Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.
-
Upload
ashtyn-satchell -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
1
Transcript of Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.
![Page 1: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Amateur ExtraLicense Class
Chapter 2
Operating Practices
![Page 2: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
General Operating
• Extra Class HF Frequencies• 80m: 3.500 MHz to 3.525 MHz• 75m: 3.600 MHz to 3.700 MHz• 40m: 7.000 MHz to 7.025 MHz• 20m: 14.000 MHz to 14.025 MHz• 20m: 14.150 MHz to 14.175 MHz• 15m: 21.000 MHz to 21.025 MHz• 15m: 21.200 MHz to 21.225 MHz
• Most DX operations in lower-end of the band.• Extra class portions of the bands are less crowded.
![Page 3: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
General Operation
• Frequency Selection• Be aware of the band edges!
Carrier Frequency
Carrier Frequency -2.8 KHz
Lower Side band Upper
Side band
Carrier - 300 Hz
Carrier Frequency
+2.8 KHz
Carrier
+300 Hz
![Page 4: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
General Operating
• Frequency Selection (cont’d)• ITU Regions 1, 2, & 3 allocations (especially 40m)• Band Plans
• Alternate bands/frequencies.• Be flexible.
![Page 5: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
General Operating
• DX’ing• Why DX?• DX windows
• 160m: 1.830 MHz to 1.835 MHz• 75m: 3.795 MHz to 3.800 MHz
• QSL managers.
![Page 6: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
General Operating
• DX’ing• DX operating techniques
• Listen before you transmit!• “You can’t work ‘em if you can’t hear ‘em!”• Use your full call once or twice.• Use standard (ICAO) phonetics.
• Pileup management• Simplex• Split• By-the-numbers
![Page 7: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
General Operating
• DX’ing• Split operation.
• DX station may be on a frequency not available to some answering stations.
• 40m.
• Separates calling stations from DX station.• Calling stations can hear DX station without interference.
• Spreads out pile-up.• Fewer calling stations on each frequency reduces interference
& DX station can more efficiently pick out a station to answer.
![Page 8: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
General Operating
• DX’ing• Propagation
• Conditions improving as Solar Cycle 24 ramps up.• Propagation forecasting software.• Propagation bulletins• Beacons.• Telnet/Packet spotting networks.• Move to lower frequency band as DX stations get
weaker.
![Page 9: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
E2C05 -- What is the function of a DX QSL Manager?
A. To allocate frequencies for DxpeditionsB. To handle the receiving and sending of
confirmation cards for a DX stationC. To run a net to allow many stations to contact
a rare DX stationD. To relay calls to and from a DX station
![Page 10: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
E2C10 -- Why might a DX station state that they are listening on another frequency?
A. Because the DX station may be transmitting on a frequency that is prohibited to some responding stations
B. To separate the calling stations from the DX station
C. To reduce interference, thereby improving operating efficiency
D. All of these choices are correct
![Page 11: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
E2C11 -- How should you generally identify your station when attempting to contact a DX station working a pileup or in a contest?
A. Send your full call sign once or twiceB. Send only the last two letters of your call sign
until you make contactC. Send your full call sign and grid squareD. Send the call sign of the DX station three
times, the words this is, then your call sign three times
![Page 12: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
E2C12 -- What might help to restore contact when DX signals become too weak to copy across an entire HF band a few hours after sunset?A. Switch to a higher frequency HF bandB. Switch to a lower frequency HF bandC. Wait 90 minutes or so for the signal
degradation to passD. Wait 24 hours before attempting another
communication on the band
![Page 13: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
General Operating
• Contesting• Why contest?
§97.1(c) -- Expansion of the existing reservoir within the amateur radio service of trained operators….
• Categories (single-op, multi-op, multi-multi, etc.).• Spotting networks, CWSkimmer.
• “Self-spotting” generally prohibited.• Exchange.• Multipliers.
![Page 14: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
General Operating
• Contesting• Operating Methods.
• Search & Pounce.• “Running” a frequency.
• Some contests restricted by band and/or mode.
![Page 15: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
General Operating
• Contesting• No repeater contacts.• Avoid recognized calling frequencies.• VHF/UHF contest activity normally found in weak
signal portion of each band near calling frequency.
