Anália Torres | Rui Brites | Bernardo Coelho | Inês Cardoso | Paula Jerónimo Family and gender in...
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Transcript of Anália Torres | Rui Brites | Bernardo Coelho | Inês Cardoso | Paula Jerónimo Family and gender in...
Anália Torres | Rui Brites | Bernardo Coelho | Inês Cardoso | Paula Jerónimo
Family and gender in EuropeTrends of convergence and divergence comparing countries
Diversity in Europe, same pathways from different starting points and dynamics, specific configurations.
European trends in family and gender relations
Women’s search for autonomy and gender equality
Valuing feelings and emotions
Secularization
Individualization
To understand those differences between countries we need to account for:1. Structural, institutional,cultural contexts;2. Dynamics of change in specific countries.
Valuing feelings and emotions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
No
rwa
y
Sw
eden
Fin
lan
d
Den
mar
k
UK
Fra
nce
Ger
man
y
Au
str
ia
Net
he
rla
nd
s
Bel
giu
m
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Ire
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Cze
ch
Rep
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Ita
ly
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
gal
Gre
ece
Family Friends Leisure timePolitics Work ReligionVoluntary organizacions Centre of scale
Extremely
unimportant
Extremely
important
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
No
rwa
y
Sw
eden
Fin
lan
d
Den
mar
k
UK
Fra
nce
Ger
man
y
Au
str
ia
Net
he
rla
nd
s
Bel
giu
m
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Ire
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Cze
ch
Rep
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Ita
ly
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
gal
Gre
ece
FamilyFamily FriendsFriends Leisure timeLeisure timePoliticsPolitics WorkWork ReligionReligionVoluntary organizacionsVoluntary organizacions Centre of scale
Extremely
unimportant
Extremely
important
ESS (round 1) 2002
Contradicting stereotypes:
1. individuals value family and emotional dimensions.
2. Common values in Europe shared by the majority of the countries.
Women’s search for autonomy and gender equality
0,000,501,001,502,002,503,003,504,004,505,005,506,00
Nor
way
Swed
en
Finl
and
Den
mar
k
UK
Ger
man
y
Fran
ce
Aus
tria
Net
herl
ands
Belg
ium
Switz
erla
nd
Irel
and
Hun
gary
Pola
nd
Slov
enia
Slov
akia
Esto
nia
Bulg
aria
Ukr
aine
Cypr
us
Russ
ia
Spai
n
Port
ugal
Interesting(men) Stressful (men)Interesting(women) Stressful (women)
How much of the time do you find your job
interesting and stressful
ESS (round 3) 2006
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
5,50
6,00
Nor
way
Swed
en
Finl
and
Den
mar
k
UK
Ger
man
y
Fran
ce
Aus
tria
Net
herl
ands
Belg
ium
Switz
erla
nd
Irel
and
Hun
gary
Pola
nd
Slov
enia
Slov
akia
Esto
nia
Bulg
aria
Ukr
aine
Cypr
us
Russ
ia
Spai
n
Port
ugal
Enjoyable (men) stressful (men)
Enjoyable (women) stressful (women)
How much of the time spent with your immediate family is enjoyable and stressful
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
Sw
eden
Finl
and
Den
mar
k
Gre
at B
ritai
n
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Aus
tria
Net
herla
nds
Bel
gium
Irela
nd Italy
Spa
in
Por
tuga
l
Gre
ece
Cze
ch R
ep
Est
onia
Hun
gary
Latv
ia
Lith
uani
a
Pol
and
Slo
vaki
a
Slo
veni
a
Bul
garia
Rom
ania
Turk
ey
All
coun
tries
The work I do is an important part of my life (Men)The work I do is an important part of my life (Women)I would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore (Men)I would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore (Women)
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
Sw
eden
Finl
and
Den
mar
k
Gre
at B
ritai
n
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Aus
tria
Net
herla
nds
Bel
gium
Irela
nd Italy
Spa
in
Por
tuga
l
Gre
ece
Cze
ch R
ep
Est
onia
Hun
gary
Latv
ia
Lith
uani
a
Pol
and
Slo
vaki
a
Slo
veni
a
Bul
garia
Rom
ania
Turk
ey
All
coun
tries
The work I do is an important part of my life (Men)The work I do is an important part of my life (Women)I would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore (Men)I would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore (Women)
EB 60.3 and CCEB 2003
Work attachment for men and women (%)
ESS (round 3) 2006
Equal patterns of satisfaction and stress in work between men and women.
