An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of ... · emerging desalination technologies,...
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water
Colorado School of MinesJörg E. Drewes, Tzahi Y. Cath, Pei Xu
Kennedy/Jenks ConsultantsJim Graydon
Argonne National LaboratoryJohn Veil, Seth Snyder
RPSEA Unconventional Gas Project Review Meeting
April 14-15, 2009, Golden, Colorado
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Outline
► Current Practices and Challenges regarding Management of Produced Water
► Project Objectives and Goals
► Project Impact● Opportunities and Technical Challenges
● Needed guidance regarding beneficial use
► Project Deliverables and Progress to Date
► Summary
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Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Produced Water:The Options…
ReinjectionWell
Natural Gas Pipeline
SurfaceDischarge
Treatment forBeneficial Reuse…
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• Drought- proof• Presently unused• Non-tributary water not subject to water rights
limitations
Reliable Resource
• Oil and gas development 30 to 70 more years• Water resource can continue to be mined up to
300 years
Long Term Supply
Produced Water as a Water Supply
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Challenges for Widespread Beneficial Use
• Long distances between produced water sources and end users• High cost of water transportation
Geographic Challenges
• Fluctuating gas prices might deter investments in treatment technology
Gas Market Challenges
• Complex water rights• Interstate variations in environmental regulations and permits• Difficult to assess the quantity and scope of mitigation and
compensation owed to 3rd parties• Liability and uncertainties associated with conveyance and end use• Institutional boundaries between private management of oil and gas
resources and public management of water resources
Regulatory Challenges
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Produced Water - What is It?
► In summary, it depends on your perspective….► To the oil & gas industry.…it’s a pain.
► To the environmental groups.…it’s a threat.
► To the regulators….it’s a challenge.
► To the water industry/landowners….it’s a resource.
► To RPSEA….it’s an opportunity for more cost-effective, environmentally sound, and most beneficial strategies for management and treatment of produced water.
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water
• Principal Investigators: Jörg Drewes, Tzahi Cath, Pei Xu• Nathan Hancock, Katharine Dahm, Katie Benko, Chris
Bellona, Dean Heil
Colorado School of Mines
• Principal Investigators: Jim Graydon• Jean Debroux
Kennedy/Jenks Consultants
• Principal Investigators: John Veil and Seth Snyder• YuPo, Bob Sullivan
Argonne National Laboratories
• Bob Raucher
Stratus Consulting
• Dave Stewart, Stewart Environmental Consultants• Jeff Cline, Cline Energy Consultants
Technical Advisors
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water
Project Goal►Develop an integrated guidance framework
that will link the composition of produced water to beneficial use applications and identify the most cost-efficient, environmentally sound, and most beneficial strategies for management and treatment of produced water from CBM and gas shale operations
Project Schedule: Sept. 2008 - Mar. 2011
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water ► Industry Advisory Council (IAC):
• Anadarko Petroleum Corporation• Chevron• Marathon Oil Company• Pinnacle Gas Resources• Pioneer Natural Resources• Triangle Petroleum Corporation• Petroglyph Operating Company• Williams Production RMT• EnCana Production• British Petroleum (BP)• Haliburton
• Technical Experts/Advisors:• Jeff Cline, Cline Energy Consultants• Dave Stewart, Stewart Environmental Consultants
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water ►Stakeholder Advisory Committee (SAC):
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Value of the Research
Water Quality
• TDS bins• Specific microconstituents• Screen technologies
Technology Assessment• Site specific conditions• Operational considerations• Short list technologies
Beneficial Use Scenarios• Targeted outcome• Select best available process
Integrated Framework for Beneficial Use
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Task 8: Development and Validation of GuidelinesPublish Guidelines Case Studies
Task 7: Assessment of Management OptionsCost Benefit Analyses Draft Integrated Decision
Framework Stakeholder Workshops
Task 6: Field ValidationPilot Studies Data Analysis
Task 5: Selection of Treatment TechnologiesCost Estimates Design Criteria Water Quality
Task 4: Classification of Produced Water Quality and Treatment TechnologiesWater Quality Water Quantity Treatment
Technologies Beneficial Uses
Technical Overview – Research Tasks
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water ► Task 4 - Classification of Produced Water Treatment
Technologies and Management Strategies• Characterize and classify produced water qualities into
different categories of treatability
• Determine produced water quantities (by basin and resource; gas/water ratios; current disposal/use strategies; etc.)
