'd and ad7ini$%ra%in in'88ici'n% (All'n /). A$ a r'$ul%

7an3 r'c'n% d''l47'n%$ ha' 9''n larg'l3 $'l86cn%ain'd $ca%%'r'd,

and n% in%'gra%'d 5i%h 4r'iu$ d''l47'n%$. Th'ir i74'%u$ c7'$

8r7 in%'rna%inal rganiFa%in$, 8r'ign aid, %h' Na%inal G'rn7'n% r

indiidual 'n%'r4ri$'$ %h'ir cnn'c%in$ ar' larg'l3 circu7$%an%ial and

d'4'nd n %h' au%79il' and 4a'd rad$.


27/81

2.+.. T4' E>i0$in& T")n S$ru#$ur':

Th' $%ruc%ural uni%$ 8 !an ar' d'$cri9'd in %hi$ $u96$'c%in a$ 8ll5$:

i.Sab"n&ari.

A% %h' $a7' %i7' a$ %h' %rading 4l%$ and rail5a3 land$ 5'r' 9'ing

di$cu$$'d, 4l%%'d and auc%in'd, Sir H'$'%h B'll, %h' G'rnr 8

Nr%h'rn Nig'ria, d'i$'d a 4lan 8r '$%a9li$hing n'5 na%i' %5n. Thi$

n'5 na%i' %5n 5a$ na7'd Sa9ngari and i% 5a$ '$%a9li$h'd in +- %

acc77da%' nn6na%i'$ 8 !an Ci%3 9u% 5h ar' r'$id'n%$ 8 !an.

Thi$ i$ % '1clud' %hi$ ca%'gr3 8 4'4l' 8r7 Na%i' Ad7ini$%ra%in.

ii.Tudun !ada.

B3 Prcla7a%in + 8 , %h' Can%n7'n% Prcla7a%in 5a$ a7'nd'd

% r'ad %ha% %h' Na%i' R'$'ra%in (%h' Sa9ngari) 5a$ a$$ign'd 8r %h'

u$' 8 nn6na%i'$ 8 A8rican d'$c'n% and 8r na%i'$ in %h' '74l37'n%

8 G'rn7'n% and 8 nn6na%i'$ r'$id'n% in %h' %5n$hi4 and n

4'r$n 5h i$ dir'c%l3 $u9;'c% % %h' Na%i' Au%hri%3 $hall 9' all5'd %

r'$id' %h'r'in (45'r / and > 8 Can%n7'n% Prcla7a%in 8 +- a$

a7'nd'd 93 Prcla7a%in + 8 ). N''r%h'l'$$ %h' Sa9ngari 5a$

gi'n 'r % %h' Na%i' Au%hri%3 in 4ri7aril3 % 'n$ur' %ha% %h'

na%i'$ 8 Nr%h'rn Nig'rian 5'r' ad7ini$%'r'd und'r %h' 4lic3 8

indir'c% rul' %hi$ %h'n 7'an% %ha% 7an3 nn6na%i'$ 8 A8rican d'$c'n%

5h li'd in %h' Sa9ngari and $huld 9' und'r %h' Clnial rul', did n%

in 8ac% 'n;3 %hi$ ind 8 G'rn7'n%. Thi$ cn8lic% 5a$ r'$l'd in -


28/81

5h'n %h' Sa9ngari r'd'$ign'd a$ 4ar% 8 %h' T5n$hi4 and %h' Hau$a6

0ulani 44ula%in 5a$ 7'd % n'5 %5n '$%a9li$h'd u%$id' %h' ld

5all'd ci%3. Th' Tudun5ada a$ %hi$ $'%%l'7'n% i$ n5n, i$ %h' r'$id'nc'

8 Nr%h'rn Nig'rian$, 5h 9'ing $u9;'c% % %h' Na%i' Au%hri%3 5'r' n

lng'r 'ligi9l' % li' in %h' Sa9ngari. B'cau$' %h'3 al$ had n clai7 %

%h' u$' 8 %h' land r did n% 5an% % li' in %h' ld ci%3, %h'$' Nr%h'rn

Nig'rian$ 7'd % Tudun5ada. A8%'r / %h'3 5'r' again all5'd %

li' in %h' Sa9ngari. 0inall3 in -+ %h' Sa9ngari 5a$ n lng'r

ad7ini$%'r'd a$ 4ar% 8 %h' %5n$hi4 and 5a$ %ran$8'rr'd % %h' Na%i'

Au%hri%3.

Th' cnc'4% 8 %h' !an Clnial Ci%3 5a$ 8und % cn8r7 % %h'

$ch'7a%ic la3u% 8 >, 8r n'5 Nig'rian %5n$. A8%'r ind'4'nd'nc' in

+ %h' 0'd'ral R'4u9lic 8 Nig'ria 5a$ diid'd in% %hr'' 4li%ical

R'gin$ (Nr%h'rn, '$%'rn and a$%'rn R'gin$). !an Ci%3 8'll 5i%hin

%h' Nr%h'rn R'gin 5i%h h'ad


29/81

au%79il' and lrr3 %ra88ic. "n addi%in $7' ar'a$ anal3F'd 7inu%'l3

and '1%r'7'l3 d'%ail'd Fning and 9uilding r'gula%in$ and 7a4$ 5'r'

4r4$'d (;u$% a$ i8 %h' Clnial %5n$hi4$ 5'r' larg', lng '$%a9li$h'd

ur9an c'n%'r$ 5i%h a cadr' 8 4r8'$$inal Plann'r$ a% %h'ir $'ric'). Th'

$%3l' 8 T5n Planning 5a$ $%ill au%hri%arian.

Th' 7a;r cau$' 8 ra4id ur9an gr5%h 8 !an Ci%3 5a$ 4ri7aril3 du' %

8ac%r$ u%$id' %h' ur9an ar'a. Lac 8 44r%uni%i'$, 4r liing

cndi%in$ and %h' l5l3 $%a%u$ 8 %h' rural d5'll'r$ ha' cau$'d %h' 7r'

'duca%'d r ad'n%uru$ % l'a' %h'ir illag'$ r h7'$%'ad$ % $'' 8r

%h'ir 8u%ur' 'l$'5h'r'. #nc' 8%l$', %h' 7igran%$ ar' a%%rac%'d % %h'

Ci%3. Th' 8ac% %ha% %h'3 5ill 9' r'l'ga%'d % %h' 5r$% liing cndi%in$

%ha% '74l37'n% 4r$4'c%$ ar' 4r and %ha% '1i$%ing 4u9lic and $cial

8acili%i'$ ar' inad'


30/81

Bri%i$h High C77i$$in 8r %'chnical a$$i$%anc', % 9' 4rid'd 8r7

%h' D'4ar%7'n% 8 T'chnical Cr4ra%in, Lndn in 4r'4aring %h' 4lan.

Th' Plan 5a$ c74l'%'d 93 D'c'79'r > % c'r /+63'ar 4'rid

(> *>) and i% acc77da%'$ %h' gr5%h 8 !an % %h' $u%h5'$%

8 !8ar Na$$ara5a 9'%5''n %h' !aduna !an rail5a3 lin' % %h' Ri'r

Ta%$a5ari.

Sinc' %h'n %h' ci%3 8 !an ha$ n 7a$%'r 4lan, 9u% gr5ing ai7l'$$l3

5i%h n 8cu$, n dir'c%in and li%%l' cn%rl, $4r'ading in% 2 Lcal

G'rn7'n% ar'a$. ach 8 %hi$ Lcal G'rn7'n% 8unc%in $'4ara%'l3. "n

* %h' 0'd'ral R'4u9lic 8 Nig'ria 5a$ r'$%ruc%ur'd in% / S%a%'$,

5i%h !an S%a%' 9'ing n' 8 %h'7. Th' ca4i%al 8 !an S%a%' i$ !an

Ci%3. Cu4l'd 5i%h %h' ra4id ur9aniFa%in 8 !an Ci%3 and %h'

ad7ini$%ra%i' 8 $%a%u$ 8 %h' Ci%3 a$ a S%a%' Ca4i%al, 5h'r'93 $7' $%a88

8 %h' d'8unc% Nr%h'rn Nig'ria 5a$ d'4l3'd % !an S%a%' irr'$4'c%i'

8 %h'ir cul%ur' and r'ligin, d'7and n land and ur9an 8acili%i'$ and

in%'gra%in 8 cul%ur'$ incr'a$'$ dra7a%icall3.

