America’s Imperialism and the emergence of a World Power

18.0 Outline Imperialism and World War I (1898-1919)-During the late 1800s and the early 1900s, the US became far more imperialistic -US began using its economic and military strength to create new markets and claim foreign land-It engaged in an Imperialistic war-It waged economic warfare to annex Hawaii-It included itself in a world war-And earned its place as a world power

 

A Trifle Embarrassed: Puck Magazine

Description: Uncle Sam and Lady Liberty are standing by a wall labeled "U.S. Foundling Asylum". Outstretched arms labeled "Manifest Destiny" are handing them a basket of crying children representing Porto (sic) Rico, Hawaii, Cuba, Philippines. Children dancing in the yard are labeled California, Texas and Mexico.

Section 18.0 Objectives

• What were the major factors that contributed to the growth of American Imperialism?

• What were the Consequences of the war for Spain and the United States?

• Why did the Treaty of Paris cause such debate among Americans?• What did the Platt Amendment State?• Why did the U.S. wish to attain a strong influence in Cuba?• Why did the Western powers seek to establish spheres of influence in

China?• What were the Open Door Notes?• How did President Roosevelt become involved in the Russo- Japanese

War?• What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?

Imperialism• American had always sought to

expand the size of their nation.• Many American leaders believed

the should join the imperialist powers of Europe and establish colonies over seas.

• IMPERIALISM: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

Argument for Imperialism:• 1. Global Competition: All countries fought to be first

to conquer and take over parts of Africa and Asia during the 19th century

• 2. Desire for military strength: Establish a global military presence in order to compete with our nations

• 3. Thirst for new markets: the answer for overproduction, unemployment and economic depression.

• 4. Belief in cultural superiority: US had a responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the World’s inferior people.

The U.S. Acquires Alaska• In 1867 the Secretary of

State, William Seward, arranged to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million.

• H.O.R. wasn’t sure about the new purchase and nicknamed it “ Seward’s icebox”

• 1959 Alaska becomes a state and for about 2 cents an acre the U.S. had acquired land rich in timber, minerals, and OIL!

The United States Takes Hawaii

• The same year Alaska was bought the U.S. took the Midway Islands.

• These lay 1300 miles North of Hawaii. • No one lived there so the event did not attract

much attention• Hawaii had always been important to the U.S. as

a stop on the way to China or as sugar providers• By the mid 19th century American sugar-owned

plantations made of about three-quarters of the island’s wealth

Annexation and the end of a Monarchy

• To make sure Hawaiian sugar stayed tax free, white planters called for the annexation (or addition) of the islands to the United States

• Pearl Harbor was built in 1887 and served as a refueling base for ships on their way to Asia

• Queen Liliuokalani came up with the slogan of “Hawaii for Hawaiians”. A revolution was started by white plantation owners and she was overthrown.

• President Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii unless Hawaiian voters agreed to it. When McKinley takes office he gives Hawaii statehood (1959) without a vote by their citizens Queen Liliuokalani

Intro to Cuba-Cuban Civil War-William Randolph Hearst-Yellow Journalism-USS Maine-De Lome Letter-USS Maine Explodes-War Declared-Philippines invaded-Treaty of Paris-Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines become US territories-Platt Amendment-no autonomy, treaties, Guantanamo Bay-FDR Good Neighbor Policy

 

The Duty of the Hour    

Text: "The duty of the Hour" to save Cuba from a worse fate than Spanish misrule is America's duty.

Cuba is in the Frying Pan of Spanish misrule, and it is fearful of being cast into the fire of anarchy.

America’s Interest in Cuba

• By the end of the 19th century Spain had lost many of the colonies, yet they still controlled Cuba, Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico

• 1854 President Franklin Pierce inquired about the purchase of Cuba and Spain adamantly refused

• Cuban War against Spain breaks out (1868-1878). Don’t win freedom, but are successful in ending slavery

• **America quickly invests in large sugar cane plantations

Cuba Libre!

• Jose Marti issued another Revolution to gain freedom and in his guerilla campaign burnt and destroyed many plantations

• Americans were split. Many sided with Cubans and their fight for freedom while others were trying to protect their investments and sided with Spain

• Spanish General came over to end resistance. Pushed 300,000 Cubans into camps. Many died of hunger and disease

War FEVER!• Yellow Journalism- Style of writing that

exaggerates news to lure and enrage readers– helped bring American sympathy to

Cuban Rebels• De Lome Letter- President McKinley,

with the pressure from the American people, worked to end brutality in Cuba. Letter written by Spanish minister was leaked to the press calling the President weak.

• Just a few days later, the U.S.S. Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana. No one knew why, but Spain was blamed. America is outraged!

The Spanish American War

• “Remember the Maine” American pro war slogan• First Battle take place in the Philippines• Filipinos helped America because they too

wanted freedom from Spain• **Spanish troops surrendered in Manila• 6/1898 the U.S. army and the ROUGH RIDERS

(volunteer Calvary led by T. Roosevelt) landed in the port city of Santiago

• Battles were won and America pushed on to Puerto Rico

The Treaty of Paris • August 12, 1898 the fifteen week war

was over• Met in Paris to come up with a treaty• Spain freed Cuba and turned Guam, and

Puerto Rico over to the United States• Sold the Philippines to the U.S. for 20

million• Treaty was highly debated: some

thought it went against the Declaration of Independence (self gov’t), others said we had enough problems at home and even more feared jobs would be taken!