• Compile a comprehensive database on existing and emerging desalination technologies, hybrid configurations, and concentrate management strategies
• Develop a beneficial use matrix considering natural and engineered conveyance systems, water qualities of beneficial non-potable and potable uses, and quantity and quality of residuals generated
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Produced Water Quality: Salt Composition
Benko and Drewes (2008), Env. Eng. Science 25, 2, 239
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Produced Water Quality
Salt tolerant crops
Drinking waterSalt sensitive crops
Livestock
Seawater
Benko and Drewes (2008), Env. Eng. Science 25, 2, 239
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Classification of Water QualitiesOperationally defined water quality bins: Bin 1: Very low salinity (< 2,000 mg/L TDS)
• requires no additional treatment or desalination for discharge
Bin 2: Low salinity (2,000 mg/L to 5,000 mg/L TDS)• depending on chemical makeup, low-level technical options
may be possible to use at low cost
Bin 3: Moderate salinity (5,000 mg/L to 20,000 mg/L TDS)• suitable for lower cost desalination technologies
Bin 4: High salinity (20,000 mg/L to 40,000 mg/L TDS)• suitable for moderate cost desalination technologies
Bin 5: Very high salinity (greater than 40,000 mg/L TDS)• may require thermal desalination methods
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Beneficial UsesExample of Beneficial Use Key Water Quality Constituents
Drinking Water Primary MCL, TDS < 500 mg/L…Surface Discharge Depending on Discharge Permit
A. TDS < 500 mg/L, SAR < 3…B. TDS <2,000 mg/L, SAR < 14…C. …
Aquifer Storage and Recharge (Class V Wells)
Depending on state regulationsA. Drinking Water StandardsB. TDS < 1,000 mg/L…C. TDS < 2,000 mg/L…
Agricultural Irrigation Depending on soils, and cropsA.TDS <1,500 mg/L, SAR 12, B < 2 mg/L…B.…
Livestock Watering Depending on classes of livestockA. TDS < 5,000 mg/L, B < 5 mg/L…B. …
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water ► Task 5 - Selection of Treatment Technologies for
Produced Water• Explore most appropriate and cost-efficient technologies
for treatment of produced water considering water composition categories (Task 4)
• Identification and evaluation of robust, low-maintenance, modular treatment technologies as well as brine management and disposal strategies (considering both well-established conventional as well as emerging desalination technologies)
• Develop cost modules for management options
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Treatment Design Considerations (Task 2)► Geographical Issues
● Water generated at individual wells or well clusters● Limited conveyance systems● Difficult to supply chemicals and dispose of brine
► Infrastructure considerations● Modularity: ability to implement technology in treatment train● Mobility: Ease of relocation● Footprint
► Operations and maintenance considerations● Labor demands: Degree of automation● Flexibility: Ability to accommodate a wide range of feed water qualities● Reliability: Minimal maintenance and system downtime● Robustness: Ability of equipment to withstand harsh conditions● Pretreatment● Chemical & energy demand● Post-treatment
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Technologies Assessed
Pre-Treatment► Trickling filter*
► Hydrocyclone*
► Dissolved air flotation► Adsorption► Media filter*
► Oxidation*
► Settling pond*
► Ultraviolet disinfection*
► Ceramic MF/UF membrane++
► Polymeric MF/UF membrane► Zeolite adsorption++
Membrane Desalination► Seawater RO*
► Brackish water RO*
► Nanofiltration (NF) *
► Ceramic NF++
► Electrodialysis (ED), ED reversal (EDR), & HEED*
► Membrane distillation++
► Forward osmosis w/ RO++
► Dual pass NF► Dual RO w/ HERO► Dual RO w/ SPARRO
++ novel technology * established for produced water
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Technologies Assessed (cont.)