2.2. POPULATION OF ?ANO.

2.2.+. A&' and S'> 0$ru#$ur'.

Th' 44ula%in 8 !an i$ n5 4r;'c%'d % $%and a% >./7illin (NPC)

and Da%a aaila9l' 8r7 %h' UNDP indica%'$ %ha% 2= (/.-7illin) 8

%h' r'$id'n%$ 8 !an ar' 8 %h' L56inc7' gru4, 7a;ri%3 8 %h'


31/81

44ula%in ar' 8'7al', 9u% 8'7al' h'ad'd hu$'hld and acc'$$i9ili%3

% hu$ing i$ di$curag'd.

B"$4 0'>'0 Ma*'0 F'(a*'0

A&'

.> .2 .+

/ - 2. 2.* .

+ + +. . .*

+/ +- . . +.+

2 2 *. .- .+

2/ 2- *.2 ./ .*

@ @ . . *.>

@/ @- -. 2.2 -./

2. 2.2 -.

/ - /.- >.+ .

/ / >.- -.+ /.

// /- . .2 +.3 3 /.+ /.2 .

3/ 3- +. +. +.-

. .> +.

/ - +.> +.> +./

C C +. +. +.2

C/ +.- +.2 +.-

T"$a* + + +

Tab*' 2.+. 14ara#$'ri0$i#0 "% $4' 5"5u*a$i"n "% ?an" #i$;.

/././. E#"n"(i# 14ara#$'ri0$i#0.

Man3 r'a$n$ ha' 9''n adanc'd % '14lain %h' dra7a%ic incr'a$' in %h'

nu79'r 8 l56inc7' 'arn'r$ in !an. Th' %%al 4'r%3 ra%' %'nd'd %

incr'a$', and %hi$ 5a$ '$4'ciall3 %ru' in %h' inn'r ci%3 ar'a$ 5h'r' 7$%

l56inc7' 'arn'r$ li'. A% %h' $a7' %i7', %h' $u44l3 8 l56inc7'

hu$ing d'clin'd 4r'ci4i%u$l3. ai%ing li$%$ 8r 4u9lic hu$ing ar' 8%'n

7an3 3'ar$ lng and 4'n$in 4a37'n%$ ha' n% '4% 4ac' 5i%h in8la%in.

A7ng %h'r 8ac%r$ i74lica%'d in %h' %r'nd ar' chang'$ in %h' %r'a%7'n%

8 %h' chrnicall3 7'n%all3 ill, drug u$', and %h' ina9ili%3 8 $7'

8a7ili'$ % $u44r% d'4'nd'n% adul% 7'79'r$.


32/81

Th' l5 inc7' 'arn'r$ ar' larg'l3 7ad' u4 8 4'4l' 'arning %h'ir

liing n %h' in8r7al $'c%r 8 %h' 'cn73, liing n l'$$ %han (US) a

da3. Th'ir l''l 8 'duca%in, $ani%a%in, 5a%'r and 'l'c%rici%3 $u44l3 i$

l5'r %han %ha% 8 7'diu7 and high6inc7' 'arn'r$, %h' 7r%gag' ra%i 8

%h'ir inc7' a'rag'$ -2=.

DES1RIPTION.

"n8r7al '74l37'n%. 2=

Li8' '14'c%anc3. 2. 3'ar$.

Adul% li%'rac3 ra%'. .=

Tab*' 2.2. E#"n"(i# indi#a$"r0.

/./.>. H"u0'4"*d 14ara#$'ri0$i#0.

Th' l56inc7' 'arn'r$ ar' larg'l3 7ad' u4 4'4l' 4rac%icing 4l3ga73

5i%h larg' $iF' 8a7ili'$, a$ $h5n in Ta9l' >.> 9'l5.

Si' "% 4"u0'4"*d Nu(b'r "% r'05"nd'n$0 P'r#'n$a&'

-

2

6

+ 2

2

N r'4l3

2

2

>/

/

/

>

*

>

/.2

.2

.+

>>.2

-.2

>.2

.2

-.+

.2

+.2

T"$a* 2 +

Ta9l' /.>. Hu$'hld $iF'$ 93 4'rc'n%ag' ccurr'nc'.


33/81

/.>. HOUSING 1HARA1TERISTI1S.

"n %h' la$% %5 d'cad'$, l56inc7' 'arn'r$ 5rld5id' ha' 9''n

$ucc'$$8ul in 9ringing a9u% l'gal chang'$ in 8ar 8 %h'ir hu7an righ%$

and $4'ci8ic $i%ua%in. H5''r, in 7$% cun%ri'$ l56inc7' 'arn'r$

$%ill cn$%i%u%' n' 8 %h' 7$% di$adan%ag'd gru4$. Th'ir di$adan%ag'

i$ '14'ri'nc'd in all r'al7$ ('cn7ic, $cial, 4li%ical, 'nirn7'n%al

and cul%ural) and i$ r'8l'c%'d cl'arl3 in %h'ir hu$ing cndi%in$. Thi$

di$$'r%a%in 4rid'$ a gl9al 'ri'5 8 %h'$' cndi%in$, in an a%%'74%

% d'%'r7in' %h' '1%'n% % 5hich l56inc7' hu$ing righ%$ ar'

r'cgniF'd and i74l'7'n%'d.

Th' di$$'r%a%in '14$'$ %h' 4r8und cnn'c%in 9'%5''n l56inc7'

'arn'r$ righ%$ % land and hu$ing. "% d'7n$%ra%'$ %ha% in !an, %h'

di$4$$'$$in 8 l56inc7' 'arn'r$ 8r7 %h'ir land$ ha$ had a ri44l'

'88'c% and r'$ul%'d in inad'


34/81

4rgra77'$ 'i%h'r di$cri7ina%' again$% l56inc7' 'arn'r$ dir'c%l3 r

ha' di$cri7ina%r3 '88'c%$. Th' di$$'r%a%in al$ r''al$ %ha% %h' l$$ 8

%radi%inal land$ and hu$ing cn%ri9u%'$ % %h' incr'a$'d 7igra%in 8

indig'nu$ 4'4l'$ % ur9an c'n%'r$, 5h'r' 9arri'r$ % ad'


35/81

!an hu$'$ 7an3 di'r$' '%hnic cul%ur'$ and i$ %h' $i%' 8 nging

$%ruggl'$ 8r unin 9'%5''n i%$ 4'4l'$. "d'n%i83ing %h' indig'nu$

4'4l'$ 8 !an, li' %h$' %hrughu% %h' na%in, r'


36/81

8 land. M'n %34icall3 cn%rll'd land allca%in. Und'r indiidual land

%i%ling $ch'7'$ nl3 %h$' 5i%h %h' n'c'$$ar3 'cn7ic r'$urc'$ can

4urcha$' and 5n land and nl3 land5n'r$ ar' 'n%i%l'd % u$' %h' land.

Th' 4'r c'n% 8

all hu$'hld$ in !an and 8 %h'$', 'igh%3 4'r c'n% ar' 'i%h'r 4r r

'r3 4r, a% l'a$% in 4ar% du' % lac 8 land 5n'r$hi4. "% can 9'

a$$u7'd %ha% l56inc7' 57'n ar' r'4r'$'n%'d 93 and 5i%hin %h'$'

$%a%i$%ic$. #nl3 2 4'r c'n% 8 r'gi$%'r'd landhld'r$ ar' 57'n. A7ng

%h' g'n'ral 44ula%in in !an li%'rac3 ra%'$ ar' .>

4'r c'n% in /++. H5''r, %hi$ ra%' dr4$ dra7a%icall3 8r l56inc7'

c77uni%i'$. #'rall, l56inc7' c77uni%i'$ r'c'i' in8'rir

'duca%in % %h'r c77uni%i'$ and $chl curricula d n% r'cgniF' r

%'ach %radi%inal 8r7$ 8 'cn7ic 4rduc%in. #n h'al%h 7a%%'r$, l56


37/81

inc7' c77uni%i'$ ar' al$ di$adan%ag'd. Th'3 ar' 4ar%icularl3

uln'ra9l' % H" 9'cau$' 8 a lac 8 accura%' in8r7a%in, and

%radi%inal 4rac%ic'$ $uch a$ 4l3ga73.

/.>.. H"u0in& D'(and.