![Page 16: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
General Operating
• Contesting• Submitting logs.
• Paper logs.• Original method.• Generally discouraged.• May be prohibited for large logs.
• Electronic logs.• Cabrillo format.• E-mail or website applet.
• Do NOT have to submit log to participate.
![Page 17: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
General Operating
• Contesting• Finding contests.
• WA7BNM website.• http://hornucopia.com/contestcal
• ARRL website.• http://www.arrl.org/contest-calendar
• CQ Magazine website.• http://www.cq-amateur-radio.com
• National Contest Journal (NCJ) website.• http://www.ncjweb.com/contests.php
![Page 18: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
E2C01 -- Which of the following is true about contest operating?
A. Operators are permitted to make contacts even if they do not submit a log
B. Interference to other amateurs is unavoidable and therefore acceptable
C. It is mandatory to transmit the call sign of the station being worked as part of every transmission to that station
D. Every contest requires a signal report in the exchange
![Page 19: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
E2C02 -- Which of the following best describes the term “self-spotting” in regards to contest operating?A. The generally prohibited practice of posting one’s own
call sign and frequency on a call sign spotting networkB. The acceptable practice of manually posting the call
signs of stations on a call sign spotting networkC. A manual technique for rapidly zero beating or tuning to
a station’s frequency before calling that stationD. An automatic method for rapidly zero beating or tuning
to a station’s frequency before calling that station
![Page 20: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
E2C03 -- From which of the following bands is amateur radio contesting generally excluded?
A. 30 metersB. 6 metersC. 2 metersD. 33 cm
![Page 21: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
E2C04 -- On which of the following frequencies is an amateur radio contest contact generally discouraged?
A. 3.525 MHzB. 14.020 MHzC. 28.330 MHzD. 146.52 MHz
![Page 22: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
E2C06 -- During a VHF/UHF contest, in which band segment would you expect to find the highest level of activity?
A. At the top of each band, usually in a segment reserved for contests
B. In the middle of each band, usually on the national calling frequency
C. In the weak signal segment of the band, with most of the activity near the calling frequency
D. In the middle of the band, usually 25 kHz above the national calling frequency
![Page 23: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
E2C07 -- What is the Cabrillo format?
A. A standard for submission of electronic contest logs
B. A method of exchanging information during a contest QSO
C. The most common set of contest rulesD. The rules of order for meetings between
contest sponsors
![Page 24: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Packet Radio• AX.25 protocol
• ASCII.• Block of data – typically 256 bytes.• Add header, & checksum.• Receiving station responds with ACK or request for
repeat.
![Page 25: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Packet Radio• Terminal Node Controller (TNC)• Mostly VHF or UHF
• 1200 baud AFSK FM (2m)
![Page 26: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Packet Radio• Digipeater.• Satellite.
• PACSAT.• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites.• Store & forward.
• DX packet cluster.
![Page 27: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
E2D04 -- What is the purpose of digital store-and-forward functions on an Amateur Radio satellite?
A. To upload operational software for the transponder
B. To delay download of telemetry between satellites
C. To store digital messages in the satellite for later download by other stations
D. To relay messages between satellites
![Page 28: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
E2D05 -- Which of the following techniques is normally used by low Earth orbiting digital satellites to relay messages around the world?
A. DigipeatingB. Store-and-forwardC. Multi-satellite relayingD. Node hopping
![Page 29: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)
![Page 30: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)• Developed by Bob Bruniga, WB4APR.• Standard packet transmission.
• AX.25 protocol.• Unnumbered information (UI) frames.
• Typical frequency.• 144.390 MHz (North America)
![Page 31: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)• Applications.
• Position reporting.• Uses GPS data to transmit latitude & longitude of station.
• Severe weather spotting.• Public service events.
• Weather data gathering.• Messaging.
![Page 32: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)• Full-featured station.
• 2m FM transceiver.• TNC.• Computer.• GPS.
![Page 33: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)• Stand-alone tracker.
• 2m FM transmitter.• TNC.• GPS.
![Page 34: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Digital Mode Operating
• Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)• http://www.aprs.org• http://aprsworld.net• http://www.findu.com
![Page 35: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
E2D06 -- Which of the following is a commonly used 2-meter APRS frequency?
