America’s Changing America’s Changing EconomyEconomy

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Themes of American HistoryThemes of American History

Keep these themes in mind as you study Keep these themes in mind as you study this and the next few chaptersthis and the next few chapters Sectionalism – differences between North, Sectionalism – differences between North,

South and West!South and West! North becomes more committed to free-labor, North becomes more committed to free-labor,

while slavery becomes entrenched in the while slavery becomes entrenched in the SouthSouth

Antebellum (Latin for “before the war”) Antebellum (Latin for “before the war”) changes and reformchanges and reform

Changes in the American Changes in the American PopulationPopulation

ShiftsShifts IncreaseIncrease

1790 = 4 million1790 = 4 million1820 = 10 million1820 = 10 million1830 = 13 million1830 = 13 million1840= 17 million1840= 17 million

Reason for increaseReason for increase Children had a higher chance of survival Children had a higher chance of survival Immigration rapid increase in 1830s Immigration rapid increase in 1830s Reduced transportation costsReduced transportation costs

Shifts Cont’dShifts Cont’d Where?Where?

cities in Northeast (largest)cities in Northeast (largest)

New Englanders moved to the west (more opportunity)New Englanders moved to the west (more opportunity)

1790 one person in thirty lived in a city1790 one person in thirty lived in a city

1820 one in twenty1820 one in twenty

1840 one in twelve1840 one in twelve Why?Why?

Superior HarborSuperior Harbor

Erie Canal (commerce/trade opportunities)Erie Canal (commerce/trade opportunities)

Liberal state laws that made the city attractive to Liberal state laws that made the city attractive to foreign and domestic commerceforeign and domestic commerce

Immigration and Urban GrowthImmigration and Urban Growth Northeastern CitiesNortheastern Cities

New York 1840: 312,000 / 1860: 805,000 (+ Brooklyn = 1.2 New York 1840: 312,000 / 1860: 805,000 (+ Brooklyn = 1.2 million)million)Philadelphia 1840: 220,000 / 1860: 565,000Philadelphia 1840: 220,000 / 1860: 565,000Boston 1840: 93,000 / 1860: 565,000Boston 1840: 93,000 / 1860: 565,000By 1860 26% of all Northern citizens were living in towns or citiesBy 1860 26% of all Northern citizens were living in towns or citiesBy 1860 10% of all Southern citizens were living in towns or citiesBy 1860 10% of all Southern citizens were living in towns or cities

Western CitiesWestern Citiesbig agr. economy of west region produced big urban growth there big agr. economy of west region produced big urban growth there as wellas wellcities that were small villages or trading posts became major cities that were small villages or trading posts became major citiescitiesSt. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville = on Mississippi RiverSt. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville = on Mississippi RiverBuffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Chicago = on Great LakesBuffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Chicago = on Great Lakes

Immigration Statistics (Numbers)Immigration Statistics (Numbers)1830 foreign born population 500,000 / 3 million1830 foreign born population 500,000 / 3 millionBetween 1840–1850 1.5 million+ Europeans moved to AmericaBetween 1840–1850 1.5 million+ Europeans moved to America1850 foreign born population 2.2 million / 23 million1850 foreign born population 2.2 million / 23 millionBetween 1850-1860 2.5 million+ Europeans moved to AmericaBetween 1850-1860 2.5 million+ Europeans moved to America

Immigration and Urban Growth Cont’dImmigration and Urban Growth Cont’d Demographics Demographics

FromFrom Ireland Ireland

approximately 45% of immigrantsapproximately 45% of immigrants

1860 1.5 million Irish immigrants in US1860 1.5 million Irish immigrants in US Germany Germany

approximately 20%approximately 20%

1860 1 million German immigrants in US1860 1 million German immigrants in US

ToTo Half the residents in New York City were foreign bornHalf the residents in New York City were foreign born

Why Leave?Why Leave? GermanyGermany

widespread povertywidespread poverty

collapse of revolutioncollapse of revolution IrelandIreland

English oppressionEnglish oppression

potato famine 1845-1849 (1,000,000 dead)potato famine 1845-1849 (1,000,000 dead)

NativismNativism Positive Outlook toward immigrationPositive Outlook toward immigration

large supply of cheap laborlarge supply of cheap labor

keep wages low keep wages low

expand western population expand western population Negative Outlook toward immigrationNegative Outlook toward immigration

