American Industrialization
-
Upload
ivor-cochran -
Category
Documents
-
view
41 -
download
0
description
Transcript of American Industrialization
American American IndustrializationIndustrialization
Edwin L. DrakeEdwin L. Drake 18591859 Titusville, PATitusville, PA Drilled for oil using Drilled for oil using
steam powered engine.steam powered engine. Cheaper and more Cheaper and more
efficient way to obtain efficient way to obtain oil.oil.
1
Drake’s WellDrake’s WellTitusville,Titusville,
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania18591859
Produced 10 Produced 10 barrels per barrels per
dayday
Thomas EdisonThomas Edison 1880 improved the filament in light 1880 improved the filament in light
bulbs (bamboo fiber).bulbs (bamboo fiber). 1882 built first power plant that lit 1882 built first power plant that lit
dozens of buildings in NYC.dozens of buildings in NYC. Used direct current which could Used direct current which could
only travel short distances.only travel short distances. Received over 1090 patents from Received over 1090 patents from
U.S. Govt.U.S. Govt.
2
Thomas EdisonThomas Edison
Thomas EdisonThomas Edison
Thomas EdisonThomas Edison
George WestinghouseGeorge Westinghouse
Ω 18851885Ω Used alternating current (AC).Used alternating current (AC).Ω Cheaper & traveled longer distance than Cheaper & traveled longer distance than
direct current (DC).direct current (DC).Ω Invented the transformer to boost or Invented the transformer to boost or
reduce the power level as needed.reduce the power level as needed.Ω Made home electricity use practical.Made home electricity use practical.
13
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. MorsePerfected the telegraph (did not Perfected the telegraph (did not
invent it).invent it).1844 – sent first telegraph 1844 – sent first telegraph
message.message.Morse Code – short & long Morse Code – short & long
electrical impulses to represent electrical impulses to represent letters of the alphabet.letters of the alphabet.
Began a communication revolution.Began a communication revolution.
4
The TelegraphThe Telegraph
Morse CodeMorse Code
Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell
1876 – Patented the “talking telegraph.”
1885 – Set up the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) to build long distance telephone lines.
1900 – 1.5 million telephones in use in America.
5
The earliest “talking The earliest “talking telegraphs”telegraphs”
The latest “talking The latest “talking telegraphs”telegraphs”
Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer 1856 – received first patent for the 1856 – received first patent for the
“Bessemer process.”“Bessemer process.” Made production of steel from iron Made production of steel from iron
faster and cheaper.faster and cheaper. Mass production of steel allowed Mass production of steel allowed
the building of skyscrapers, the building of skyscrapers, railroad rails, and large suspension railroad rails, and large suspension bridges (Brooklyn Bridge 1883).bridges (Brooklyn Bridge 1883).
6
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Born in Scotland.Born in Scotland. Immigrated to U.S. when 12.Immigrated to U.S. when 12. Worked as a bobbin boy in a Worked as a bobbin boy in a
textile mill.textile mill. Created Carnegie Steel.Created Carnegie Steel. Became wealthiest man in U.S.Became wealthiest man in U.S. “ “Gospel of Wealth” philosophy.Gospel of Wealth” philosophy.
7
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie
Brooklyn bridgeBrooklyn bridge
Gospel of Wealth People should be free to make as People should be free to make as
much money as possible, but much money as possible, but should give most of it away to should give most of it away to improve society as a whole.improve society as a whole.
8
John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller• Son of a poor street peddler in NYC.Son of a poor street peddler in NYC.• Invested in a grain and meat partnership Invested in a grain and meat partnership
during Civil War.during Civil War.• 1870 – joined with other businessmen to 1870 – joined with other businessmen to
form the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.form the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.• 1882 – joined Standard Oil stock with 40 1882 – joined Standard Oil stock with 40
other oil companies to form Standard Oil other oil companies to form Standard Oil Trust.Trust.
9
John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller &
John D. Jr. 1921
Railroads
Transcontinental railroad
1862-1869 Railway extending from the east to the
west coast. Funded by the U.S. government. Irish immigrants worked from the East. Chinese immigrants worked from the
West. Completed about 8 miles of track per
day. Tracks met at Promontory Point, Utah.