Nig'ria i$ $%ill a 4ri7aril3 rural cun%r3, 5i%h nl3 -2 4'rc'n% 8 i%$

44ula%in in ci%i'$. Ur9an ar'a$, h5''r, du9l'd %h'ir $har' 8 %h'

44ula%in 9'%5''n + and . Th' cun%r3 ha$ a lng hi$%r3 8

ur9an d''l47'n%, 4ar%icularl3 in nr%h'rn and $u%h5'$%'rn Nig'ria

5h'r' $u9$%an%ial ci%i'$ '1i$%'d c'n%uri'$ 9'8r' clnial rul'. Th' larg'$%

ci%i'$, in rd'r 8 $iF', ar' Lag$, "9adan, and !an. Lag$, n' 8 %h'

5rld$ larg'$% ci%i'$, gr'5 a$ clnial Nig'ria$ ca4i%al and l'ading 4r%.

D'$4i%' i%$ l$$ 8 %h' 8'd'ral ca4i%al in % A9u;a, Lag$ r'7ain$ %h'

cun%r3$ 'cn7ic and cul%ural c'n%r'. "9adan, 8und'd a$ a %h6

c'n%ur3 5ar ca74, 5a$ %h' larg'$% 4r'6clnial ci%3 in $u96Saharan A8rica,

%han$ % 7a$$i' rural6%6ur9an 7igra%in. "%$ 'cn73 i$ 9a$'d larg'l3

n agricul%ur' and %rad'. !an, %h' larg'$% 8 %h' Hau$a ci%i'$, gr'5 %

4r7in'nc' a$ %h' c'n%r' 8 a 4r$4'ru$ agricul%ural di$%ric% and a$ a

7a;r %'r7inu$ 8 %ran$6Saharan %rad'. Tda3, i% i$ a 7a;r c77'rcial,

%ran$4r%a%in, indu$%rial, and ad7ini$%ra%i' c'n%'r. #%h'r i74r%an% ci%i'$

includ' %h' ru9a c'n%'r$ 8 #3, #g97$h, and "8' %h' Hau$a ci%i'$


38/81

8 aria, !a%$ina, and S% and %h' n'5'r, clnial6'ra ci%i'$ 8

!aduna, @$, and nugu.

Pa$% G'rn7'n% 4lici'$ %5ard$ hu$ing ha' 7$%l3 9'ing addr'$$'d

%5ard$ $ling hu$ing 4r9l'7$ 8 %h' high and 7iddl'6inc7'

'arn'r$, % %h' d'%ri7'n% 8 %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$ %ha% ar' al7$% >?-8

%h' 44ula%in. Th' 4lici'$ ar' 7$%l3 4r'4ar'd 93 g'rn7'n% 88icial$

5i%hu% du' r'gard % l56inc7' n''d$.

Th' Cn$%i%u%in 8 %h' 0'd'ral R'4u9lic 8 Nig'ria, 7a' hu$ing

a righ% 8r all Nig'rian$ irr'$4'c%i' 8 %h'ir 'cn7ic $%a%u$, r'ligin r

%ri9'. Th' righ% i$ n 4a4'r a$ 7$% 8 %h' l56inc7' hu$ing $%c i$ in

ad'


39/81

Mr%gag' Ban and 5a$ a$'d % r'duc' %h' in%'r'$% n lan

gran%'d % %h' 4u9lic 8r7 *?/= % ?/=.

Th' land u$' ac% 8 *, '$%'d all land in %h' d'$igna%'d ur9an c'n%r' 8

!an, und'r %h' cn%rl 8 %h' g'rnr 8 %h' $%a%' %h'r'93 li7i%ing

acc'$$i9ili%3 % land 93 %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$, du' % lng 9ur'aucra%ic

4rc'$$'$, and incr'a$'$ land $4'cula%in 7aing land 9'3nd %h' r'ach

8 %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$. G'rn7'n% allca%in 8 4l%$ 8 land and

9uil% hu$'$ 8aur$ %h' high and 7iddl'6inc7' 'arn'r$, a% %h' '14'n$'

8 %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$. D'$4i%' %h' la5, g'rn7'n% 8ind i% di88icul% %

ac


40/81

0'd'ral and !an S%a%' Hu$ing Cr4ra%in$ ar' in 'r3 4r

4'ra%inal and 8inancial $%a%' and una9l' % c74'%' 5i%h %h' 4ria%'

$'c%r in %h' $u44l3 8 l56inc7' hu$'$ % %h' Hu$ing 7ar'%. Th'

44ula%in 8 !an i$ gr5ing a% a ra%' gr'a%l3 high'r %han %h' gr5%h 8

hu$ing $u44l3 and in8ra$%ruc%ur' d''l47'n%.

Th' in8r7al $'c%r 8 Hu$ing d''l47'n% r'7ain$ %h' d7inan%

$u44li'r 8 hu$ing % %h' 7a;ri%3 8 l56inc7' 'arn'r$ (4riding 'r

*= 8 %h' annual 4rduc%in) d'$4i%' ariu$ a%%'74%$ 93 g'rn7'n%$

% $u44l3 Hu$ing %hrugh dir'c% cn$%ruc%in and allca%in 8 4l%$ 8r

hu$'$.

L56inc7' 'arn'r$ $4'nd -+6+= 8 %h'ir %%al 'arning$ n Hu$ing

a$ again$% Uni%'d Na%in$ $%andard 8 /+6>+=.

Hu$ing d'7and i$ high'r %han %h' $u44l3 %h'r'93 8rcing %h' l5

inc7' 'arn'r$ i74ri$' ill'gal d''l47'n%$ 8r hu$ing

acc77da%in. "ll'gal d''l47'n%$ ar' gr5ing 8a$%'r %han 88iciall3

a44r'd d''l47'n%$ a% %h' ra%' 8 :.

DES1RIPTION.

Hu$ing 4ric' % inc7' ra%i. >-.

R'n% % inc7' ra%i. +./

0lr ar'a 4'r 4'r$n. /.

Land 4ric' % inc7' ra%i. +.2

Mr%gag' % cr'di% ra%i. +.-

Hu$ing 4rduc%in. +.-

Hu$ing in'$%7'n%. +.+++2

Ta9l' /.-. Hu$ing d'7and indica%r$.


41/81

/.>./. A$$i$ud' $" L"#a*i$;.

Th' n'igh9rhd$ acc77da%ing %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$ ar' larg'l3

7ad' u4 8 4'4l' 5i%h c77n cul%ur' and r'ligin. Th' alu' 8 %h'

land and archi%'c%ur' i$ larg'l3 in8lu'nc'd 93 cul%ur' and r'ligin.

P'r%3 ha$ gr'a% in8lu'nc' n %h' li8'6$%3l' 8 n'igh9urhd$.

2.@. ?an" P"5u*a$i"n and H"u0in&.

!an ci%3 ha$ an a'rag' hu$'hld $iF' 8 . 4'r$n$, %h' nu79'r 8

4'r$n$ 4'r r7 rang' 8r7 . % >.+, 5hil' %h' hu$'hld 8r7a%in

ra%' i$ 2./. Th' a'rag' hu$ing 4ric' % inc7' ra%i rang'd 8r7 .* %

+. and %h' annual r'n% cn$u7'$ >>.>= 8 %h' inc7' 8 %h' l56

inc7' 'arn'r$. Hu$'$ liing l'$$ $4ac' 8r circula%in and nn' a% all

8r r'cr'a%in, c77'rc' and 4u9lic cn'ni'nc'$ 7ainl3 ccu43 %h'

$i%'$ $%udi'd.

DES1RIPTION.

T%al Land u$'. -2+7/

T%al 44ula%in. /,//,>-

R'$id'n%ial 44ula%in d'n$i%3. +*4'r$?haAnnual 44ula%in gr5%h ra%'. .>=

7'n h'ad'd hu$'hld. >.2=

A'rag' hu$'hld $iF'. ./*

T%al nu79'r 8 hu$' hld$. >-,*

Hu$' hld 8r7a%in ra%'. +.-=

Ta9l' /.2. Land u$' 8r %h' ci%3 8 !an.


42/81

/.>.2. R'*a$i"n04i5 $" H"u0'4"*d=D)'**in&.

M$% 8 %h' hu$'hld ccu4an%$ ar' 7'79'r$ 8 %h' 8a7il3 8 %h'

hu$'hld h'ad and d'4'nd n %h' hu$'hld h'ad 8r %h'ir 8''ding, and

all hu$'hld n''d$.

