An3_derivat.ro_retele-locale_RC CA Curs 13 1 Satellite Networks
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Transcript of An3_derivat.ro_retele-locale_RC CA Curs 13 1 Satellite Networks
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Cellular Telephone
And Satellite Networks
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17.1 Cellular Telephony17.1 Cellular Telephony
Frequency Reuse Principle
Transmitting
Receiving
Handoff
Roaming
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
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Figure 17.1 Cellular system
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Figure 17.2 Frequency reuse patterns
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Figure 17.3 Cellular bands for AMPS
AMPS is an analog cellular phone
system using FDMA.
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Figure 17.4 AMPS reverse communication band
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Figure 17.5 Second-generation cellular phone systems
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Figure 17.6 D-AMPS
D-AMPS, or IS-136, is a digital
cellular phone system using TDMA and FDMA.
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Figure 17.7 GSM bands
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Figure 17.8 GSM
GSM is a digital cellular phone system
using TDMA and FDMA.
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Figure 17.9 Multiframe components
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Figure 17.10 IS-95 forward transmission
IS-95 is a digital cellular phone
system using CDMA/DSSS and FDMA.
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Figure 17.11 IS-95 reverse transmission
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The main goal of third-generation
cellular telephony is to provide
universal personal communication.
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IMT-2000 radio interfaces
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Satelli te NetworksSatellite Networks
Orbits
Three Categories of Satellites
GEO Satellites
MEO Satellites
LEO Satell ites
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Satellite orbits
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Example 1 Example 1
What is the period of the moon according to Kepler’s
law?
SolutionSolution
The moon is located approximately 384,000 km above the earth. The radius of the earth is 6378 km. Applying
the formula, we get
Period = (1/100) (384,000 + 6378)1.5 = 2,439,090 s
= 1 month
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Example 2 Example 2
According to Kepler’s law, what is the period of a
satellite that is located at an orbit approximately 35,786
km above the earth?
SolutionSolution
Applying the formula, we get
Period = (1/100) (35,786 + 6378)1.5 = 86,579 s = 24 h
A satellite like this is said to be stationary to the earth.The orbit, as we will see, is called a geosynchronous
orbit.
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Figure 17.14 Satellite categories
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Figure 17.15 Satellite orbit altitudes
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The Earth’s Radiation Belts Also known as “Van Allen
Belts”, is a torus of energetic charged particles(i.e. a plasma) aroundEarth, trapped by Earth'smagnetic field.When the belts "overload",particles strike the upper
atmosphere and fluoresce,causing the polar aurora.The inner belt consistsmostly of protons while theouter belt consists mostly of electrons.It is generally understoodthat the Van Allen belts area result of the collisionof Earth's magnetic fieldwith the solar wind.
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A solar wind is astream of chargedparticles (i.e., aplasma) whichareejected from theupperatmosphere of
the sun.
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The Earth’s Radiation Belts
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Table 17.1 Satellite frequency band Table 17.1 Satellite frequency band
3500
500
500
70
15
Bandwidth,
MHz
20
11
4
1.9
1.5
Downlink,
GHz
30Ka
14Ku
6C
2.2S
1.6L
Uplink, GHzBand
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Satellites in geosynchronous orbit
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Triangulation
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GPS
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LEO satellite system
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Iridium constellation
The Iridium system has 66 satellites in six LEO orbits, each atan alt itude of 750 km.
Iridium is designed to provide direct worldwide voice and
data communication using handheld terminals, a service
similar to cellular telephony but on a global scale.
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Teledesic
Teledesic has 288 satellites in 12 LEO
orbits, each at an altitude of 1350 km.