““Nativism” = defense of native-born people and a Nativism” = defense of native-born people and a hostility to the foreign-born and a desire to slow hostility to the foreign-born and a desire to slow immigrationimmigration

racism, immigrants inferiorracism, immigrants inferior

insufficient standards of civilizationinsufficient standards of civilization

stealing jobsstealing jobs

fear of Roman Catholic Churchfear of Roman Catholic Church

Nativism Cont’dNativism Cont’d Anti-Immigrant OrganizationsAnti-Immigrant Organizations

Native American Association (HA!) political partyNative American Association (HA!) political party

Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled BannerSupreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner ““Know Nothings”Know Nothings”

created political organization in 1852created political organization in 1852

won control of state gov. in Massachusettswon control of state gov. in Massachusetts

contributed to the collapse of political contributed to the collapse of political systems/alignmentssystems/alignments

TechnologyTechnologyTransportation (Canals and Railroads)Transportation (Canals and Railroads)

CanalsCanalsLarge rivers (Mississippi and Ohio) = Large influence in early Large rivers (Mississippi and Ohio) = Large influence in early 1800s1800s

Inconvenient time and length of travelInconvenient time and length of travel

1820s Steamboats grew in number and improved design1820s Steamboats grew in number and improved design carried corn of NW farmerscarried corn of NW farmers cotton of Southwestern planterscotton of Southwestern planters need for more direct path than out of New Orleans and around Fla.need for more direct path than out of New Orleans and around Fla.

A canal provided a direct path and could carry moreA canal provided a direct path and could carry more

New York = Erie Canal in 1825New York = Erie Canal in 1825

Replaced New OrleansReplaced New Orleans

not all Canals successful, many costlynot all Canals successful, many costly

not all areas able to get a canal not all areas able to get a canal

Transportation (Canals and Railroads) Transportation (Canals and Railroads) Cont’dCont’d

RailroadsRailroadsPrivate enterprises in cities unable to get CanalsPrivate enterprises in cities unable to get CanalsCompetition between Railroad and Canal companiesCompetition between Railroad and Canal companiesMore advantages to railroadsMore advantages to railroads

more productmore product fasterfaster easier to lay track easier to lay track can go anywherecan go anywhere

1836 1,000 + miles of track in 11 states1836 1,000 + miles of track in 11 states1840 2,818 miles1840 2,818 miles1850 9,021 miles1850 9,021 milesNortheast had twice as much trackage per square Northeast had twice as much trackage per square mile than in the Northwest, and four times as much mile than in the Northwest, and four times as much trackage per square mile than in the Southtrackage per square mile than in the South

CommunicationCommunication Telegraph (1844, Samuel F.B. Morse)Telegraph (1844, Samuel F.B. Morse)

helped scheduling and routing of trainshelped scheduling and routing of trainsinstant communication between citiesinstant communication between citiesreinforced schism between North and Southreinforced schism between North and Southlinked North to Northwest linked North to Northwest

Steam cylinder rotary press (1846, Richard Hoe)Steam cylinder rotary press (1846, Richard Hoe)made it possible to print newspapers cheaply and rapidlymade it possible to print newspapers cheaply and rapidly1846 Associated Press 1846 Associated Press most papers from North most papers from North

Other inventionsOther inventions Charles Goodyear, NE hardware merchant = vulcanized Charles Goodyear, NE hardware merchant = vulcanized

rubberrubber Elias Howe and Isaac Singer = sewing machine (Civil Elias Howe and Isaac Singer = sewing machine (Civil

War clothing)War clothing) Eli Whitney and Simeon North = gun Eli Whitney and Simeon North = gun

factories/factories/interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts Coal becoming chief industrial fuel, replacing woodCoal becoming chief industrial fuel, replacing wood

Commerce and IndustryCommerce and IndustryCorporationsCorporations

combined the resources of a large number combined the resources of a large number of shareholdersof shareholders

more combined money = powermore combined money = power

more profitmore profit Ownership of American enterprises shifted Ownership of American enterprises shifted

away from individuals stockholders each away from individuals stockholders each owning a relatively small portion of the totalowning a relatively small portion of the total

Industrial capitalists soon became the new Industrial capitalists soon became the new ruling class of aristocrats, and they were ruling class of aristocrats, and they were from the Northeast*from the Northeast*

CreditCredit many businesses relied on creditmany businesses relied on credit created a dangerous instabilitycreated a dangerous instability only gov.’t could issue currency, but banks issued “bank only gov.’t could issue currency, but banks issued “bank

notes”notes”unofficial currency that circulated similarly to government unofficial currency that circulated similarly to government currency but was of much less stable valuecurrency but was of much less stable valuebanks issued these notes to meet the growing demand for banks issued these notes to meet the growing demand for capital expanding business venturescapital expanding business ventureslead to bank failures and insecurity of depositslead to bank failures and insecurity of deposits