/.>.. 1"((uni$; Par$i#i5a$i"n.

"% 5a$ '$%a9li$h'd %ha% %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$ ar' ac%i' in c77uni%3

ac%ii%i'$ 5h'n i% c7'$ % $'curi%3 and $ani%a%in $'ric'$. Hu$'

cn$%ruc%in and 8inanc' i$ larg'l3 %hrugh $'l86h'l4 ra%h'r %han 7r%gag'

r $aing$.

/.-. THE PRO1ESS AND PROBLEMS OF LO! IN1OME

HOUSING IN ?ANO.

/.-.. Pub*i# S'#$"r H"u0in& Pr"8'#$0.

Th' 0'd'ral Hu$ing Au%hri%3 (0HA) '$%a9li$h'd 93 D'cr'' -+ 8 >,

% i74l'7'n% G'rn7'n% hu$ing 4r;'c%$, Na%inal Hu$ing

Plic3, ar' %h' %l$ %ha% 8acili%a%' %h' 0'd'ral G'rn7'n%$ inl'7'n%

in l56inc7' hu$ing d''l47'n% (S'' %a9l' 9'l5). Th' /++- dra8%

Na%inal Hu$ing 4lic3 d'8in'd %h' l5 inc7' gru4 a$ all '74l3''$

r $'l8 '74l3'd 4'r$n$ 5h$' annual inc7' a$ a% 3'ar /++> i$ ENE

++,+++.++ r 9'l5Q. Th' di88'r'n% ca%'gri'$ 8 4u9lic $'c%r hu$ing

4r;'c%$ ar' a$ 8ll5$:


43/81

i< Dir'#$ H"u0in& 1"n0$ru#$i"n.

During %h' 'arl3 clnial 4'rid, hu$ing ac%ii%i'$ and 4lici'$ 8

G'rn7'n%$ 8cu$'d '$$'n%iall3 n %h' 4ri$in 8 $%a88


44/81

a) S4a&ari F'd'ra* L") 1"0$ H"u0in& Pr"8'#$.

Th' 0'd'ral G'rn7'n% '79ar'd an 'la9ra%' hu$ing 4rgra77' in

*+ 9a$'d n %h' cnc'4% 8 a88rda9ili%3. Th' %arg'% gru4 5a$ %h' l56

inc7' 'arn'r$ 5h$' annual inc7' did n% '1c''d 8i' %hu$and Naira

(ENE2,+++) 8r %h' n'69'dr7 cr' hu$'$ and al$ %h' 7'diu7

inc7' 'arn'r$ 5i%h annual inc7' n% '1c''ding 'igh% %hu$and Naira

(ENE*,+++) 8r %h' %hr''69'dr7 hu$'. A %%al 8 8r%3 %hu$and

(-+,+++) uni%$ 5'r' % 9' cn$%ruc%'d annuall3 na%in5id' 5i%h %5

%hu$and uni%$ lca%'d in 'ach $%a%' and %h' 0'd'ral Ca4i%al T'rri%r3.

"n !an, ++ hu$'$ 5'r' cn$%ruc%'d. B'cau$' 8 i%$ 4li%ical di88'r'nc'

5i%h %h' 0'd'ral G'rn7'n% %h' %h'n S%a%' G'rn7'n%, allca%'d a $i%'

a% Sh'a, 2 il7'%'r a5a3 8r7 %h' ci%3 and %h'r '$$'n%ial $'ric'$ 8r

%h' 4r;'c%. Th' ad4%in 8 a $ingl' 4r% %34' d'$ign 8 hu$'$ 8r %h'

'n%ir' cun%r3 irr'$4'c%i' 8 ari'd cul%ural and cli7a%ic di88'r'nc'$

accun%'d 8r %h' r';'c%in 8 %h' 4r;'c% 93 %h' l56inc7' 4'4l' in

!an. Th$' hu$'$ %ha% 5'r' ccu4i'd 'nd'd u4 9'ing aca%'d 93 7an3

hu$'hld$ r $u9$%an%iall3 al%'r %h' riginal d'$ign 93 addi%in$ % %h'

uni%$ a$ 5'll a$ i74ri$'d 8acili%i'$ in %h' hu$ing ar'a.


45/81

b< ?abu&a L") 1"0$ H"u0in& S#4'('.

Th' !an S%a%' G'rn7'n% in *, %hrugh %h' !an S%a%' Hu$ing

Cr4ra%in, '79ar'd n %h' cn$%ruc%in 8 >2 uni%$ 8 %5 9'dr7

hu$'$ a% !a9uga, %arg'%ing %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$. Th' cr4ra%in a%

!a9uga alng BU! n'5 $i%' Rad ac


46/81

ii< Pr"9i0i"n "% P*ann'd R'0id'n$ia* Land.

Th' 0'd'ral S%a%' and Lcal G'rn7'n%$ ha' 9''n inl'd in %h'

allca%in 8 $'ric'd land 8r l5 inc7' hu$ing d''l47'n%,

9'n'8iciari'$ 8 %h' G'rn7'n% allca%'d 4l%$ ar' r'


47/81

1a$'&"r; "% 5*"$. N". "% 5*"$0. T"$a*.

Takun$a)a. S4arada.

L5 d'n$i%3. / +* >2

M'diu7 d'n$i%3. - / 2

C77'rcial. // /> -2

T%al. / 2 -2-

Ta9l' /.. S'ric'd 4l%$ und'r %h' Na%inal $i%'$ and $'ric'$ $ch'7' 8%h' 0'd'ral G'rn7'n% in !an.

iii< Pub*i# H"u0in& Finan#'.

"n rd'r % a$$i$% l56inc7' 'arn'r$ % ac


48/81

and d'li'r3 8 $uch 4r;'c%$, %h' $ci6'cn7ic 8ac%r$ 8 %h' l5

inc7' 'arn'r$ i$ %a'n in% cn$id'ra%in. Thi$ i$ 5h3 %h' l56inc7'

'arn'r$ 8''l unc78r%a9l' 5i%h $uch 4r;'c%$ and i8 allca%'d %h'3 4r'8'r

% $'ll %h' 4r;'c%$ and 7' 8ur%h'r % ill'gal and inad'. Indi&'n"u0 L") In#"(' H"u0in& Pr"#'00.

Th' indig'nu$ hu$' 4lan 8ll5$ %h' %radi%inal A8rican 4a%%'rn haing

r7$ arrang'd 5i%hin r $urrunding a cur%3ard. Th' 5all i$ an

i74r%an% 8'a%ur' 8 %h' indig'nu$ hu$'. Th' 5all d'7arca%'$ an ar'a

5i%hin 5hich 7'79'r$ 8 %h' 8a7il3 7a3 5i%hdra5 8r7 $ci'%3 and

r'7ain in 4riac3. Th' c74und cn%ain$ %h' 7ain 'cn7ic uni%, %h'

'1%'nd'd 8a7il3, 5hich 5r$ %h' $a7' ;9, $har'$ %h' $a7' 8d. Th'

7ari%al uni%$, 5hich 7a' u4 %h' '1%'nd'd 8a7il3 ccu43 $'4ara%' ar'a$

5i%hin %h' c74und %ha% ar' call'd sassa, Sassas ar' $'4ara%'d 8r7

'ach %h'r 93 5all$ g'n'rall3 l5'r %han %h' c74und 5all$. S'curi%3

and 4riac3 8r %h' 7ari%al uni% 5i%hin %h' '1%'nd'd 8a7il3 gru4 i$ n% 8

gr'a% i74r%anc'.


49/81

Th' $%ruc%ur' 8 %h' 8a7il3 i$ in a 4rc'$$ 8 cn$%an% chang' l'ading %

gr5%h, $u9dii$in r d'clin'. Th' c3clic and rganic na%ur' 8 %h'

8a7il3 $%ruc%ur' a88'c%$ hu$' 4lanning in $''ral 5a3$. h'n an

'1%'nd'd 8a7il3 chang'$ $%ruc%ur', %h' riginal c74und, i8 i% i$ 9ig

'nugh, 7a3 9' $u9diid'd and a44r%in'd 9'%5''n %h' n'5 c74und$

h'ad$ 9a$'d n "$la7ic la5 8 inh'ri%anc'. "74r%an% % an und'r$%anding

8 indig'nu$ hu$ing i$ %h' in8lu'nc' 8 "$la7, in 4ar%icular %h'

in$%i%u%in 8 7arriag'. All ci%i'$ ar' in cn%inuu$ 4rc'$$ 8 chang', in

!an i% i$ 4$$i9l' % $'' %h' '88'c%$ 8 acc'l'ra%'d d''l47'n% cau$'d

4ar%l3 93 %h' 8rc'$ 8 ur9aniFa%in. Tradi%inal hu$' 8r7 i$ 'ling in

r'$4n$' % gr5ing 4r'$$ur'$ %h' ag'n%$ 8 chang' 9'ing %h' gru4 8

7iddl' cla$$ and l5'r cla$$ 5i%h 8r7al 'duca%in.