Both for men and women work time is always perceived as more interesting than stressful.
- Work as main sphere of investment both for men and women.
Both for men and women time spent with family is more enjoyable than stressful
Contradicting stereotypes, women tend to attribute the same importance to work as men do. Work is a value in itself, making part of a feminine social identity.
The discrepancies between the sexes are far narrower than the differences between countries.
New meanings of the family in Europe
ESS (Round 2), 2004
c
Great consensus in the ideological plan: Europeans tend to adopt an equalitarian perspective and reject a traditional vision of men’s and women’s roles in the family.
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
Nor
way
Sw
eden
Finl
and
Den
mar
kIc
elan
dU
nite
dFr
ance
Ger
man
yA
ustr
iaN
ethe
rlan
dsB
elgi
umLu
xem
bour
gS
witz
erla
ndIr
elan
dH
unga
ryC
zech
Pol
and
Slo
veni
aS
lova
kia
Est
onia
Spa
inP
ortu
gal
Gre
ece
men w omenSeries3
agree strongly
disagree strongly
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
Nor
way
Swed
enFi
nlan
dD
enm
ark
Icel
and
Uni
ted
Fran
ceG
erm
any
Aus
tria
Net
herla
nds
Bel
gium
Luxe
mbo
urg
Switz
erla
ndIre
land
Hun
gary
Cze
chPo
land
Slov
enia
Slov
akia
Esto
nia
Spai
nPo
rtug
alG
reec
e
men w omenSeries3
agree strongly
disagree strongly
A person’s family ought to be his or her main priority in life
Men should take as much responsibility as women for the home and children
ESS (round 2)
2004 ESS (round 2) 2004
A woman should be prepared to cut down on her paid work for the sake of her family
When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
Norw
aySw
eden
Finlan
dDe
nmar
kIce
land UK
Fran
ceGe
rman
yAu
stria
Neth
erlan
dsBe
lgium
Luxe
mbo
urg
Switz
erlan
dIre
land
Hung
ary
Czec
h Rep
ublic
Polan
dSlo
veni
aSlo
vakia
Esto
nia
Spain
Portu
gal
Gree
ce
Men Women
strongly agree
agree
strongly disagree
agree
neither agreenor disagree
disagree
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
Norw
aySw
eden
Finlan
dDe
nmar
kIce
land UK
Fran
ceGe
rman
yAu
stria
Neth
erlan
dsBe
lgium
Luxe
mbo
urg
Switz
erlan
dIre
land
Hung
ary
Czec
h Rep
ublic
Polan
dSlo
veni
aSlo
vakia
Esto
nia
Spain
Portu
gal
Gree
ce
Men Women
strongly agree
agree
strongly disagree
agree
neither agreenor disagree
disagree
ESS (round 2)
2004 ESS (round 2)
2004
Gender Roles by Men / Fathers, and women / mothers and Country
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
No
rway
Sw
ed
en
Fin
lan
d
Den
mark
Icela
nd
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Germ
an
y
Au
str
ia
Neth
erl
an
ds
Belg
ium
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sw
itzerl
an
d
Irela
nd
Hu
ng
ary
Czech
Rep
ub
lic
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vakia
Esto
nia
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
gal
Gre
ece
men without children under 12 fathers of children under 12women without children under 12 mothers of children under 12
+
_
ESS (round 2) 2004
Gender Roles Index: “A woman should be prepared to cut down on her paid work for the sake of her family”; “Men should take as much responsibility as women for the home and children”; “When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women”; “When there are children in the home, parents should stay together even if they don’t get along”.