Factories Factories Larger machines driven by water power Larger machines driven by water power Allowed them to bring all textile operations together Allowed them to bring all textile operations together

under a single roof (factory)under a single roof (factory) Factory system spread rapidly in the 1820sFactory system spread rapidly in the 1820s rapid economical expansion lead to increase in machine rapid economical expansion lead to increase in machine

technology due to high rewardtechnology due to high reward

StatisticsStatistics 1840 the total value of manufactured goods 1840 the total value of manufactured goods

produced in the US = $483 millionproduced in the US = $483 million 1850 = $1 billion1850 = $1 billion 1860 = $2 billion1860 = $2 billion little export, not able to meet demands of little export, not able to meet demands of

American consumersAmerican consumers

Labor ForceLabor Force

““Natives”Natives” 1820s: 90% of Americans still lived and worked on 1820s: 90% of Americans still lived and worked on

farmsfarms new farming methods were less labor intensive than new farming methods were less labor intensive than

the old ones the old ones large crops in the West, small crops in East lead large crops in the West, small crops in East lead

many to movemany to move original working conditions were much nicer than original working conditions were much nicer than

later working conditionslater working conditionscompetitive labor marketcompetitive labor market

Female life in the factoryFemale life in the factoryworking from sunrise to sunset*working from sunrise to sunset*lonelinessloneliness““paternalistic” factories (Lowell) paternalistic” factories (Lowell)

““Natives” Cont’dNatives” Cont’d Female UnionsFemale Unions

1834 Lowell female workers started the Factory girls 1834 Lowell female workers started the Factory girls Association staged a strike in protest to a 25% wage Association staged a strike in protest to a 25% wage cutcut

1836 another strike to protest an increase in rent at 1836 another strike to protest an increase in rent at the boarding housesthe boarding houses

both strikes failedboth strikes failed Other work?Other work?

women barred from working as sailors or on dockswomen barred from working as sailors or on docks

mill workers gradually began moving into other mill workers gradually began moving into other occupations such as teaching, domestic service, or occupations such as teaching, domestic service, or marriagemarriage

ImmigrantsImmigrants Why Immigrants over females?Why Immigrants over females?

large amounts large amounts inexpensive labor forceinexpensive labor forcewould take any work possible despite wage or conditionswould take any work possible despite wage or conditions

Type of workType of workmills/factoriesmills/factoriesunsanitary conditionsunsanitary conditionsbuilding canals, turnpikes, railroadsbuilding canals, turnpikes, railroadsoften “piece rates” = pay based on how much worker producedoften “piece rates” = pay based on how much worker producedaverage income for skilled male laborers averaged $4 - $10 a average income for skilled male laborers averaged $4 - $10 a weekweekaverage income for unskilled laborers averaged $1 - $6 a weekaverage income for unskilled laborers averaged $1 - $6 a weekaveraged workday extended twelve and often fourteen hoursaveraged workday extended twelve and often fourteen hoursseasonal and uncertainseasonal and uncertain

Life of the Immigrant workerLife of the Immigrant workerusually did not earn enough to support families even in minimal usually did not earn enough to support families even in minimal comfortcomfort

Artisans and Early UnionsArtisans and Early Unions Mass-production factories displaced skilled artisansMass-production factories displaced skilled artisans Trade unionsTrade unions

first started as societies of mutual aide across all N.E. citiesfirst started as societies of mutual aide across all N.E. cities SetbacksSetbacks

struggled against the handicap of hostile laws and hostile courtsstruggled against the handicap of hostile laws and hostile courtsPanic of 1837 weakened movement Panic of 1837 weakened movement

Fighting For ControlFighting For Control Some states pass laws limiting work-day to 10 hours, Some states pass laws limiting work-day to 10 hours,

but …but … Some states pass laws limiting child labor but… Some states pass laws limiting child labor but… Commonwealth v. Hunt, Massachusetts declares unions Commonwealth v. Hunt, Massachusetts declares unions

lawful organizations and the strike a lawful weapon in lawful organizations and the strike a lawful weapon in 18421842

Virtually all early craft unions excluded womenVirtually all early craft unions excluded women Comparing: England vs. US 1840s and 1850sComparing: England vs. US 1840s and 1850s