A9u% = 8 %h' l5 inc7' 'arning hu$'hld$ $%udi'd i$ r'n%ing %h'

hu$'$ %h'3 li' in and 2= ac


50/81

$'%%l'7'n%$ 5i%h n r'gard % %h' h'al%h, a'$%h'%ic$, cn'ni'nc' and

'cn73 8 %h' land u$'.

Th' Archi%'c%ur' and T5n Planning ar' n% 8r7al 9u% guid'd 93

i77'dia%' n''d 8 %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$. Building 7a%'rial$ u$'d in %h'

d''l47'n% 8 hu$'$ 8r %h' l5 inc7' 'arn'r$ ar' 7$%l3 $and and

c'7'n% 7a%'rial$ 5i%h crruga%'d irn r8ing $h''%$, 9u% du' % 'r3 l5

l''l 8 %'chnlg3, %h' c74n'n%$ and 7'%hdlg3 ar' 'r3 4r.

Ma;ri%3 8 %h' r'$id'n%$ ar' r'n%ing %h' hu$'$ and d'$4i%' %h'

'$%a9li$h7'n% and ac%ii%i'$ 8 a R'n% Tri9unal % 4r%'c% %h' righ%$ 8

%'nan%$ in r'n%'d hu$'$, %h' ca$' 8 8rc'8ul ';'c%in 8 %'nan%$, i$ 'r3

ra74an%. Pr and inad'


51/81

DES1RIPTION.

Cn$u74%in 8 5a%'r. 2+li%'r$?4'r$?da3.

Cn$u74%in 8 5a%'r. -++7illin li%'r$?da3

a%'r 4rduc%in 93 %h' G'rn7'n%. 2+7illin li%'r$?da3

M'dian 4ric' 8 5a%'r. ENE ./2?li%'r

"n8ra$%ruc%ur' '14'ndi%ur'?ca4i%al. ENE ,/>.

Ta9l' /.*. a%'r $u44l3 and cn$u74%in indica%r$.

A$ $h5n in 0igur' >.-, %h' indig'nu$ l56inc7' hu$ing d''l47'n%

i$ charac%'ri$%icall3 high6d'n$i%3 'nirn7'n%. Th' $7all $4ac'$ 5i%hin

%h' c74und hu$ing uni%$ and u%$id' in %h' irr'gular 'ncl$ur'$

9'%5''n %h' hu$'$ ar' u$'d 8r d7'$%ic and childr'n$ 4la3 r adul%

7al' r'la1a%in, r'$4'c%i'l3. Th' $4ac'$ ar' 8%'n adrn'd 5i%h n''7

%r''$, %h'r 'cn7ic %r''$ and $had'$ Pla%'$ >.2 >..

Th' %'nur' $%ruc%ur' 8 %h' l5 inc7' hu$ing in !an i$ gi'n in %a9l'

>. 9'l5.

P*a#' "% Bir$4 T'nur'

H"u0' ")n'r R'n$'r="$4'r0 T"$a*

N. = N. = N. =Brn in !an N. >+ /+ / 2+ ->

= + -+ ++Brn u% $id'

!anN. 2 >> 2+ 2 2

= /> ++T%al N. -2 ++ + ++ 2 ++

= > ++

Ta9l' /.. T'nur' $%ruc%ur'.


52/81

2...L'00"n0 %r"( $4' Indi&'n"u0 L") In#"(' H"u0in& Pr"#'00.

i< T4' N'&a$i9' L'00"n0.

Th' $%ud3 $h5$ %ha% l56inc7' hu$'hld$ in n'5 ar'a$ 8 !an

g'n'rall3 d n% 'n;3 ad'


53/81

6 S7' ha' $ld %h'ir hu$'$ % rich'r landlrd$ and 4u% %h' 7n'3 %

4'rc'i'd high 4riri%3 4r;'c%$. Th'3 ar' li'l3 % ha' 7'd % l5'r

r n r'n% hu$ing ar'a$, 4r'8'ra9l3 in un4lann'd hu$ing 'nirn7'n%.

1"n#*u0i"n

J Tha% ''n %h' 7$% di$adan%ag'd gru4$ can %hrugh an a44r4ria%'

in$%i%u%in, gain acc'$$ % %h' 7uch6n''d'd 8inancial r'$urc'$. i%h

cl'arl3 d'$ign'd gal$, %h' l5 inc7' can $igni8ican%l3 cn%ri9u%'

hu7an and 7a%'rial r'$urc'$ in %h' %ru' $4iri% 8 $'l86h'l4 a$ $''n in

Gi79a in !'n3a.

J Tha% c74r'h'n$i' and 5'll6crdina%'d $u44r% in8ra$%ruc%ur' i$

c'n%ral % %h' 8u%ur' 8 hu$ing c4'ra%i'$ in !an.

Tha% hu$ing c4'ra%i'$ can 4r$4'r und'r di88'r'n% $cial6'cn7ic6

4li%ical $3$%'7$ a$ lng a$ 4r4'r $u44r% $3$%'7$ in 4lac'.

J Tha% $7all c4'ra%i' i$ li'l3 % $ucc''d 9'%%'r %han larg'r $iF'd n'$.

J Tha% 7i1'd inc7'6hu$ing c4'ra%i'$ i$ n% 'ncurag'd in %h'

!an.

H7'l'$$n'$$, cndi%in 8 4'4l' 5h lac r'gular l'gal acc'$$ %

ad'


54/81

ccurr'd 7an3 %i7'$ in hi$%r3, including during %h' clnial 'ra. M$%

%h'r indu$%rialiF'd $ci'%i'$ al$ ha' '14'ri'nc'd incr'a$'$ in h7'l'$$

44ula%in$ in r'c'n% d'cad'$.

T4' L")in#"(' 'arn'r0

Pr'ci$' nu79'r$ ar' i74$$i9l' % cll'c% 9'cau$' r'$'arch'r$ d'8in' l56

inc7' 'arn'r$ in di88'r'n% 5a3$ and 9'cau$' %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$ ar'

%ran$i%r3. Th' nu79'r 8 4'4l' 4r'dic%'d % 9'c7' l56inc7' 'arn'r$

in an3 gi'n 3'ar i$ '$%i7a%'d % 9' %hr'' % 8i' %i7'$ %h' nu79'r 8

4'4l' 5h ar' h7'l'$$ a% an3 gi'n 77'n%. Th' l56inc7' 'arn'r$

ar' larg'l3 7ad' u4 8 adul% 7'n, 9u% %h' 4r4r%in 8 57'n, childr'n,

and 3u%h ha$ $%'adil3 incr'a$'d. Thi$ gru4 n5 c74ri$'$ 7r' %han

2= 8 %h' %%al 44ula%in. M$% l56inc7' 'arn'r$ ar' al$ '1%r'7'l3

4r and '$%rang'd 8r7 %h'ir 8a7ili'$ and %h'r $cial n'%5r$. A9u%

n'6%hird 8 %h' adul% l56inc7' 'arn'r$ ar' chrnicall3 7'n%all3 ill.

"n addi%in % %h' l56inc7' 'arn'r$ 44ula%in, ''n larg'r nu79'r$

ar' cn$id'r'd 7arginall3 hu$'d %h'3 ar' in dang'r 8 9'c7ing

h7'l'$$ 9'cau$' 8 4'r%3 r inad'


55/81

h7'l'$$ 44ula%in. Th$' 5h ar' hu$'d nl3 9'cau$' %h'3 ha' 9''n

a9l' % $%a3 5i%h 8a7il3 r 8ri'nd$ ar' n5n a$ %h' hidd'n h7'l'$$.