Thermal Desalination► Multi-stage flash (MSF)► Multi-effect distillation (MED)► Vapor compression (VC) *
► MED-VC*
► Freeze-thaw*
► Ion exchange (IX) *
► Capacitive deionization*
► Gas hydrates
Alternative Desalination
► Evaporation*
► Wind aided intensified evap.
► Subsurface drip dispersal► Constructed wetlands
Disposal & Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)
Alternative Treatment
++ novel technology * established for produced water
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Technologies Assessed (cont.)Commercial Processes with Membranes► Pressure driven
● CDM● Veolia OPUS● VSEP● Eco-Sphere● Sal-Proc and ROSP
► Electrically driven● EWP
Other Commercial Processes► Thermal
● 212 Resources● Aquatech● Aqua-Pure● AltelaRain● STW/GE
► Ion exchange:● EMIT● Catalyx/RGBL● Drake● Eco Tech
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Tech Assessment Deliverable
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Tech Assessment Deliverable (cont.)
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Framework for Technology Selection
Presence of Dispersed Oil?
No
YesOil Removal
Drinking Water
Surface Discharge
Aquifer Recharge
Agri. Irrigation
Livestock Watering
Bin 1<2 g/L
Bin 22 – 5 g/L
Bin 35 – 20 g/L
Bin 420 – 40 g/L
Bin 5> 40 g/L
Treatment Processes
Sub-Bins
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water ► Task 6 - Field Validation of Viable Treatment
Processes for Produced Water• Pilot-scale treatment trains will be designed, assembled and
tested at representative production sites for field-scale validation
• Data will be analyzed to determine the effectiveness, robustness, and ease of operation of treatment strategies
• Preliminary cost estimates for the design of full-scale facilities will be developed providing an economic framework for decision analysis
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water ► Task 7 - Assessment of Management Options
• Explore through cost/benefit analyses and life-cycle assessments the multiple conditions that have to be fulfilled in order to establish beneficial use from a regulatory, political, environmental, economic, and legal standpoint
• Develop a structured decision process that identifies, evaluates, and, where possible, quantifies the regulatory requirements, benefits, risks and costs of each management option (“Draft Integrated Decision Framework”)
• Conduct a series of Stakeholder workshops to solicit key information, refine and confirm the decision framework, establish evaluation criteria, share treatment technology research results, and develop incentive-based beneficial use approaches
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water
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An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water ► Task 8 - Development and Validation of Guidelines
• Develop guidelines for management of produced water leading to beneficial use of produced water as a practical, adaptable and robust tool for CBM and gas shale operators
• Guidelines will incorporate the Integrated Decision Frameworkto provide CBM and gas shale operators with a technically sound, objective basis for identifying and quantifying the benefits and costs of various management options
• Approach will also promote clear communication of the cost-benefit analysis to the industry, regulatory, environmental, and public stakeholders
• Case studies (2) will be selected to illustrate application of the Integrated Decision Framework and provide practical information on “lessons learned”
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Summary
An Integrated Framework for Treatment and Management of Produced Water
► Water quality surveys underway (Raton, San Juan, Powder, Piceance, Green River)
► Review of well established and emerging treatment processes complete
► Draft of Integrated Framework is developed► Website design underway► Treatment processes at lab-scale are currently tested► Initial field testing scheduled for May/June 2009► Meeting with Stakeholders and Industry Advisory
Committees scheduled for August 2009 and spring 2010
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Dr. Jörg DrewesAssociate Professor and Director
Advanced Water Technology Center (AQWATEC)Environmental Science and Engineering
E-mail: [email protected]