10
Transcontinental railroad
Central Pacific Locomotive #1
Transcontinental Railroad“Driving of the Golden Spike”
Transcontinental Railroad Route
Promontory Point, Utah
Significance of Railroads
Faster, cheaper way to move people and products.Connects isolated markets.Encourages other industry to develop. 50% of steel and 20% of coal produced went to the RR’s.
11
Railroad Corruption
Overcharged customers.
Rebates to favored customers.
Charged more for a short-haul than a long-haul.
Kept rates secret and charged different customers different amounts for the same service.
12
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 - Regulated the prices railroads charged to move freight between states - based on distance traveled. Outlawed special rates. Showed that Congress had the power to regulate interstate trade. Established the Interstate Commerce Commission.
13
The Growth of
BIG Business in America
Social Darwinism
• Philosophy that applied Charles Darwin’s theory of “survival of the fittest” to the business world.
• The most “fit” businesses would grow and prosper and the “unfit” ones would fail.
• So government should stay out of the affairs of business and let the process of “natural selection” operate.
14
New Types of Business
Structures
Oligopoly•A type of market structure in
which a particular product is produced by only a few large profitable companies.
•Examples: automobiles, breakfast cereals, appliances.
15
Monopoly• Complete control of a product or
service by one company.• Happens when one company
forces its competition out of business or buys them out.
• Bad for consumers because without competition, a company could charge unreasonable prices.
16
Trust• A type of business monopoly.• Instead of one business buying out
the competition, several companies combine their assets and give control to a “board of trustees.”
• How J.D. Rockefeller controlled most of the oil in America without technically violating the law.
17
Vertical Consolidation
• When a company owns all the businesses that make up the phases of a product’s manufacture.
• Example: Carnegie’s steel empire – He owned the iron ore mines, the coal mines, the steel mills, the ships and railroads – EVERYTHING. involved in making and shipping steel (from the ground up).
18
Vertical Consolidatio
n
Carnegie’s business structure
Horizontal Consolidation
• The joining of many firms engaged in the same business so that you have no competition.
• Example: Rockefeller acquired all the independent oil refineries that had been his competitors.
19
Horizontal Consolidation
Rockefeller’s business structure
Economies of Scale
As production increases, the cost of each item decreases. (The more of something a company makes, the cheaper the product becomes.)
20
Problems with Industrializatio
n
Harsh Working Conditions
•Workers fined or fired for being late or talking
•Unsafe •Deafening noise •Poor lighting and ventilation•Frequent fires and accidents
21
continued
Harsh Working Conditions
•500,000 workers were completely disabled each year .
•35,000 killed each year.•No corporate accountability for
worker safety. No workers’ compensation laws or insurance.
•You get hurt, you get fired.
21
Sweatshops•A shop where
employees worked long hours under poor working conditions for low wages.
22
Child Labor
Child Labor
Child Labor•No child labor laws existed.•Children as young as 6 could work in a factory.
•Many children left school at 12 to go work permanently just so families could eat.
•Many were injured or killed.
23
Responses to these
Problems
SocialismAn economic and political
philosophy which proposes:Wealth should be distributed
equally to everyone;People should cooperate, not
compete in producing goods;Society as a whole, not just a
few private individuals should have control of a nation’s wealth.
24
Labor Unions
Groups of workers with similar jobs that join together to fight for better working conditions
higher pay
more benefits
25
Collective Bargaining
Workers negotiate as a group with employers.
One or two are chosen as spokesmen for the group.
26
StrikeA tactic in which workers refuse to work until their demands are met by management.
27
Strikers on a Picket Line
ScabsNon-union workers hired by management to take the place of striking workers.