1au0'0

Man3 r'a$n$ ha' 9''n adanc'd % '14lain %h' dra7a%ic incr'a$' in %h'

nu79'r 8 l56inc7' 4'4l'. Th' %%al 4'r%3 ra%' %'nd'd % incr'a$',

and %hi$ 5a$ '$4'ciall3 %ru' in %h' inn'r ci%3 ar'a$ 5h'r' 7$% l56

inc7' 4'4l' li'. A% %h' $a7' %i7', %h' $u44l3 8 l56inc7' hu$ing

d'clin'd 4r'ci4i%u$l3 in !an. ai%ing li$%$ 8r 4u9lic hu$ing ar' 8%'n

7an3 3'ar$ lng and 5'l8ar' 4a37'n%$ ar' n% in 4lac' % ''4 4ac' 5i%h

in8la%in. A7ng %h'r 8ac%r$ i74lica%'d in %h' %r'nd ar' chang'$ in %h'

%r'a%7'n% 8 %h' chrnicall3 7'n%all3 ill, drug u$', %h' ina9ili%3 8 $7'

8a7ili'$ % $u44r% d'4'nd'n% adul% 7'79'r$, and an incr'a$ing ra%' 8

il'nc' again$% 57'n.

S'#uri$; "% T'nur': Th' 8a7ili'$ and c77uni%i'$ lac $'curi%3 8

%'nur' 8r a nu79'r 8 r'a$n$ 8ir$%, %h'3 can 9' 8rci9l3 di$4lac'd

93 %h' S%a%' % 7a' 5a3 8r d''l47'n% 4r;'c%$ $'cnd,

r'ligin, cu$%7 and %radi%in can 9' u$'d 93 4ria%' indiidual$ %

di$4$$'$$ a 5id5 r dirc'd 57an 8 h'r h7' and land$ and

%hird, $u88ici'n% 7'a$ur'$ ar' rar'l3 %a'n again$% raci$% 4rac%ic'$

93 landlrd$ and %h'r ac%r$.


56/81

A%%"rdabi*i$;: Hu$ing in !an ci%3, 5h'r' land i$ $carc', i$

incr'a$ingl3 '14'n$i', 5hich 7a'$ 5ning r ''n r'n%ing

4rhi9i%i', unl'$$ $cial hu$ing i$ aaila9l', %h' l5 inc7'

hu$'hld$ ha' n chic' 9u% % 'i%h'r li' in 'r4ric'd r'n%al

hu$ing (8r7 5hich %h'3 7a3 9' 'ic%'d 8r nn64a37'n% 8 r'n%)

7an3 li' in $lu7$, (in8r7al $'%%l'7'n%$) r n %h' $%r''%$.

Habi$abi*i$;: %h' $%ud3 r''al'd %ha% l56inc7' hu$'hld$ li'

in 'rcr5d'd cndi%in$. #'rcr5d'd hu$ing %'nd$ %

acc'l'ra%' %h' d'%'rira%in 8 d5'lling$ and incr'a$'$ %h' ri$ 8

%h' %ran$7i$$in 8 di$'a$'$ and %h' 4r7ulga%in 8 d7'$%ic

il'nc' and %h'r a9u$'$ and ila%in$. Al$ 7an3 l5 inc7'

hu$'hld$ li' in d5'lling$ %ha% d n% 4r%'c% %h'7 8r7 %h'

na%ural 'l'7'n%$, %ha% i$, %h'r' i$ a cl$' lin 9'%5''n 4r hu$ing

cndi%in$ and 4r c77uni%i'$ in %h' n'5 l56inc7' hu$ing

ar'a$ 8 !an.

A9ai*abi*i$; "% S'r9i#'0: Man3 indig'nu$ hu$'hld$ lac 9a$ic

$'ric'$ $uch a$ drining 5a%'r and 'l'c%rici%3.

A##'00ibi*i$;: Ad'


57/81

%radi%in$), 5hich 4r''n% 7an3 57'n 8r7 5ning, r'n%ing

and?r inh'ri%ing land, 4r4'r%3 and hu$ing, 4ar%icularl3 u4n

7arriag' di$$lu%in r u4n %h' d'a%h 8 a 57an$ $4u$'.

L"#a$i"n: Man3 l56inc7' hu$'hld$ li' in r'7%' lca%in$

5h'r' '$$'n%ial $'ric'$ $uch a$ h'al%h clinic$?h$4i%al$ and

$chl$ ar' n% aaila9l'.

1u*$ura* ad'qua#;: Man3 l56inc7' hu$'hld$ ar' curr'n%l3

liing in hu$ing %ha% d'$ n% 7''% %h'ir cul%ural n''d$. 0r

'1a74l', %h' S%a%' and 0'd'ral l5 c$% hu$ing ar'a$ cann%

acc77da%' %h'ir in$hi4 %i'$ %ha% i$ %h' hu$'hld$ ha' % gi'

u4 %radi%inal and cul%urall3 $4'ci8ic hu$ing 5h'n %h'3 7igra%' %

ci%i'$.

Th' n'5 7igran% l56inc7' hu$'hld$ '14'ri'nc' '1%r'7' 4'r%3,

ra74an% di$cri7ina%in and a l$$ 8 $4iri%ual, c77uni%3 and 8a7il3 %i'$

a$ 5'll a$ a l$$ 8 indig'nu$ cul%ur' and alu'$.

ii) T4' P"0i$i9' L'00"n0.

"n %h' ld'r indig'nu$ hu$ing ar'a$ 8 !an, h5''r, %h'r' ar' $%rng

4$i%i' l'$$n$ % l'arn 8r7 %h' l56inc7' hu$ing. Th'$' ar' 'r3

in$%ruc%i' 8r %h' '7'rging 4ria%' $'c%r hu$ing d''l4'r$ und'r %h'

/++- Na%inal Hu$ing Plic3. Th' 9'n'8i%$ ar' a$ 8ll5$:


58/81

Land A#qui0i$i"n.

L56inc7' hu$'hld$ r'l3 n inh'ri%anc' and dir'c% 4urcha$' 8r7

%h'r land5n'r$ %hrugh c77uni%3 l'ad'r$. Th' "$la7ic La5 8

inh'ri%anc' all5$ 7al' % ha' %5ic' %h' $har' 8 8'7al', 5hil' 5id5$

ar' all5'd ?*8 %h' 4r4'r%i'$ 8 %h' d'c'a$'d hu$'hld. Thi$ cr'a%'$ a

land allca%in 4rc'$$ %ha% i$ $'n$i%i' % 8a7il3 r n'igh9rhd

a88ini%3.

Land Subdi9i0i"n.

T %h' l56inc7' hu$'hld$ in !an, %h' r'ligin 8 "$la7 7'an$ la5

and c77uni%3, and g'rn$ all 8ac'%$ 8 li8' and r'la%in$hi4$ al%hugh

4ria%' 4ra3'r$ ar' acc'4%a9l', c77uni%3 4ra3'r$ a% %h' lcal r

n'igh9rhd 7$


59/81

4ra3'r$ in %h' 4riac3 8 %h'ir h7'$. M'n $i%, 7''% and %al % n'igh9r$

and 4a$$'r$93 u%$id' %h' 'n%ranc'$ 8 %h'ir hu$'$ $7'%i7'$ a gru4 8

$uch 'n%ranc'$ d'8in'$ a c77unal ga%h'ring 4lac'. A% %h' h'ad 8 %h'

$4a%ial $'


60/81

Th' 4rinci4l' 8 land ad7ini$%ra%in a$ 'n$hrin'd in %h' hl3 uran and

Hadi%h 8 %h' Hl3 Pr4h'% 8 "$la7 ($'c%in >..>) ar' %h' guiding

4rinci4l'$ 8 d''l47'n% cn%rl and i$ 'n8rc'd 93 %h' ard H'ad$ and

Sharia Cur%$. Th' 4rinci4l'$ ar' 8a7iliar % all and r'$4'c%'d 93 all l56

inc7' hu$'hld$. Th' c77uni%3 nr7$ and alu'$ a$ 5'll a$ %h'

4rac%ic'$ in land ac


61/81

14a5$'r @. SUMMARY, 1ON1LUSION AND

RE1OMMENDATIONS

@.+. SUMMARY.

@.+.+. 1urr'n$ L") In#"(' H"u0in& in ?an".

