An Equal Opportunity University Airport Lighting Brett Malloy.
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Transcript of An Equal Opportunity University Airport Lighting Brett Malloy.
An Equal Opportunity University
Airport Lighting
Brett Malloy
Overview
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
1. General Guidelines
2. Approach Lighting
3. Visual Approach Slope Aids
4. Threshold Lighting
5. Runway Lighting
6. Taxiway Lighting
General Guidelines
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
White Lights:
• Runway Surface Edges
• Runway Surface Centerline
• Runway Centerline on Approach
• Landing Zone
• Runway Approach Distance
• Visual Approach Slope Aid (Nearest Runway Threshold)
Red Lights:
• Runway Edges on Approach
• Runway Threshold in Opposite Direction (Wrong Direction)
• End of Runway in Direction of Operation
• Visual Approach Slope Aid (Farthest from Runway Threshold)
Green Lights:
• Runway Threshold
Blue Lights:
• Taxiways
Yellow Lights:
•Areas of Caution
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Intensity:
• Higher intensity is required for approach lighting systems (ALS).
• For visual range of 2000 to 2500 feet, outermost approach lights should be 200,000 cd
• 100-500 cd for approach lights closer to threshold
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• System Configuration:
• Several Types:
• Calvert System
• ICAO Category II and Category III System
• High-Intensity Approach Light Systems (ALSF-2 and ALSF-1)
• Medium-intensity Approach Light System (MALSR, MALSF, and MALS)
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Calvert System:
• 3000 feet in length
• Series of single-bulb lights spaced on 100-ft intervals along extended runway centerline
• Six transverse crossbars of lights spaced on 500-ft centers
• Length of transverse rows diminishes as aircraft nears runway.
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• ICAO Category I and Category II System
• Two lines of red bars on each side of runway at 30-m intervals extending out 300 m from runway
• Single line of white bars on runway centerline at 30-m intervals extending out 300 m from runway
• Two longer bars of white light at distances of 150 m and 300 m from runway
• Long bar of green light at runway threshold
• Also, it is recommended that long bars of white light be placed at 450 m, 500 m and 750 m from
runway centerline.
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• ICAO Category I and Category II Systems:
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• High-Intensity ALS
• ALSF-1
• Long transverse white light crossbar located 1000 feet from runway, 100 feet in width with 21 lights
• 2400-3000 feet long
• Sequenced high-intensity flashing lights located every 100 feet on extended runway centerline for outermost 1400 feet
• 14-ft crossbars of five-bulb white light placed at 100-ft intervals for a distance of 2400-3000 from runway
• Long bar of green light at runway threshold, extending 2-10 feet outward from runway and 45 feet outside of runway edge on each
side
• Two additional five-bulb crossbars of red light placed symmetrically about runway centerline at a distance of 100 feet from runway
to delineate edge of runway
• Two additional three-bulb red light crossbars along runway centerline at 200 feet from runway
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• High-Intensity ALS
• ALSF-2
• Long transverse white light crossbar located 1000 feet from runway, 100 feet in width with 21 lights
• 2400-3000 feet long
• Sequenced high-intensity flashing lights located every 100 feet on extended runway centerline for outermost 1400 feet
• 14-ft crossbars of five-bulb white light placed at 100-ft intervals for a distance of 2400-3000 from runway
• Long bar of green light at runway threshold, extending 2-10 feet outward from runway and 45 feet outside of runway edge on each
side
• Two additional three or four-bulb crossbars of white light placed symmetrically about runway centerline at a distance of 500 feet
from runway, with 5-ft spacing
• Additional three-bulb red light crossbars placed symmetrically about runway centerline at 100-ft intervals extending 1000 feet from
runway
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
ALSF-1:
ALSF-2:
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Medium-Intensity ALS
• MALSR
• 2400 feet long
• Divided into two sections :
• Inner 1000 feet is medium-intensity ALS portion , outer 1400 feet is RAIL portion of system.
• RAIL = runway alignment indicator lights
• 14-ft crossbars of five-bulb white lights placed at 200-ft intervals extending from runway centerline for a distance of 2400 feet from
runway
• Two additional 20-ft crossbars of five-bulb white lights placed at 1000 feet from runway, spaced symmetrically outside of 14-ft
crossbar forming a 70-ft single crossbar
• Additional sequential flashing lights for outermost 1000 feet
• Green threshold lights extending 10 feet outward from runway, and 10 feet outside of runway edge on each side
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Medium-Intensity ALS
• MALSF
• 1400 feet long
• 12.5-ft crossbars of five-bulb white light placed at 200-ft intervals extending from runway centerline for a distance of
1400 feet from runway
• Sequence flashers replace runway alignment indicator lights.
