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Transcript of An Alternative To Diesel For Landing Drilling Operations Lee Conn M-I SWACO Can Non-Aqueous Fluids...
![Page 1: An Alternative To Diesel For Landing Drilling Operations Lee Conn M-I SWACO Can Non-Aqueous Fluids (NAF) Be Designed to Enhance Soil Quality?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e0b5503460f94af3cec/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
An Alternative To Diesel For Landing Drilling An Alternative To Diesel For Landing Drilling OperationsOperations
Lee ConnLee Conn
M-I SWACOM-I SWACO
Can Non-Aqueous Fluids (NAF) Be
Designed to Enhance Soil Quality?
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Non Aqueous Base Fluid SelectionsBase Fluid Environmental Staircase
Diesel
Mineral Oil / EMO
Internal Olefins/Ester
Linear Alfa Olefins
Paraffin
Since the 1980’s, there has been a strong demand tocontinue to improve environmentcharacteristic of base fluidsbeing used offshore
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Environmental Testing Protocols & Regulations Established
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Primary Drivers for Base Fluid Selection
• Environmental - Regulatory compliance- Seabed impacts
• Commercial - Cheaper Base Fluids- Availability - Logistics
• Technical- Lower Viscosity
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Comparison of Base Fluids
Base Fluid Density KV @ 40°C Flash Point HTS Biodegradation
(SG) (cSt) (°C) (°C) Aerobic Anaerobic
Desirable < 0.80 ALAP > 95 AHAP Yes Yes
Mineral Oil 0.790 2 - 3 > 95 > 200 ? No
LAO 0.776 2.26 113 > 200 Yes Yes
PAO 0.800 5 - 7 160 High Yes Yes
Ester 0.850 5 - 6 > 150 150 Yes Yes
Internal olefin 0.792 3.60 > 138 > 204 Yes Yes
Linear paraffin 0.773 2.50 > 100 > 170 Yes Yes
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Land Drilling OperationDiesel Still The Base Fluid Of Choice Globally
Advantages
• Diesel oil is the cheapest
• Diesel oil is more readily available
• Diesel oil has good temperature stability
• Diesel oil provides good hole stability
• Diesel oil tolerates contaminants as well
Disadvantage
• Environmental Acceptability- Toxic Compounds- Slow degradation Rates
• Poor Human Exposure Characteristics- High vapor emissions- Aromatic & Cyclic
hydrocarbons in the vapor, and consider carcinogenic
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Waste Management Hierarchy
Reduction at SourceReduction at Source
Recycle & ReuseRecycle & Reuse
RecoverRecover
TreatmentTreatment
ResponsibleResponsibleDisposalDisposal
Long Term Liability
Drilling Fluids & Waste Management Options
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Waste Management / Disposal Options For NAF Cuttings
• Thermal- Incineration- Indirect heat for base fluid recovery (re-use base
fluid)
• Injection
• Haul to registered disposal site
• Cuttings treatment- Stabilization, bury on site
• Bioremediation
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Non Aqueous Fluid (NAF) Design StrategyObjective – Creating a Soil Enhancing Product
• Identify - environmental issues with
traditional formulations- root causes in the chemistry
of the additives- products that enhance rather
than damage the environment
• Build a cost effective and technically competent mud system based on selected additives
• Design a cost-effective and dependable bio-remediation process that will meet a consistent environmental performance standard
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Testing for Land TreatmentTesting for Land Treatment
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Diesel
Environmental Issues With NAF SystemsReview of Drilling Fluid Components
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Hydrocarbon Base Fluid Chemical Structure
• Aromatics
• Cyclic Compounds
• Olefins
• Linear ParaffinsDE
CR
EA
SIN
G T
OX
ICIT
Y
FO
R T
HE
SA
ME
Mol
. Wt.
C C C CC
C C C CC
C
C
C CC
CC C
C
C C
C
• Low molecular weight, linear structure biodegrades under aerobic conditions.
• Aromatics & cyclic more toxic than linear structures of same molecular weight.
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Environmental Acceptance
Crude Oil
Diesel/MO
Linear Paraffins/Olefins
¹LTMO/²EMO/ Iso-Paraffins
1 Low toxicity mineral oil2 Enhanced mineral oil
HighlyBiodegradable
Slow and incompletebiodegradation
DecreasingToxicity
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Bioremediation of diesel
GC/MS Diesel GC/MS Diesel after bioremediation
Incomplete Degradation Non degradable toxic residuals
Increased probability of future environmental liability
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Bioremediation of mineral oil
10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.000
5000000
1e+07
1.5e+07
2e+07
2.5e+07
3e+07
3.5e+07
4e+07
4.5e+07
Time-->
AbundanceTIC: IPAR-3.D
C19
C18
C17
C15
C16
C14
MO/EMO- Aromatics are removed and many normal paraffins are branched. - While less toxic than diesel they biodegrade slower than diesel.
Unresolved hydrocarbon isomers, including cyclic and branched hydrocarbons.
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Bioremediation of linear paraffinsBioremediation of linear paraffins
GC/MS Linear Paraffins GC/MS Presence of hydrocarbons after bioremediation
Complete degradation No toxic residuals
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Composting Results using Various Base Fluids
• LP concentrations fell from 13% to ~1% in 10 days.