L56inc7' c77uni%i'$ in %h' $%ud3 ha' a 8ar in8'rir $%andard 8

hu$ing c74ar'd % %h' r'$% 8 %h' 44ula%in. P'r%3 i$ n' 8 %h'

8ac%r$ %ha% 7$% d'8in'$ %h' li'$ 8 l56inc7' 4'4l'$ in al7$% ''r3

r'gin 8 %h' 5rld. Th' high'r incid'nc'$ 8 inad'


62/81

A%%"rdabi*i$;: Ad'


63/81

cu$%7$ and %radi%in$, 4r4'r%3 and hu$ing, 4ar%icularl3 u4n 7arriag'

di$$lu%in.

L"#a$i"n: Man3 l56inc7' 4'4l'$ li' in r'7%' lca%in$ 5h'r'

'$$'n%ial $'ric'$ $uch a$ h'al%h clinic$?h$4i%al$ and $chl$ ar' n%

aaila9l'.

1u*$ura* Inad'qua#;: L56inc7' 4'4l'$ in 4u9lic $'c%r and r'n%al

hu$ing ar' liing in hu$ing %ha% d'$ n% 7''% %h'ir cul%ural n''d$.

Th'ir hu$ing cndi%in$ ar' 8%'n 'r3 4r: 5i%h h7'65n'r$hi4

4rhi9i%i'l3 '14'n$i'. Man3, %h'r'8r', li' in in8r7al $'%%l'7'n%$ and

$lu7$, 5hil' %h'r$ ar' l'8% h7'l'$$.

"n addi%in % %h' a9', l5 inc7' 57'n, ar' 8ac'd 5i%h a nu79'r 8

g'nd'r6$4'ci8ic 9$%acl'$ % %h' 8ull 'n;37'n% 8 %h'ir righ% % ad'


64/81

T'$%i7ni'$ indica%' %ha% l56inc7' 57'n ar' 8%'n c74'll'd %

r'7ain in a9u$i' r'la%in$hi4$ and 'ndur' d7'$%ic il'nc', du' % lac

8 hu$ing al%'rna%i'$ and 8inancial and 7ral $u44r%.

Th' $%ud3 r''al'd %ha% '1%r'7' 4'r%3, %h' d'%'rira%in and

di$4$$'$$in 8 land$, 8rc'd 'ic%in$, '74l37'n% 4r$4'c%$, and %h'

c'n%raliFa%in 8 $'ric'$ in ci%i'$, c79in'd 5i%h %h' g'n'ral lur' 8 ci%3

li8', i$ r'$ul%ing in 7an3 l5 inc7' 4'4l' 7igra%ing % ci%i'$ and

%5n$. "n %h' ci%i'$, l56inc7' 4'4l' '14'ri'nc' '1%r'7' 4'r%3,

ra74an% di$cri7ina%in and a l$$ 8 $4iri%ual, c77uni%3 and 8a7il3 %i'$

a$ 5'll a$ a l$$ 8 indig'nu$ cul%ur' and alu'$.

>../. H"u0in& Pr"&ra(('0.

Th' $%ud3 d'$cri9'$ %h' 7a;r hu$ing 4r;'c%$ in !an 5hich 5'r'

d'$ign'd $4'ci8icall3 8r l5 inc7' 4'4l'$, a$ 5'll a$ %h'r$ d'$ign'd

8r %h' g'n'ral 44ula%in (9u% $%'n$i9l3 can 9' acc'$$'d 93 l5 inc7'

4'4l').

Th' ca$' $%udi'$ r''al'd %ha% %h' 7$% $ucc'$$8ul 4rgra77'$ and

4r;'c%$ ar' 8%'n %h$' %ha% ha' inl'd l56inc7' 4'4l'$ in

7'aning8ul and di'r$' 5a3$. Th' crllar3 % %h'$' $ucc'$$8ul 4r;'c%$ i$

%ha% hu$ing 4rgra77'$ and 4r;'c%$ ar' l'$$ $ucc'$$8ul i8 %h'3 ar' n%

d'$ign'd r i74l'7'n%'d 5i%h %h' 4ar%ici4a%in 8 %h' l56inc7'

hu$'hld$. Thi$ i$ %h' $i%ua%in 8r %h' g'rn7'n% dir'c% hu$ing

4r;'c%$ in !an. Tha% i$, hu$ing 4lici'$ and 4rgra77'$ 7a3 al$ lac


65/81

$ucc'$$ i8 in$u88ici'n% r'$urc'$ ar' allca%'d % %h'7 and ar' n%

c77uni%369a$'d in d'$ign and i74l'7'n%a%in. Thi$ r'./. GENERAL RE1OMMENDATIONS.

Th' 8ll5ing g'n'ral r'c77'nda%in$ ar' gi'n:

>./.. Id'n$i$; and S'*%d'$'r(ina$i"n.

Th' righ% % $'l86d'%'r7ina%in 8r l56inc7' 4'4l'$ i$ an i74r%an%

'l'7'n% in 'n$uring %h' 4r'$'ra%in 8 indig'nu$ cul%ur' and id'n%i%3 8

!an. "% i$ al$ an i74r%an% 'l'7'n% in %h' r'aliFa%in 8 hu7an righ%$,

including %h' righ% % hu$ing. Th' 'n;37'n% 8 %h' righ% % $'l86

d'%'r7ina%in culd a$$i$% in %h' r'aliFa%in 8 %h' righ% % ad'


66/81

% land, 4r4'r%3 and hu$ing i$ r'c77'nd'd a$ %h' 8unda%in %

ad'./.>. Di0#ri(ina$i"n and In'qua*i$;.

"n accrdanc' 5i%h in%'rna%inal hu7an righ%$ la5, !an S%a%' $huld

urg'n%l3 addr'$$ %h' di$cri7ina%in, in'


67/81

in%'r4r'%'d, and 4lici'$ and 4rgra77'$ d'$ign'd in 5a3$ %ha% %a' l5

inc7' 7'n and 57'n$ $ciall3 cn$%ruc%'d di$adan%ag' in% accun%,

and %ha% $'cur' '


68/81

44r%uni%i'$ in ur9an ar'a$ %aing in% accun% l5 inc7' 4'4l'$

n''d$, righ%$ and 7d'$ 8 4rduc%in.

#%h'r $ci6'cn7ic di$adan%ag'$ '14'ri'nc'd 93 l56inc7'

hu$'hld$ $uch a$ 4r h'al%h, and l5 l''l$ 8 'duca%in 7u$% al$ 9'

addr'$$'d %hrugh %h' 4ri$in 8 ad'


69/81

!an S%a%' G'rn7'n% $huld al$ in'$% in %h' d''l47'n% 8

indig'nu$ '14'r%i$' in %h' 8ull rang' 8 %'chnical ca4a9ili%i'$ and l56

c$% %'chni


70/81


71/81

i


72/81

'l'c%rici%3. Su$%aina9l' %'chnlgi'$ and n'%5r$ 7u$% 9' d''l4'd %

'n$ur' %ha% l56inc7' c77uni%i'$ ha' $u$%ain'd acc'$$ % 4%a9l'

5a%'r and 'l'c%rici%3.

%< 1u*$ura* Ad'qua#;: T 'n$ur' %ha% hu$ing i$ cul%urall3 ad'


73/81

l5 inc7' hu$'hld$ 8 %h'$' in$%i%u%in$ 9' r'i$'d and a44li'd in a

7ann'r %ha% 'n$ur'$ cn8r7i%3 5i%h cn%'74rar3 in%'rna%inal hu7an

righ%$ nr7$ 8 g'n'ral a44lica%in and an3 r'l'an% na%inal la5$,

%r'a%i'$, agr''7'n%$ r 4'nding agr''7'n%$ r'garding %h' righ%$ 8 l5

inc7' hu$'hld$. h'n 'ic%in$ and r'lca%in$ ar' unaida9l', %h'3

7u$% 9' und'r%a'n in a 7ann'r %ha% cn8r7$ % in%'rna%inal hu7an

righ%$ $%andard$.

>.-. RE1OMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY.

Thrugh %h' cur$' 8 %hi$ $%ud3 i% 9'ca7' cl'ar %ha% l56inc7' 57'n

ar' 8%'n 7arginaliF'd and %hu$ 4rhi9i%'d 8r7 'ngaging in dialgu' and

di$cu$$in$ 5i%hin %h'ir 5n c77uni%i'$ a$ 5'll a$ 5i%h g'rn7'n%

r'4r'$'n%a%i'$ and %h'r $%a'hld'r$. "% i$ r'c77'nd'd %ha% 8ur%h'r

r'$'arch i$ n'c'$$ar3:

a< D'%ail'd and accura%'


74/81


75/81

R'%'r'n#'0.