A. 144.39 MHzB. 144.20 MHzC. 145.02 MHzD. 146.52 MHz
![Page 36: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
E2D07 -- Which of the following digital protocols is used by APRS?
A. PACTOR B. 802.11C. AX.25D. AMTOR
![Page 37: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
E2D08 -- Which of the following types of packet frames is used to transmit APRS beacon data?
A. Unnumbered InformationB. DisconnectC. AcknowledgementD. Connect
![Page 38: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
E2D10 -- How can an APRS station be used to help support a public service communications activity?A. An APRS station with an emergency medical
technician can automatically transmit medical data to the nearest hospital
B. APRS stations with General Personnel Scanners can automatically relay the participant numbers and time as they pass the check points
C. An APRS station with a GPS unit can automatically transmit information to show a mobile station's position during the event
D. All of these choices are correct
![Page 39: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
E2D11 -- Which of the following data are used by the APRS network to communicate your location?
A. Polar coordinatesB. Time and frequencyC. Radio direction finding LOPsD. Latitude and longitude
![Page 40: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Break
![Page 41: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
![Page 42: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Understanding Satellite Orbits• Johannes Kepler (1571–1630).
• Mathematically described orbits of planets.• Same laws apply to artificial satellites orbiting the Earth.
![Page 43: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Understanding Satellite Orbits• Kepler’s 1st Law.
• All planetary orbits are elliptical with the Sun at one of the foci of the ellipse.
![Page 44: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Understanding Satellite Orbits• Kepler’s 2nd Law.
• A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
![Page 45: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Understanding Satellite Orbits• Kepler’s 3rd Law.
• The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
• In plain English – The farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer it takes to complete one orbit around the Sun.
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites typically have orbital periods of about 90 minutes.
• Satellites at about 25,000 miles above the Earth have orbital periods of about 24 hours and are called geosynchronous or geostationary satellites.
![Page 46: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Understanding Satellite Orbits• Keplerian elements.
• Sets of numbers that describe a satellites orbit.• If you know the Keplerian elements for a satellite, you
can determine its position at any given time.• Software programs use Keplerian elements to plot the
current positions of satellites.• SatScape• Orbitron• SatPC32
![Page 47: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Orbital Mechanics• Definitions.
• Inclination.• The angle of an orbit with respect to the Equator.
• An orbit with an inclination of 0° is always directly over the Equator.
• An orbit with an inclination of 90° will pass directly over both the North Pole and the South Pole.
• Apogee • The point in an orbit where the satellite is farthest from the
Earth.
• Perigee • The point in an orbit where the satellite is closest to the Earth.
![Page 48: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Orbital Mechanics• Definitions.
• Node.• A point in an orbit where the satellite crosses the Equator.• Ascending node.
• The point in an orbit where the satellite crosses the Equator from south to north.
• Descending node.• The point in an orbit where the satellite crosses the Equator from
north to south.
![Page 49: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Orbital Mechanics• Definitions.
• Ascending pass.• The pass of a satellite over a location while traveling from south
to north.
• Descending pass.• The pass of a satellite over a location while traveling from north
to south .
![Page 50: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Orbital Mechanics
![Page 51: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Spin Modulation• Satellites are often stabilized by having them spin
about their axis like a gyroscope.• The spin causes amplitude
changes and polarization changes of the received signal.
• Effects of spin modulation are minimized by using circular polarization.
![Page 52: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Faraday Rotation• The polarization of a radio wave is shifted as it
passes through the ionosphere.• The polarization appears to be
continuously rotating as seen by the receiving station.
• Effects of Faraday rotation are minimized by using circular polarization.
![Page 53: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
E2A01 -- What is the direction of an ascending pass for an amateur satellite?
A. From west to eastB. From east to westC. From south to northD. From north to south
![Page 54: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
E2A02 -- What is the direction of a descending pass for an amateur satellite?
A. From north to southB. From west to eastC. From east to westD. From south to north
![Page 55: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
E2A03 -- What is the orbital period of an Earth satellite?A. The point of maximum height of a satellite's
orbitB. The point of minimum height of a satellite's
orbitC. The time it takes for a satellite to complete
one revolution around the EarthD. The time it takes for a satellite to travel from
perigee to apogee
![Page 56: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
E2A10 -- Why may the received signal from an amateur satellite exhibit a rapidly repeating fading effect?