In England, powerful, united and often violent political forceIn England, powerful, united and often violent political forceIn US. nothing of the sortIn US. nothing of the sort

Patterns of SocietyPatterns of Society

Rich and Poor Rich and Poor StatsStats

Revolution era: 45% of wealth controlled by 10% Revolution era: 45% of wealth controlled by 10% of populationof population

Boston 1845: 65% of wealth controlled by 4% of Boston 1845: 65% of wealth controlled by 4% of populationpopulation

Philadelphia 1860: 50% of wealth controlled by Philadelphia 1860: 50% of wealth controlled by 1% of population1% of population

America 1860: 50% of wealth controlled by 5% of America 1860: 50% of wealth controlled by 5% of populationpopulation

Rich and Poor Cont’dRich and Poor Cont’d RichRich

mansionsmansionscarriages (Central Park)carriages (Central Park)household goodshousehold goodsclothesclothesclubsclubs

PoorPoorhomelesshomelesswithout resourceswithout resourcesoften dependent on charity or crimeoften dependent on charity or crimewidowswidowsorphansorphansalcoholicsalcoholics

Rich and Poor Cont’dRich and Poor Cont’d Racism and economicsRacism and economics

IrishIrish

Free-BlacksFree-Blacks could not votecould not vote could not attend public schoolscould not attend public schools freedom did NOT mean equalityfreedom did NOT mean equality

Social MobilitySocial Mobility less class conflict given division between rich less class conflict given division between rich

and poorand poor material life better in city/factories than on material life better in city/factories than on

farmsfarms mobility as a “safety valve” mobility as a “safety valve”

Middle-class LifeMiddle-class Life fastest growing group was the middle classfastest growing group was the middle class prosperity possible without owning landprosperity possible without owning land inventionsinventions DietsDiets

The Changing FamilyThe Changing Family families leaving farms, jobs valued more than families leaving farms, jobs valued more than

landland shift of income-earning work from the home to shift of income-earning work from the home to

the mill, shop or factorythe mill, shop or factory decline of birth rate: 1860 each woman decline of birth rate: 1860 each woman

averaged 5averaged 5

Women and the “Cult of Domesticity”Women and the “Cult of Domesticity” denied many legal and political rightsdenied many legal and political rights nearly impossible for women to obtain divorcesnearly impossible for women to obtain divorces wife beating and marriage rape only illegal in few wife beating and marriage rape only illegal in few

statesstates very little access to business or politicsvery little access to business or politics much less education than menmuch less education than men new industrial society = men producer/women new industrial society = men producer/women

domestic servantdomestic servant ““guardians of domestic virtues”guardians of domestic virtues” ““separate sphere separate sphere

The Agricultural North The Agricultural North

ShiftsShifts Wheat ProductionWheat Production

Center of Production 1840: New York, Penn, Ohio, VirginiaCenter of Production 1840: New York, Penn, Ohio, Virginia

Center of Production 1860: Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Center of Production 1860: Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio, MichiganOhio, Michigan

Cattle raisingCattle raisingCenter of Production 1840s: New York, Penn, N.E.Center of Production 1840s: New York, Penn, N.E.

Center of Production 1850s: Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa Center of Production 1850s: Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa and Texasand Texas

the trend is that rural population in N.East continues the trend is that rural population in N.East continues to declineto decline

The Old Northwest (Midwest)The Old Northwest (Midwest) Three industrial centersThree industrial centers

Lake Erie (Cleveland)Lake Erie (Cleveland)Ohio River Valley (Cincinnati)Ohio River Valley (Cincinnati)Lake Michigan (Chicago)Lake Michigan (Chicago)

FunctionsFunctionsserved agriculture (machinery)served agriculture (machinery)relied on agriculture relied on agriculture primarily an agricultural regionprimarily an agricultural regionBoostsBoosts

rising farm prices around the world (Napoleonic Wars) rising farm prices around the world (Napoleonic Wars) increased profitincreased profitincreased incentiveincreased incentivesingle crop focussingle crop focus

industrializationindustrializationsteadily rising farm pricessteadily rising farm prices

The Old Northwest (Midwest) Cont’dThe Old Northwest (Midwest) Cont’d Economic Friendship between N.East and Economic Friendship between N.East and

N.WestN.WestNorthwest sold most of its products to the NENorthwest sold most of its products to the NE

Norhteast found an important market with people in Norhteast found an important market with people in NWNW

South isolatedSouth isolated Technology increaseTechnology increase

farming methodsfarming methods