. A9idun, @. #. (2) Urban and Regional Planning problems in

Nigeria, "8', Uni'r$i%3 8 "8' Pr'$$ Li7i%'d. P *.

/. Ag'i, and a3ha, S (*), Ca$' $%ud3 n L5 "nc7' Sh'l%'r and"n8ra$%ruc%ur' Cn$%ruc%in in !'n3a (un4u9li$h'd cn$ul%anc3 r'4r% 8rUNCHS (Ha9i%a% Nair9i), !'n3a.

>. B'l$3, .S. and R'$%ina$, N. P. ., L5 inc7' h7'5n'r$hi4:1a7ining %h' un'1a7in'd gal, Bring$ "n$%i%u%in$ Pr'$$ andH5ard Uni'. (/++/)

-. Bruc', D. Hu$ing n''d$ 8 l5 inc7' 4'4l' liing in %h' rural

ar'a$. Di$%ric% hu$ing n''d$ $'ri'$. Canada 7r%gag' Hu$ingCr4ra%in. (/++>)

2. Car, @.H. and Hrn9urg, S4. P. (2)Housing policy debate,

a$hing%n D. C. 0anni' Mac 4. 2*.

. Cu7, M. M. 0r'$% Hill$ diar3: Th' cri$i$ 8 l5 inc7' hu$ing,Rand7 Hu$', (-)

. Di1, G'rald. (*>). Urban projects manual. Li'r4l Uni'r$i%34r'$$.

*. D5n$, An%hn3, Gr5%h 7anag'7'n% and a88rda9l' hu$ing: D%h'3 cn8lic%I (/++-)

. 0alad', @. B. () the changing nature of Cities and the challenges ofPlanning Practice.. S%a%' 8 rld Ci%i'$ R'4r% /++-?/++26AttacingPo!erty, S'4%'79'r /+++

+. F'nagu, .C. (/+++), 0unda7'n%al$ 8 Hu$ing, 0un%ain 4u9li$h'r$,A5a, Nig'ria.

. Ha9i%a% D'9a%' 6 l. 6 N. 6 /++ 6 0i' 'ar$ a8%'r Ha9i%a% ""(HAB"TAT, /++, >/ 4./. Hugaard, S. *, Cn$%ruc%in and Hu$ing C64'ra%i'$ inMa4u%, MFa79i. "n8r7al S'%%l'7'n% U4grading: Th' D'7and 8r Ca4aci%3 Building

in Si1 Pil% Ci%i'$ 6 A77an, Anara, Caraca$, Cnc'4ciWn, "9adan andNa3i (HAB"TAT, , >>- 4.)


76/81


77/81

/*. UN Ha9i%a%, /++, Ha9i%a% D'9a%', Cities without slums+Uni%'dNa%in$ C'n%r' 8r Hu7an S'%%l'7'n%, Ha9i%a%, l. , N+. >, /++

/. UN Ha9i%a%, /++, ,Urban *o!ernance and Urban Po!erty% -essons

from a Study of "en Cites in the South,, Uni'r$i%3 8 Bir7ingha7, U.!.,@un' /++

@. UN6HAB"TAT?#HCHR, Indi&'n"u0 5'"5*'0 ri&4$ $" ad'qua$' 4"u0in&:A &*"ba* "9'r9i')UN6HAB"TAT "n8r7a%in S'ric'$ S'c%in, Nair9i, !NA.

>. UNCHS (Ha9i%a%). . State of the #orlds Cities. Nair9i.

>/. UNDP Human )e!elopment Report /000+ /012 purchasing$power$parity3.

>>. UNDP 4555 Po!erty Report,

>-. UNDP$ /000 Human )e!elopment Report.

>2. rld BanK$ /00064555 #orld )e!elopment Report and UN&PsG# /+++.>. rld D''l47'n%Report 45556455/$ Attacing Po!erty, S'4%'79'r/+++


78/81

A44'ndi1 "


R'&i0$'r'd O%%i#': Churchill Building, Grand Tur, TUR!S & CA"C#S i$land, Bri%i$h '$% "ndi'$.

Phn' *+ - /*/* 0a1: *+ - /*/2

Questionnaire 1F"r $4' 0$ud; "% $4' L") in#"(' 4"u0in& in ?an"

PhD in T5n Planning.

Na(' "% 4"u0'4"*d 4'ad.

E(5*";('n$.

Annua* in#"('.

P*a#' "% bir$4.

Mari$a* 0$a$u0.

H"u0in& $;5'

L"#a$i"nF"r(a*

In%"r(a*

T'nan#;

T'nan#; ra$' 5'r annu(

Squa$$'r

O$4'r0

H"u0in& #"ndi$i"n

S$ru#$ur'0

P'r(an'n$

T'(5"rar;

P"r$ab*' )a$'r

Ad'qua$' 0ani$a$i"n

E*'#$ri#i$;

T'*'54"n'

S')a&'

A9'ra&' 5'r0"n0 5'r r""(.

R""(0 #"9'r'd )i$4 %*""r.

F*""r ar'a.

?i$#4'n.

R""% $;5'.

Pri(ar; 4'a*$4 #ar'.

O)n'r04i5 $;5'

G"9$ a**"#a$i"n

Pur#4a0'

M"r$&a&'In4'ri$an#'

Sa9in&0

O$4'r0.

H"u0' 4"*d 4'ad

Ma*'

F'(a*'

H"u0'4"*d 0i'.

H"u0'4"*d #"(5"0i$i"n.


79/81

A44'ndi1 ""


R'&i0$'r'd O%%i#': Churchill Building, Grand Tur, TUR!S & CA"C#S i$land, Bri%i$h '$% "ndi'$.

Phn' *+ - /*/* 0a1: *+ - /*/2

Questionnaire F"r $4' 0$ud; "% $4':

L") in#"(' 4"u0in& in ?an"


22 2@ 2

L"#a* G"9$ r'9'nu'

S$a$' G"9$ r'9'nu'

Pr"8'#$'d 5"5u*a$i"n

R'0id'n$ia* Bui*din& 5*an

a55r"9a*

A9'ra&' 4"u0in& 5ri#'

A9'ra&' *and 5ri#'

A9'ra&' 4"u0' r'n$

M"r$&a&' ra$'

G"9'rn('n$ in9'0$('n$ in

*") in#"(' 4"u0in&F"r(a* *and a**"#a$i"n %"r

*") in#"(' 4"u0in&


80/81

A44'ndi1 """


R'&i0$'r'd O%%i#': Churchill Building, Grand Tur, TUR!S & CA"C#S i$land, Bri%i$h '$% "ndi'$.Phn' *+ - /*/* 0a1: *+ - /*/2

Ana!"sis #ar$F"r $4' 0$ud; "% $4':

L") in#"(' 4"u0in& in ?an"


/ > - 2 * + / > - 2 * /+ / // /> /-

Na7' 8 hu$'hld XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

2. Ag' 8hu$'hld.

L'$$ %han /+./+ /-/2 ---2 2-22 -2

/2

2

/

-

"n%'ri'5 N. /- /

>

> Nu79'r 8 hu$'hld a% addr'$$./>-2

/2 /*

/

. T34' 8 hu$'.

Hu$'.R'n%'d r7$.A4ar%7'n%.T'n'7'n%.#%h'r.

/ / /

> / >+

+

- /* >

*

/ 2 / >/

**

> . Mn%hl3 inc7'. >>

*

- >-

*

2 -. T'nur' 8 in%'ri'5'd hu$'hld.

#5n'r.R'n%ing (5hl' hu$').R'n%ing (a4ar%7'n%).

R'n%ing (r7).Nn 4a3ing gu'$%.#%h'r.

>+ >2

*2

> >

*-

/. Building 7a%'rial

Mud.

Mud 9ric?$and c'7'n%.d 8ra7'.Burn% 9ric.Cncr'%' 8ra7'.#%h'r.

>/ >

*

>

>> >*

*/

* >- >

*

>2 -+

*+

* /+ > -

/ . Plac' 8 9ir%h. -/

*

+ // ->

/> !an ci%3!an 7'%r4li$.

#%h'r Nig'rian.Nn6Nig'rian.

> --

>* -2


81/81

2

> -

-

-+ -

>

-*

/ + * 2 - > / + 2 2* 2 2 22 2- 2> 2/ 2 2+ -

Analysis of Low Income Housing

Documents

Transcript of Analysis of Low Income Housing