• All ignored when Senate approves the treaty in 1898. America grows in SIZE!

Acquiring New Lands

Ruling Puerto Rico• Originally controlled through the military• In 1900 the FORAKER ACT ended military rule

and set up a Civil Government• Act gave the U.S. the power to appoint the

Governor and members of the upper house of legislature

• Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not automatically apply to people in acquired U.S. territories

• In 1917 Congress extended the right to U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rican citizens

Cuba and the U.S.• At the end of the Spanish American war America had made it clear they

would not take over Cuba• American soldiers still occupied Cuba after the war• American gov’t brought in food, medical and clothing.• Platt Amendment: Americans forced Cuba to add this to their

constitution– 1. Cuba couldn’t make treatises that gave another country any control

of their territory– 2. The U.S. had the right to intervene– 3. Cuba was not to go into debt– 4. US. Could buy or lease land for naval stations

• Cuba became a U.S. PROTECTORATE. This means a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power

Philippines-Ruled like a colony-Filipinos want freedom and vowed to get it!-Guerrilla War tactics-Forced Filipinos to live in designated zones with poor sanitation, starvation and disease killed many (sound familiar….CUBA & SPAIN)-Sent African Americans to fight..Many fought for the Filipinos-War lasted 3 years and cost $400 million.-Insular Cases, no Constitutional rights for non-citizens in US territories**Finally got independence on July 4, 1946.

 

THE FILIPINO’S FIRST BATH

Grant HamiltonJudge, New York, June 10, 1899Here President William McKinley scrubs a Filipino savage with a brush labeled “Education” in the cleansing waters of “Civilization”. A freshly scrubbed Cuba and Porto Rico in the background are donning new clothes decorated with the U.S. stars and stripes

AND, AFTER ALL, THE PHILIPPINES ARE ONLY THE STEPPING-STONE TO CHINA

E. FlohriJudge, March 21, 1900Uncle Sam, carrying a book entitled Education and Religion, brings railroads and modern industrial goods to China which awaits him with open arms. The cartoon justifies the U.S. occupation of the Philippines as a stepping stone in this trade. But as a matter of fact, the U.S.’s principal trans-Pacific trading partner was Japan, not China

Asian Influence--Creation of American Foreign Policy

1. Growth of U.S. economy depended on exports

2. Had the right to intervene abroad in order to keep open foreign markets

3. Feared the closing of an area to American people, product or ideas threatened U.S. survival

Cartoon: "In the Chinese Labyrinth," the foreign powers try to avoid war - except for Germany's Kaiser, who puts his foot right in it.

 

Foreign influence in China

• U.S. saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia

• China was weakened due to war and foreign intervention “Sick man of Asia

• “Open Door Notes” letter addressed to imperialist nations stating that no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with China

• Chinese Martial Artists fought back in the Boxer Rebellion.

• Japan ,Britain, France, Germany and America put down the rebellion killing thousands of Chinese

America as a World Power

Teddy Roosevelt-McKinley is assassinated by an anarchist-Teddy Roosevelt becomes President-Progressivism-Imperialism-Panama Canal-Columbia-Panamanian Revolution-American influence in Panama and the construction of the Panama Canal-Roosevelt Corollary 

 

TROUBLE AHEAD FOR THE TRAINER

J. S. PughePuck, date unknownPresident Theodore Roosevelt is shown as a muscular circus trainer brandishing a whip and controlling domestic economic monopolies (“Trusts”), the Republican Party (the elephant), the Dominican Republic (San Domingo), Panama (a stubborn donkey) and the Philippines caricatured as a black savage. Progressive Republican TR pursued both a reformist economic policy at home and an imperialist policy abroad

T.R. and the World• 1905- Japan and Russia go to

war• Japan asks American to

intervene as a peace negotiator

• On the President’s yacht the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed

• This event gave T. Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize and made him a trusted confident with two powerful countries

Panama Canal• A canal cutting across Central

America. • Greatly reduce travel time for

commercial and military ships• Bought a French Company’s

failed attempt at the building of the canal for $40 million

• Panama declared independence from Columbia (With American support)

• Gave permission to build canal for a fee of $10 million and an annual rent payment of $250,000!

The Roosevelt Corollary

• Many Latin American countries were in debt to European nations

• Roosevelt feared what would happen if they couldn’t make payments

• Reminded Europe of the MONROE DOCTRINE• Added the Roosevelt Corollary: disorder in Latin

America might, “force the United States…. To the exercise of an international police power”– ** Protecting economic interests in Latin America

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy

• Added his own touch to the Monroe Doctrine• Denied United States recognition to any Latin

American government that it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests.– Before, we recognized any gov’t no matter their

policies or how they came to power• Pressured nations in the Western Hemisphere to

form Democratic governments– **Immediately tested with the Mexican Revolution!