Presentation of callPresented to: Miss Amna Shahid

Presented by: Ayesha Amjad(06)

Nadia Majid (18)

Amara Ahsan(04)

Rashda Meraj(17)

PGD – ELT : Semester 2

University Of the Punjab( Dep't OF ENGLISH)…

Phrase structure• General Approach:

• -universal grammar(UG)/Language Instinct

• Data:

• -Native Speakers 'intuitions (acceptability judgment)

• Resulting theory of Grammar:• -words,phrases,catagories for words and

phrases(eg.noun,verbs,noun phrases, verb phrases)(basic concepts any theory of grammar must have in order to capture the data)

Phrase structure (review)

• 1) Every word belongs to a lexical category

• 2) Lexical categories forms heads of phrases

• 3) How phrases are formed is governed by rules (= ‘phrase structure rules’)

Phrase structure rules

• Rules that determine…

• …what goes into a phrase (‘constituents’)

• …how the constituents are ordered

• Constituent: a word or group of words that function as a unit and can make up larger grammatical units

Phrase structure rules

• General schema:

X Y Z

“X consists of Y followed by Z”

Phrase structure rules

Noun phrase (NP)

• John N

• the boy Det N

• a little boy Det Adj N

• a boy in a bubble Det N PP

Phrase structure rule for NPs:

NP (Det) (Adj) N (PP)• (where ( ) indicates optionality)

Phrase structure trees

NP NP NP NP

N Det N Det Adj N Det N PP

John the boy a little boy a boy P NP

in Det N

a bubble

Prepositional phrase (PP)

• In P

• from a boy in a bubble NP

Phrase structure rule for PPs:

PP P (NP)

Phrase structure trees

PP PP

P P NP

in from Det N PP

a boy P NP

in Det N

a bubble

Verb phrase (VP)

• Sang V

• ate the cake V NP

• ate the cake hungrily V NP Adv

• sang a song in the shower V NP PP

• fell into the pond slowly V PP Adv

Phrase structure rule for VPs:

VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)

VP VP VP

V V NP V NP PP Adv

sang ate Det N sang Det N P NP badly

the cake a song in Det N

the shower

•

THANK YOU…………….!