*Variance explained = 44,834%; α = 0,588Country: F(22, 41590) = 245,264, p < 0,000, ETA2=0,115 Gender: F(1, 41529) = 635,814, p < 0,000, ETA2=0,015
Gender roles in the family are perceived slightly differently by men without children and men with children under 12.
Structural, cultural and institutional constraints can explain differences among European countries.
In a cross country perspective women tend to be more egalitarian than men.
Egalitarianism tend to decrease from Nordic countries, to continental Europe and to the Southern and eastern European countries.
But country differences are more important than differences between men and fathers. The same can be said about women and mothers of children under 12.
Gender Roles IndicatorsHierarchical Cluster Analysis (Ward Method) by Gender relations in the family
Germany 8 Austria 9 Spain 22 Switzerland 13 Slovakia 19 Portugal 23 Ireland 14 Slovenia 18 United Kingdom 6 Luxembourg 12 Estonia 20 France 7 Czech Republic 16 Poland 17 Greece 24 Hungary 15 Ukraine 21 Netherlands 10 Belgium 11 Finland 3 Iceland 5 Sweden 2 Denmark 4 Norway 1
INT
ER
ME
DIA
RY
TR
AD
ICIO
NA
LE
GA
LIT
AR
IAN
ESS (round 2) 2004
• The transformations of the family in Europe follows the same patterns but with calendar differences and cultural variants.
• Each region have particular configurations and combinations between the old and the new. It still makes sense, analytically, to differentiate between the northern and the southern European countries (although there are also internal differences within the groups of countries).
• Long term structural dynamics in each country. But also conjuncture effects, changes in politics and policies, the strength of feminist movements…
• Portugal. The effect of Colonial War. But also young people leaving home soon to marry (less skilled, less educated..)
• Eastern countries. (The cry of revenge... U.Beck) • Germany. Doing it all differently from the East…• U. Kingdom. Changes from 1997 on.• Spain and Finland. Both with high young people unemployment rate but
with different fertility rates and policies.
Multiple Regression, dependent variable: Gender Roles Index
Education and sex are the stronger predictors:
- The higher educated are more egalitarian and being a woman also means having more egalitarian values.
Sw
eden
Net
herla
nds
UK
Fran
ce
Aus
tria
Spa
in
Por
tuga
l
Cze
ch R
ep.
Gre
ece
Adjusted R2 .094 .070 .068 .124 .103 .254 .147 .084 .208 Years Education Completed ,236*** ,241*** ,145*** ,288*** ,181*** ,458*** ,262*** ,209*** ,333***
Income - - ,119*** - - - ,197*** - - Sexa ,123*** ,119*** ,074* ,066* ,193*** ,135*** ,101* ,187*** ,284*** Working hours (week) - - - - - -,103* - - -,061*
Living alone - - - - -,085* -,103* - - Chidless Couple - - - - -,170*** - - -
Couple with children - - - - -,122* - - -
Hou
seho
ld T
ypeb
Lone parent ,066* ,118*** ,097* - ,083* ,089** - * p< 0,05; **p< 0,001; *** p< 0,0001. aldummy variable: 0=men, 1=women b dummy variable: reference: “Other”
Spain
Years of completed education have a special impact on gender role index
Greece
France
Sex
Education
Economic resources
Women are more gender equalitarian
Austria
Czech Republic
Sweeden
Netherlands
Higher the income more equalitarian
Portugal UK
010
20304050
607080
90100
No
rway
Sw
eden
Fin
lan
d
Den
mar
k UK
Ger
man
y
Bel
giu
m
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vaki
a
Est
on
ia
Bu
lgar
ia
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
gal
Cyp
rus
Ru
ssia
about w omen about men
Have a full-time job while she/he has children aged under 3 (% approve + strongly
approve)
Clear different pattern for mothers and for fathers.
Persistent feminization of caring responsabilities.
For men there is no question:
Very strong approval across Europe.
For women:
Very high approval: Nordic (except Sweden);
Moderate approval: Belgium, Poland Slovenia, Spain, Portugal.
