America at Mid-Century
description
Transcript of America at Mid-Century
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America at
Mid-Century 1952-1963
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AMERICAN SOCIETY AT MID-CENTURY
• Objective…
Identify the elements of mass culture and explain the criticism of mass
culture.
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Mass culture - AKA “Pop culture” The norms (ideas, perspectives, attitudes & behaviors) promoted by
the mass media and accepted by the majority of a given culture.
1950s = Conformity
Why?
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FACTS about the 1950s…• US Population: 152,000,000 • Life expectancy: W 71.1 - M 65.6• Labor force male/female: 5/2
What Things Cost in 1950…• Car: $1,750• Gas: .27 cents/gal• House: $14,500 – • Bread: .14 cents/loaf - Milk: .82 cents/gal• Postage: .03 cents • Min. Wage: .75 cents per hr• Av. Salary: $3,000-$3,800
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John Kenneth Galbraith
The
Affluent
Society…
1) Galbraith’s criticism of American society…
1) Galbraith’s criticism of American society…
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The Eisenhower Presidency
Objective…
Describe Eisenhower’s leadership style & political philosophy on the role of government.
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Results of the 1952 Election.. Party Elector Pop Vote%
Eisenhower: Rep… 442… 55%Stevenson: Dem… 89… 44%
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“Ike for President”
• Basic background on Ike:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkaC2tDL-ww
• Ike for President jinglehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9RAxAgksSE
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DDE’s biography…• Born in1890 into a poor Texas family• Public education• 1915 - Graduates West Point • 1917 - WW I veteran & Advisor to MacArthur• 1943 - N. African campaign & D-Day
• 1945 - Allied Commander• 1945 - President Columbia University• 1950 - Leader of N.A.T.O.• 1952 - Elected U.S. President – 2 terms• 1961- Retires in Gettysburg, PA• 1969 - Dies in Washington DC
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dynamic Conservatism or Modern Republicanism
“Conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings” -
DDE
” “A middle of the road Republican”
2) DDE’s leadership style…
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The DDE Presidency 3) DDE’s “corporate commonwealth?”…
A) DDE’s appointments reflect…
B) Who should guide domestic policy & the economy…
4) What were the consequences of DDE’s environmental policy?
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"Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes you can do these things. Among them are...Texas oil millionaires and an occasional politician or business man from other areas. Their number is negligible and they are stupid."
5) What New Deal legacy did DDE
accept?
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The DDE Presidency
6) DDE’s views on “pumping the economy”…–The consequences of these
views…
7) What was the effect of DDE’s financial policies?
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Objective…
• Identify and explain the significance of DDE’s major legislative
accomplishments.
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8) Subsidizing Prosperity…Millions of Americans achieve middle class
A. Nat. Defense. Ed. Act (1958)…
B. Veterans Act…
• Emphasis on the importance of education.• Driven by the fear that we are falling behind the Soviets in science & technology (…Sputnik launched in 1957) • Grants to college students who went into education.• Grants to universities to update science programs.
• The GI Bill of Rights was expanded beyond education• Provides low interest mortgages & business loans to vets.•Promotes the growth of the suburbs. the growth of the suburbs
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C. Federal Highway Act…• AKA: The Eisenhower Highway Act• Builds 41K miles of highways in US• Encourages suburb development• Accelerates the decline of the cities• Causes the under funding of mass transit• The largest public works program in history
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdhJMKegnCI …Route 66
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• Following WW II, the FHA helped finance homes for returning veterans & their families. Facilitates the American dream of owning a house.
• Negatives… Favored new communities on the outskirts of cities… or favored suburban middle class developments; Favored single family homes v. multi-family; discriminated against minorities; Provided nothing to repair existing structures; Results in urban decay
D. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) …
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Objective…
Summarize the trends in the 1950s culture.
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I &E: Baby boom –The population
explosion between 1946- 1964.
• 1957: 1 birth every 7 seconds• 10M enter elementary school• Toy sales: 12.5B• Teacher shortages
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The Suburbs… 1957 - The Baby Boom peaks 1950s - Wm. Levitt mass produces homes 1950s – 13M homes built… 85% in the suburbs 1960’s – Urban areas are surrounded by suburbs
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Levittown, NY-PA
1950s - Wm. Levitt mass produces homes… assembly line production
1950s – 13M homes built… 85% in the suburbs
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Suburban Life9) How do the following typify suburban life …
A) Nuclear family & the
suburban housewife….
B) Role of religion…
“Stay at home Moms” … the efficient, charming homemaker
Back to church in mass #s
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How did many American women feel about their role as a homemaker?
“ the key figure in all suburbia, the thread that weaves between family and community- the keeper of the suburban dream”
UNHAPPY:Discontent, isolated, unchallenged, bored
• Women are frustrated• Limited employment opportunities• Unequal pay• Little encouragement to do more than be a Mom
10) Betty Freidan…Her alternative view?...
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1950s Sexist coffee advertisement… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRYfouuHPvs&feature=g-vrec&context=G2da5fe9RVAAAAAAAAAQ
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Lonely Crowds & Organization Men
11) According to critics what motivates Americans in the 1950s…
“inner directed” vs. “other directed”Inner = Morality results from internal drive & self discipline
Other = morality results from the need to conform
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Business in the 1950’s• The Organizational Men by Wm H. Whyte –
Companies advocate teamwork, cooperation, loyalty which led to the age of conformity
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Conglomerates- Large corporations buy smaller corporations in unrelated
industries
To avoid declines in a single industry
…Why did corporations expand into conglomerates?
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The Expansion
of Higher Education
12) What were the reasons for the rapid expansion in college enrollment in the 1950s…
• The Boomers arrive at college• The GI Bill (…applies to Korean vets)• Nat Defense Ed Act• Defense spending for research• “White collar” expectations of society
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Health & Medicine13) Improvements in health &
medicine after WW II…
Advances in Medicine …
Antibiotics widely distributed Open Heart Surgery
TuberculosisDiphtheria
Whooping coughMeasles
Poliomyelitis
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Jonas Salk - Developed the vaccine
that eradicated Polio.
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The Iron Lung
The Polio Vaccine
The March of Dimes
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Dr. Benjamin Spock Wrote a book on raising children that recommended…-Stay at home mothers-No spanking-Stay at home Moms-Family meetings so that children can express themselves
Baby and Child Care by Dr. Spock
• 10M sold in 1950s