28
Knights of Labor• Formed in 1869 by Terrence Powderly • Joined all workers together (men, women,
all races, and all trades) • Used education and political action to
achieve these goals: Equal pay for equal work 8-hour work day End to child labor
29
Knights of Labor
Charter
Knights of Labor
print featuring founder
Terrence Powderly
In the beginning, God ordained that man should labor, not as a curse, but as a blessing; not as a punishment, but as means of development, physically, mentally, morally, and has set thereunto his seal of approval in the rich increase and reward. By labor is brought forward the kindly fruits of the earth in rich abundance for our sustenance and comfort; by labor (not exhaustive) is promoted health of the body and strength of mind, labor garners the priceless stores of wisdom and knowledge. It is the “Philosopher’s Stone,” everything it touches turns to wealth. “Labor is noble and holy.” To glorify God in its exercise, to defend it from degradation, to divest it of the evils to body, mind, and estate, which ignorance and greed have imposed; to rescue the toiler from the grasp of the selfish is a work worthy of the noblest and best of our race.You have been selected from among your associates for that exalted purpose. Are you willing to accept the responsibility, and, trusting in the support of pledged true Knights, labor, with what ability you possess, for the triumph of these principles among men?
Knights of Labor Creed
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. Used strikes and boycotts to achieve their
goals. Craft-based union. Not open to everyone. Focused on wages, hours, and working
conditions.
30
American Federation of Labor Emblem
Samuel Gompers
The Wobblies Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Founded in 1905 by a socialist, Eugene V.
Debs. A radical union that used violence during
strikes. Goal was the world-wide destruction of
capitalism by labor forces.
31
Eugene V. Debs, Founder of the IWW
The Wobblies (IWW)
Employer Responses to Unions
Employers resisted unionization because they feared it would drive costs up.
Forbad meetingsFired union organizersForced employees to sign a contract
pledging not to join a union Refused to bargain collectivelyRefused to recognize unions
32
Labor Unrest Leads to Violent Confrontations Between Management
and Labor
Pinkertons A police force for hire Founded by Samuel Pinkerton The first secret service agency
protecting Lincoln. Known for their ability to break
up strikes.
33
Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency
Great Railroad Strike of 187734
Baltimore and Ohio RR announced a 10% wage cut.
Train lengths were doubled, increasing the chance of accidents.
RR workers in Pittsburg, PA struck. The strike turned into a violent riot. Soldiers fired on rioters who responded by
burning RR property.
Railroad Strike of 1877
Railroad Strike of 1877
Railroad Strike of 1877
Railroad Strike of 1877
Railroad Strike of 1877
Railroad Strike of 1877
Haymarket Riot (1886) Workers struck for an 8-hour workday. At a rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago, on
May 4, anarchists joined the strikers. Someone threw a bomb into the group of 170
armed police guards. Dozens were killed in the gunfight that followed. Four anarchists were hanged; the others were
pardoned. We don’t know who threw the bomb.
35
Haymarket Riot (1886)
7 officers killed in Haymarket Riot
People Involved in the Haymarket Riot (1886)
Anarchist Rally held the day
after the Haymarket
Riot
Haymarket anarchists on their way to the gallows
Gallows for the
Haymarket Anarchists,
Nov. 11, 1887
Haymarket Riot Postcard
Haymarket Riot Monument 1997
Homestead Strike (1892) William Frick tried to cut wages at
Homestead Steel Works in PA while Carnegie was in Scotland.
Union workers struck. Frick called in the Pinkertons who opened
fire on the strikers. Soldiers called in to quell the strike. Dozens killed After an assassination attempt on Frick’s life,
the union surrendered.
36
Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Works
Pinkertons Arriving by Barge
Federal Troops Called In
Pullman Strike (1894)George Pullman built the first luxury “sleeper”
rail carsHis Chicago workers lived in the “company
town” used “company script” as money at the “company store”
During an economic depression, Pullman cut wages and laid-off workers but did not cut rent.
When workers protested, he fired them, causing a strike.
37
continued
Pullman Strike (1894)Other RR unions in 23 states joined in
More than a 1000 rail cars were destroyed13 workers killed
RR service to the western half of the country is disrupted, including mail service.
Owners banded together and sought court orders to halt any union activity that interfered with the delivery of the mail.
Union leader Eugene V. Debs was imprisoned
37
George Pullman
Pullman Strike (1894)
Pullman Strike (1894)
Pullman Strike (1894)