Very low approval: UK, Germany, Switzerland, Estonia, Russia.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
Esto
nia
Hun
gary
Rus
sia
Slov
akia UK
Bul
garia
Switz
erla
nd
Pola
nd
Ger
man
y
Bel
gium
Spai
n
Cyp
rus
Finl
and
Den
mar
k
Slov
enia
Nor
way
Port
ugal
Swed
en
ESS (round 3) 2006
Parenthood – work gender discrimination (%)
Strong differences among european countries:
- Nordic countries and Portugal more equalitarian.
Persistence of traditional orientations to work and care in many european countries:
- Feminization of care.
Conclusions
Both men and women agree that family and paid work are important.
The importance of feelings and emotional life is globally stressed - family, friends, leisure.
Family is a sphere of personal investment both for men and women.
What is changing is the family models, the meanings and forms of investment in the family.
Women want to invest in both fronts, family and work.
But in the majority of the countries they have to pay a price for maintaining both investments.
Gender equality is continually at stake.
Across Europe women assume more modern positions than men, especially accounting for family gender roles.
Persistent gender values (feminization of care):Some european countries with high levels of gender discrimination about the orientations between work and care when children under 3.
The transformations of the family in Europe follow the same patterns but with calendar differences and cultural variants.
It still makes sense, analytically, to differentiate between the northern and the southern European countries (although there are also internal differences within the groups of countries).
Family is not more important in the southern countries than in other countries european countries or regions.
Strucutrual constraints are important for the definition of more modern and equalitarian gender roles.
Education Sex Economic resources
Each region has particular configurations and combinations.
Country cluster show nordic countries consistently equalitarian.
extras
Have a full-time job while she/he has children aged under 3
(% approve + strongly approve)
Clear different pattern for mothers and for fathers.
For women:
Very high approval: Nordic (except Sweden);
Moderate approval: Belgium, Poland Slovenia, Spain, Portugal;
Very low approval: UK, Germany,
Switzerland, Estonia, Russia
ESS (round 3) 2006
010
20304050
607080
90100
No
rway
Sw
ed
en
Fin
lan
d
Den
mark
UK
Germ
an
y
Belg
ium
Sw
itzerl
an
d
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vakia
Esto
nia
Bu
lgari
a
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
gal
Cyp
rus
Ru
ssia
about w omen about men
Country: F(18, 34291) = 178,669; p < 0,000, ETA2 = 0,086Gender: F(1, 34285) = 2,111; p = n.s.
Parenthood – work gender discrimination index *(%)
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
Esto
nia
Hun
gary
Rus
sia
Slov
akia U
K
Bul
garia
Switz
erla
nd
Pola
nd
Ger
man
y
Bel
gium
Spai
n
Cyp
rus
Finl
and
Den
mar
k
Slov
enia
Nor
way
Port
ugal
Swed
en
ESS (round 3) 2006
* “Have a full-time job while she/he has children aged under 3” (% approve + strongly approve)
About men – About women
Strong differences among european countries:
- Nordic countries and Portugal more equalitarian.
Persistence of traditional orientations to work and care in many european countries:
- Feminization of care.
4,8 5,0 5,2 5,4
10
20
30
40
50
60
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
WNorway
Sweden
FinlândiDenmark
UK
Germany
France
Austria
Netherlands
Belgium
Switzerland
Irleland
Hungary
Poland
Slovenia
Slovakia
Estonia
Bulgaria
Ukraine
Cyprus
Russia
Spain
Portugal
Pare
ntho
od –
wor
k di
scrim
inat
ion
inde
x(%
)
Time spent with family is enjoyable
Low level of gender discrimination in relation to parenthood and work, higher is the level of satisfaction with time spent with family.
Choose never to have children (women about women)
ESS (round 3) 2006
ESS (round 3) 2006
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
No
rway
Sw
ed
en
Fin
lan
d
Den
mark
UK
Germ
an
y
Belg
ium
Sw
itzerl
an
d
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vakia
Esto
nia
Bu
lgari
a
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
gal
Cyp
rus
Ru
ssia
strongly disapprove + disapprove neither approve nor disapprove approve + strongly approve
Neither approve nor disapprove with very high values in:
UK, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal