AMMONIA EMISSION PREDICTIONS AND ABATEMENT

– ISSUES FOR POLAND

•Tadeusz Kuczynski1, Barbara Gworek2, Andrzej Myczko3 •1-University of Zielona Gora, 2- Institute of Environmental Protection, Warsaw; 3- Institute of Building, Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, Poznan

Ammonia emission level – production efficiency

Average milk yields in years 1990 2002 in Poland, France, Germany, UK and the Netherlands (FAOSTAT, 2003, Stat.

Yearbook, 2002)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

Ave

. m

ilk y

ield

(kg

/yea

r)

PL

F

D

UK

NL

Ammonia emission level – production efficiency

Yearly meat production for one average pig counted in the annual agricultural census

91,4

158,8 153,7138,5 135,4

0

50

100

150

200

PL D F UK DK

(kg)

/(%

)

100% 174% 168% 152% 148%

DAIRY FARMS STRUCTURE IN POLAND (2002)

20+11%

10-1922%

5-923%

1-444%

PIG FARMS STRUCTURE IN POLAND (2002)

Pig farms structure in Poland (2002)

1 - 99 pigs62%

> =100 pigs38%

DAIRY FARMS STRUCTURE IN POLAND (COMPARISON 1994-2002)

886319647358

280343

545977

2147227

655675

330901

1244819

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

1-4 5-9 10-19 20+

1994

2002

Total reduction of cows between 1994 and 2002 by 981114; with increase at farms (10+) by 151939

DAIRY FARMS HOUSING SYSTEMS IN POLAND –liquid manure v. straw

105 718 of total number of about 875 000 dairy farms 36% of all dairy cows

Deep straw19,2%

No straw1,8%

Shallow straw79,0%

DAIRY FARMS HOUSING SYSTEMS IN POLAND –tied v. loose systems

105 718 of total number of about 875 000 dairy farms 36% of all dairy cows

Loose housing

1,9%

Tied systems 98,1%

REGULATIONS AGAINST NH3 EMISSION

Minister of Environment Regulation of 23 December 2002 on Detailed requirements for

programs preventing nitrogen losses from agricultural sources (Journal of Laws 03.4.44

from January15, 2003), based on Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection

of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources

REGULATIONS AGAINST NH3 EMISSION

1. Capacity of manure storage – 6 months2. Tanks should be provided with tight cover (floating cover can

also be used)3. Nitrogen fertilizers should not be applied in hot weather (late

summer and early autumn. Application recommended twice a year: early spring and late autumn

4. Manure application is to be planned according to detailed nutrient balance

5. Application limit is set up at a level of 170 kg N/ha*year6. Liquid manure should be incorporated into ground at a time

of application 7. All organic and mineral fertilizers must be cultivated into

ground not later than 24 hours after application

Ammonia emission reduction – Basic questions to answer

• How much ammonia is currently emmitted in Poland ?– Accurate animals numbers in each species and age– Accurate data on housing, manure storing and spreading

systems,– Accurate data on production efficiency– Accurate data on animal feeding– Accurate data on effect of all above factors on NH3

emission for each animal species and age– Accurate data on non agricultural NH3 emission

Ammonia emission reduction – Basic questions to answer

• What are possible trends in animal production ?– Predicted changes in total number of animals

– Structure of farming (large v. small, intensive v. extensive)

– Regulations against NH3 emission and practical possibilities of their introduction

– Potential technical and economical availability of measures against NH3 emission in housing, manure storing and spreading

– Production efficiency

– Feeding programmes

Ammonia emission reduction – Basic questions to answer

• What will be future policy on ammonia emission?– Further development of knowledge on critical loads of

ammonia for various ecosystems, its habitats, soil and water conditions

– Further development on data on ammonia effect on PM2,.5 or tropospheric ozone formation

– Further development of knowledge on transport distances of ammonia, particularly by wet deposition

– Considering ammonia as local ot transboundary pollution and in consequence „trading of its emission” ?

Recent predictions for NH3 emission in Poland

550

380 371341 322

439

348 299 289 294

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1990 1995 2000 2001 2002

NH

3 em

issi

on (G

g)

Total emission = animal production emission x 1,25Emission (Yearbook)2010 PL-threshold value

468