• EMO concentrations did not fall significantly over 20 days
• LTMO concentrations fell to 5.5% after 20 days.
• Linear components of diesel fell to 3.3% after 20 days with much slower subsequent degradation.
Total HC Content
02468
10121416
0 5 10 15 20Time, Days
Hy
dro
ca
rbo
n
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n,
%
Biobase 560 DF1 EDC95-11 Diesel
LP LTMO EMO
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Base FluidBiodegradation & Toxicity Testing
Biodegradability of Various Base FluidsTreatment % Reduction of
HydrocarbonsBiodegradability Rank
C11-14 LP 97 1C12-17 LP 94 2Ester 91 3Isomerized Tetradecene C14 (IO) 83 4Diesel 61 5Branched Paraffin 43 6
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Chloride
Diesel
Environmental Issues With NAF SystemsReview of Drilling Fluid Components
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Internal PhaseInternal Phase
• Plant Toxicity
• Water Column Toxicity
Toxicity due to the high concentration of chlorides Toxicity due to the high concentration of salts
• Electrical Conductivity
• Lack of Biodegradation
Chlorides Are The Main ConcernChlorides Are The Main Concern
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CMA gives optimal environmental performance with minimal residual conductivity. Acetates and Nitrates enhance soil productivity with minimal water column toxicity.
INTERNAL PHASE - Fluid Design Concept
TOXICITY OF DRILLING FLUIDS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ALFALFA GROWTH
% O
F R
EF
ER
EN
CE
EMERGENCE (%)
ROOTH LENGTH(cm/plant)
SHOOT MASS (mgdw t/plant)
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Chloride
BariteDiesel
Environmental Issues With NAF SystemsReview of Drilling Fluid Components
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Weighting Agent
• Barite does not enhance the quality of the soil where cuttings may be used for landfarming
• Hematite or Ilmenite promises to enhance the quality of iron poor soils, or with CaCO3 that can minimize issues with heavy metals and can be beneficial for plant growth.
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Non Aqueous Fluid (NAF) For Land Drilling Non Aqueous Fluid (NAF) For Land Drilling Operation The SolutionOperation The Solution
- Unique Invert emulsion fluid designed solely for improved cleaning and remediation of contaminated cuttings
- Design to meet environmental discharge regulations (with correct processing) and improves HSE
- Recommended Fluid Design:
• Linear Paraffin or Linear Olefin
• CMA, KAc, or CaKNO3• Hematite, Illmenite, or
CaCO3
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NAF-Land has standard mud properties similar to those of typical Synthetic- and Oil-Based Muds
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History of SuccessHistory of Success
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• Primary: Enhance production in tight gas sands
Sandstone has < 10 md permeability
Sensitive to WBM due to high clay content
• Secondary: Improve drilling performance
Stabilize shale units to reduce risk of hole problems experienced in previous wells
Cavings, ballooning, loss circulation, stuck pipe, side-tracks, well-abandonment
Sensitive to WBM due to high clay content
New Zealand Land Drilling OperationsDrivers For Fluid System Change
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1 Must be a synthetically produced base fluid
“oil” has poor environmental image
lower toxicity usually associated with synthetics
Optimize environmental factors
high aerobic biodegradability
low toxicity
chlorides free
Low health & safety risk
avoid low flash points base fluids as they are classified as flammables
Field compatible mud properties of high mud weight fluid
avoid high viscosity => high ECD’s => loss circulation
Selection Criteria For Invert Emulsion
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• Utilizing a combination of best available technologies / experience for system choice.
Internal phase + Continuous Phase
Nitrates Linear Paraffins
Experienced Based System
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• Intervals : 16", 12.25", 8.5"
• MW : : 11.5 ppg - 16.0 ppg
• SWR : 80/20 - 85/15
• PV : 22 - 27 cps
• YP : 17 - 13 lb/100sq.ft
• Aw : 0.8 - 0.7
• ES : 400-600 volts
• HTHP FL : 1.0-3.0 mL
Mud Properties & Drilling Performance
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55Days
Dept
h
Well 3WBM
Well 3STSBM
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Rig-Site Handling of Cuttings
Blending with sawdust => haul-off
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Disposal Method – Vermiculture BioremediationDisposal Method – Vermiculture Bioremediation
• Worm farm already established
• Still active today for processing drill cuttings received from land operation
• The end product of vermiculture is sold as fertilizer
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Bangladesh - Landfarming
• Location- Tea plantation - Rice plantation
• Drilling fluid- Base – linear paraffin with
traces of branched molecules
- Acetate Internal Phase- barite
• Designated area protected by earthen barriers
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Bangladesh - Landfarming
• Management- Organic material: rice hulls- Use of local work force- Frequent tilling to guarantee aeration of the soil- Use of fertilizers
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Bangladesh - Landfarming
• Site Closure
- Reduction in TPH to 1% according to internal standards and best practices
- Area covered with local vegetation
- Duration of project: 6 months
- Total volume of cuttings treated: 3000 m³
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Bio-remediation processes using Diesel can necessitate long time (1-3 years) and/or large land mass to meet regulations.
Changing the fluid formulation to an optimized highly degradable, low toxicity NAFdecrease remediation timesreduce environmental impact. Lower health & safety risk to personnel
Bioremediation processes have to be optimized for local conditions.
Summary