• Sequential flashing lights for outermost 400 feet, located at final three crossbar stations
• Two additional five-bulb white light crossbars placed 1000 feet from runway, spaced symmetrically outside of 12.5-ft
crossbar forming a single 66-ft crossbar
• Green threshold lights extending 10 feet outward from runway, and 10 feet outside of runway edge on each side
Approach Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
MALSR:
MALSF:
Visual-Approach Slope Aids
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Visual-Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
• Used primarily to aid pilots in defining desired glide path during approach.
• Series of light bars running on ground adjacent to the side(s) of the runway
• Various VASI configurations, based on:
• Desired Visual Range
• Type of Aircraft
• Wide-bodied Aircraft Use
Visual-Approach Slope Aids
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Visual-Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
• Two types of bars:
• Downwind bar: Nearest runway threshold; will appear white if pilot is at proper height
• Upwind Bar: Farthest from runway threshold; will appear red if pilot is at proper height
• If pilot is too low, both bars will appear red.
• If pilot is too high, both bars will appear white.
Visual-Approach Slope Aids
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Visual-Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
• Various Configurations:
Visual-Approach Slope Aids
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Visual-Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
• General Bar Spacing, VASI-6 configuration:
Threshold Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Denotes runway threshold
• Vital in determining whether pilot will make decision to land or execute a missed approach.
• Green Lights extending out from runway (2-10’):
• Lights extend across entire width of runway in large airports.
• Four green lights are placed on each side of threshold in small airports.
• Appear green in direction of landing, and appear red in opposite direction to indicate end of runway
Runway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Runway Edge Lights
• Generally elevated units
• Project 30 inches above surface
• White lights along the edge of runway
• Not more than 10 feet from edge of pavement
• Lights in final 2000 feet of instrument runway are yellow to indicate caution. (In direction of
operation)
• Spacing:
• 200-ft max longitudinal spacing
Runway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Runway Centerline and Touchdown Lights
• Installed in Pavement
• Touchdown zone lights are three-bulb white bars.
• Located on each side of runway centerline
• Extend 3000 feet from runway threshold, or one-half the runway length for runways less than 6000 feet long
• Spaced at 100-ft intervals
• 36 feet from runway centerline on each side
• Centerline lights are also white.
• Spaced at 50-ft intervals
• Offset 2 feet from runway centerline
• Change colors in last 3000 feet of runway in direction of operation
• Last 1000’- Red
• Next 2000’- Alternate between red and white
Runway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
Runway Touchdown Light Spacing:
Runway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
Runway Centerline Light Spacing:
Taxiway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Taxiway Edge Lights
• Elevated, bidirectional lights
• Blue
• Spaced at intervals of 200 feet on each side of the taxiway, with closer spacing on curves
• Located not more than 10 feet from edge of pavement
• Extend a maximum of 30 inches above pavement surface
Taxiway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
Taxiway Edge Lights on curved and straight sections:
Taxiway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
Location of taxiway lights on entrances and exits:
Taxiway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
• Taxiway Centerline Lighting
• Taxiway centerlines terminate at entrances to runway.
• At taxiway intersections, the lights continue across.
• For long-radius high-speed exit taxiways:
• Taxiway lights extend onto runway from a point 200 feet back from point of curvature of the taxiway to point of tangency of the
central curve of the taxiway.
• In this arrangement, spacing of lights is 50 feet.
• Lights are offset 2 feet from runway centerline lights.
• Taxiway-Runway intersections in which planes must hold short of runway, several yellow lights spaced at 5-ft intervals are placed
transversely across taxiway.
Taxiway Lighting
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
Taxiway Centerline Light Spacing:
References
Characterization of the Ballast-Tie Interface
Federal Aviation Administration. A Quick Reference: Airfield Standards,
2nd
edition. FAA, October 2011. Web. 14 December 2012.
Horonjeff, Rob, and Francis X. Mckelvey. Planning and Design of
Airports, 4th
edition. Boston: McGraw Hill, 1994. Print.