Imperialism and the Emergence of the U.S. as a World...
Transcript of Imperialism and the Emergence of the U.S. as a World...
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Imperialism and the Emergence
of the U.S. as a World Power 1872-1900
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What is Imperialism?
Imperialism is the economic and political domination of a strong country over a weaker one
Different ways they can take over:
◦ Colony – complete control of the new territory
◦ Protectorate – where the stronger country allows the local rulers to stay in power but helps “protect” against uprisings/rebellions
◦ Annexation – to take and add something
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Early U.S. Imperialism
After Reconstruction – people in the U.S. wanted to see the U.S. become a world power and have more influence
People wanted this for many reasons: 5 D’s of imperialism
◦ Dollars
◦ Diplomacy
◦ Democracy
◦ Destiny (Manifest)
◦ Darwinism (Social)
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Dollars – Need for Foreign Markets
and Trading Partners
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Diplomacy
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Social Darwinsim - White Man’s
Burden
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Social Darwinism - White Man’s
Burden
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Destiny (Manifest)
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Democracy
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Expansion of the U.S. – Alaska
Manifest Destiny is “complete” after War
with Mexico in the 1850s
BUT – Sec. of State William Seward buys
Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million
◦ People thought this was a huge mistake
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U.S. Strategic Military Interests
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“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million
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“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
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Hawaii – Crossroads of the Pacific
1890 – McKinley Tariff – eliminates
all taxes on sugar
1893 – American businessmen
backed an uprising against Queen
Liliuokalani.
U.S. waits until McKinley is
President and then Annexes Hawaii
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U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by of economic treaties.
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Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
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Latin America
Wanted to expand
market for
American Goods
Pan- Americansim
– Ideas that
American nations
can work together
to support peace
and increase trade
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Building a Modern Navy
Needed to modernize to help protect foreign interests
People were more willing to go to war to protect interests
U.S. needed to build up Navy and bases around the world to be powerful
Alfred Mahan – Taught at Naval War College in R.I. Put these ideas in a book
Henry Cabot Lodge and Alfred Beveridge also supported this
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Americans Support Cubans
At the start of the war President Grover
Cleveland declared the U.S. to be a
neutral country
Despite neutrality most Americans
remained supportive of the Cuban rebels
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Yellow Journalism Drums Up Support for
the War
Dramatic stories that
appeared in the nation’s
two most popular
newspapers generated
passionate support of
Cuban rebels
New York World
◦ Joseph Pulitzer
New York Journal
◦ William Randolph Hearst
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“Remember the Maine”
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Explosion of War
In 1897 William McKinley became President of the U.S. ◦ McKinley wanted to maintain a neutral
position ◦ September 1897 McKinley asks to mediate ◦ Spain offers limited independence to Cuba ◦ February 1898 Spanish loyalists riot in Havana ◦ McKinley orders the battleship Maine to
Havana ◦ Shortly after a letter from a Spanish diplomat
is intercepted and printed In the letter from the Spanish diplomat President McKinley is described as a “weak” leader
◦ …and then the Maine burst into flames!!!!
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A Two Front War In the Pacific the U.S. Navy lead by Commodore George Dewey
launches an attack that destroys the Spanish fleet located in Manila Bay in the Philippines.
The Army then sends 20,000 troops to the Philippines to secure the islands. In addition they also take over the island of Guam which was another Spanish colony.
In June of 1898 the U.S. Army launches its campaign to control Santiago Harbor in Cuba.
On August 12, 1898 Spain and the U.S. agree to a cease-fire.
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The “Rough Riders”
◦ All volunteer unit lead by Colonel Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt
◦ Achieved fame for their assault on San Juan Heights
◦ Makes Roosevelt a national war hero
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Treaty of Paris
Cuba became an independent nation
The U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and Guam
from Spain
Spain received $20 million for the
Philippines from the U.S.
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Post War Cuba
Despite granting Cuba recognition as an
independent nation the U.S. established a
military government in Cuba following the
war
The Platt Amendment was then included
in the Cuban Constitution to ensure that
Cuba would remain tied to the U.S.
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The Platt Amendment 1. Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation
that would weaken its power or allow another foreign nation to gain territory in Cuba
2. Cuba had to allow the U.S. to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba
3. Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment
4. The U.S. would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order
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Problems in the Philippines
The U.S. had difficulty controlling their new colony the Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo a Filipino revolutionary lead an attack against American soldiers stationed in the Philippines
William Howard Taft introduces reforms in education, transportation, and health care in an attempt to win over the Filipino people
By April 1902 all Filipino resistance to U.S. rule had stopped
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The Foraker Act
In 1900 Congress passed this law making Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory
Puerto Ricans are gradually allowed some degree of self-government
In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made official U.S. citizens
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“That damned cowboy is president of
the United States” Theodore “Teddy”
Roosevelt becomes President after the assassination of William McKinley
Roosevelt was an active man who preached about the necessity of living the strenuous life
Roosevelt believed that the U.S. had a duty to shape the “less civilized” parts of the world
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American Diplomacy in Asia
Many different industrialized nations were
competing for trading privileges with China
Many different industrialized nations had forced a
weaker China into leasing territory to them
◦ These leased territories became the center of a
sphere of influence An area where a foreign nation controlled economic development
such as railroad and mining
Influences decisions
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The Open Door Policy
President McKinley and Secretary of State John
Hay believed that all countries should be
allowed to trade with China
Hay sent letters to the leaders of all countries
with leaseholds in China asking them to keep
ports open to all nations, this policy is known as
the Open Door Policy
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Teddy Roosevelt Wins the Nobel Peace
Prize In 1906 Teddy Roosevelt received the Nobel
Peace prize for his efforts in ending the Russo-Japanese War
After the peace treaty was reached relations between the Japanese and U.S. grew tense
Tensions increased between the two nations after Teddy Roosevelt ordered the “Great White Fleet” to sail around the world
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A Growing Presence in the Caribbean
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
◦ Signed by the U.S. and Great Britain
◦ Gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build and
control any proposed canal though Central
America
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The Panama Canal
A French company had begun building a canal through Panama
In 1903 Panama was part of Columbia, which refused to allow the U.S. to buy the land necessary to build the canal
Panamanians declare their independence from Columbia and make a deal with the U.S.
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Significance of the Panama Canal
1. Made shipping goods from to the Pacific
much easier
2. In times of War made mobilizing troops
dramatically easier especially during
WWI, WWII, the Korean War, and the
Vietnam War
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine
In 1904 the Roosevelt Corollary stated that the
U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs
when necessary to maintain economic and
political stability in the Western Hemisphere
How do you think Latin American nations felt
about America’s growing influence?
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