Seminar-Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste by Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion - Energy and Resource Research | Premier Research Centre | Centre for...
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Anaerobic Digestion: A prime solution for water,
energy, and food nexus challenges
Ismail Haltas, James Suckling, Iain Soutar,
Angela Druckman, Liz Varga
Presented by Ismail HALTAS, Ph.D., P.E.
1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains, ICSEF 2017, 19-20 April 2017, Berkshire, UK
1. WEF Nexus and Challenges
2. Anaerobic Digestion Innovation
3. AD Innovation for WEF Nexus
4. AD Operations in UK
5. Agent Based Modelling of AD Operations
6. AD ABM - Decision Support Tool
7. Summary
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Content
1. WEF Nexus and Challenges
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus describes the complex and inter-related nature of our resources systems.
It is about balancing different resource user goals and interests – while maintaining the integrity of ecosystems, optimizing the overall benefit and securing the sustainability.
WEF nexus approach is considered especially crucial in the context of adaptation responses to the climate change and human population growth.
The challenges at the water, energy, and food (WEF) nexus require an ensemble of diverse solutions, in which each solution must be economically, socially and environmentally viable and sustainable.
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1. WEF Nexus and Challenges
Funded by EPSRC Research Grant EP/N00583X/1
3 year project timeline 2015 - 2018.
Aims to explore the potential opportunities of innovations in the WEF Nexus, and understand the implications and challenges of achieving transformational change at different scales.
The four innovations central to our research are: Diversion of surplus food, Anaerobic Digestion, Food Valorisation, Insect Proteins
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STEPPING UP Project
http://steppingupnexus.org.uk/
2. Anaerobic Digestion Innovation
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Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the breakdown of organic material by micro-organisms in the absence of oxygen.
2. Anaerobic Digestion Innovation
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3. AD Innovation for WEF Nexus
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AD Plant
Energy Crops
Methane Digestate
Domestic & Industrial Food
Waste
Crop Residues
Offset: fossil methane/transport fuels. Grid balancing of renewables.
Avoid landfill. Reduce waste treatment costs.
Odour control. GHG emission reduction from raising animals.
Virtual water burden. Potential for integrated farming practices.
Slurry Residues
Offset: fossil based fertiliser Source of nitrogen and phosphorus. Soil organic carbon return (water run-off control).
Sewage Sludge
Prevention of pollution.
Energy from “unused” part of crop (although may be ploughed back in).
Power/ Heat / Water
Transport
Power
3. AD Innovation for WEF Nexus
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1.Entrepreneurial
activities
2.Knowledge
development
3.Knowledge
exchange
4.Guidance of the
search
5.Formation of
markets
6.Mobilization of
resources
7.Counteracting
resistance
Actors Engaged across Multiple Functions of AD Innovation
3. AD Innovation for WEF Nexus
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Articulation and appraisal of governance arrangements is critical if we are to understand the human factors shaping current and future WEF systems
Governance as
Actors (i.e. the individuals, households, communities, firms, government departments, regulators and other organizations with interest or influence)
their institutions (e.g. the norms, rules, conventions and values shaping the behaviour of such actors)
and their practices (i.e. the actions of actors, such as consumption behaviours or processes of policy making) influence outcomes in systems
Articulating governance
3. AD Innovation for WEF Nexus
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There is active learning within academia/industry in terms of AD optimization, although this is somewhat fragmented and context-specific, which limits transferability of findings
Incoherence with overarching vision of energy system at Government level, reduction in subsidies
Tension between diversity and incoherence within AD sector, diverse interests within AD sector can be difficult to reconcile
Barriers for AD growth from Governance Perspective
4. AD in the UK
540 plants in 2016 (increase of 27% over 2015)
708 MWe
2 TWh biomethane injected into grid
35 TWh potential output (4-12% UK gas needs in 2050)
Support through subsidies (FiT, RHI, RO) but these are
diminishing.
New plants projection for 2018 between 10 – 40.
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708 MWe 2 TWh biomethane 540 plants
4. AD in the UK
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Number of AD Plants over time
4. AD in the UK
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5. Agent Based Modelling of AD
An Agent Based Model (ABM) is bottom up approach for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents with a view to assessing their effects on the system.
Advantages of ABM compared to traditional models
(i) captures emergent phenomena;
(ii) provides a natural environment for the study of certain systems; and
(iii) provides flexibility in the model setting.
ABM allows the disaggregation of systems into individual components that can potentially have their own characteristics and rule sets.
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Agent Based Modelling
5. Agent Based Modelling of AD
Each of agents can possess rules that will affect their behaviour and relationships with other agents and/or their surrounding environment.
Environments define the space in which agents operate, serving to support their interaction with the environment and other agents.
ABM requires verification calibration and validation steps.
Implementation of the ABM is done through some standalone software (e.g. NetLogo, AnyLogic) or toolkits after the conceptualization.
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Agent Based Modelling cont.
5. Agent Based Modelling of AD
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5. Agent Based Modelling of AD
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ID Description 1 House 2 Farm
3 Wastewater Treatment Plant
4 Food Factory 5 Restaurant 6 Food Store 7 Slaughterhouse 8 Municipal
ID Description S/L 1 Food Waste from Houses Solid 2 Green Waste from Houses Solid 3 Green Waste from Municipality Solid 4 Energy Crops From Farms Solid 5 Crop Residues from Farms Solid 6 Slurry from Farms Liquid
7 DAF sludge from Wastewater Treatment Facility Liquid 8 Food Waste from Food Factories Solid 9 Food Waste from Restaurants Solid
10 Food Waste from Food Stores Solid
11 Animal by-products (Category III) from Slaughterhouses Solid
5. Agent Based Modelling of AD
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Scale
Case Studies
I/O
, Bu
sin
ess
Mo
del
, Mo
tiva
tio
n
5. Agent Based Modelling of AD
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5. Agent Based Modelling of AD
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6. AD ABM – Decision Support Tool
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AGENT BASED MODEL MULTI CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS
identify robust
solutions to uncertainty
Engage stakeholders to develop WEF criteria
ABM parameters
Determine preference of the candidate solutions/alternatives. Use MCDA method (TOPSIS or GA) based candidate solutions being known/unknown.
Assess the robustness of preferred solutions under uncertain future scenarios
Evaluates Objectives
Input Database (Initial Conditions)
Agents
Model Output (Indicators)
Simulation
Events
Actions
Para
met
ers
Vari
able
s
Beh
avio
ur
Ru
les
7. Summary
The challenges at the water, energy, and food (WEF) nexus require a palette of diverse solutions, in which each solution must be economically, socially and environmentally viable and sustainable.
Anaerobic Digestion Innovation is one of the promising solutions to alleviate the pressure on the WEF systems.
The lack of interconnectivity between water, food and energy systems is frequently framed as a governance issue and one of the major barrier for AD innovation.
A simulation and decision support tool such as AD ABM – DS is expected to help better understanding the dynamics of this complex system and its barriers.
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Thank you for your attention