A. Because the satellite is spinningB. Because of ionospheric absorptionC. Because of the satellite's low orbital altitudeD. Because of the Doppler Effect
![Page 57: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
E2A11 -- What type of antenna can be used to minimize the effects of spin modulation and Faraday rotation?
A. A linearly polarized antennaB. A circularly polarized antennaC. An isotropic antennaD. A log-periodic dipole array
![Page 58: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
E2A12 -- What is one way to predict the location of a satellite at a given time?
A. By means of the Doppler data for the specified satellite
B. By subtracting the mean anomaly from the orbital inclination
C. By adding the mean anomaly to the orbital inclination
D. By calculations using the Keplerian elements for the specified satellite
![Page 59: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
E2A13 -- What type of satellite appears to stay in one position in the sky?
A. HEOB. GeostationaryC. GeomagneticD. LEO
![Page 60: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Satellite Operation• There are 3 main types of satellite systems.
• Repeaters.• Transponders.• Digital store & forward.
![Page 61: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Satellite Operation• Repeaters.
• FM voice repeaters on satellites function exactly like repeaters on the surface of the Earth.
• Typically satellite repeaters are cross-band repeaters.• Repeater input & output frequencies are on different bands.
• Some satellite repeaters can be accessed using a dual-band hand held radio with a handheld 2m/70cm beam.
• Repeaters are installed on the International Space Station (ISS), AO-27, & other satellites.
![Page 62: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Satellite Operation• Transponders.
• A linear translator that receives a range of frequencies in one band & shifts it to a range of frequencies in a different band.
• Many stations can communicate through the satellite simultaneously using different modes.
• Any type of signal can be sent using a transponder.• Since all users share the available power, continuous-duty
modes such as RTTY or FM are not normally used.
![Page 63: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Satellite Operation• Digital store & forward.
• Satellite-based file servers that can store messages for retrieval by another station at a different location in the orbit.
• Uses packet radio.• AO-16 or PACSAT.
![Page 64: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Satellite Operating Frequencies• Satellite mode denotes uplink & downlink
frequencies.• Pair of letters.
• 1st letter = uplink frequency.• 2nd letter = downlink frequency.• Mode U/V means 70cm uplink & 2m downlink.
![Page 65: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Satellite Operating Frequencies• Mode Designators
Designator Band
H 15m (21.0 MHz to 21.45 MHz)10m (28.0 MHz to 29.7 MHz)
V 2m (144 MHz to 146 MHz)
U 70cm (435 MHz to 438 MHz)
L 23cm (1.26 GHz to 1.2 GHz)
S 13cm (2.4 GHz to 2.45 GHz)
C 5cm (5.8 GHz)
X 3cm (10.45 GHz)
K 1.2cm (24 GHz)
![Page 66: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Doppler Shift• Because satellite is moving at high speed,
apparent frequency changes as satellite moves past earth station.
• Apparent frequency is higher than actual frequency as satellite approaches earth station.
• Apparent frequency is lower than actual frequency as satellite moves away from earth station.
• Apparent frequency = actual frequency when earth station is 90° from satellite path.
![Page 67: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Amateur Satellites
• Doppler Shift
![Page 68: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
E2A04 -- What is meant by the term mode as applied to an amateur radio satellite?
A. The type of signals that can be relayed through the satellite
B. The satellite's uplink and downlink frequency bands
C. The satellite's orientation with respect to the Earth
D. Whether the satellite is in a polar or equatorial orbit
![Page 69: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
E2A05 -- What do the letters in a satellite's mode designator specify?
A. Power limits for uplink and downlink transmissions
B. The location of the ground control stationC. The polarization of uplink and downlink
signalsD. The uplink and downlink frequency ranges
![Page 70: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
E2A06 -- On what band would a satellite receive signals if it were operating in mode U/V?
A. 435-438 MHzB. 144-146 MHzC. 50.0-50.2 MHzD. 29.5 to 29.7 MHz
![Page 71: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
E2A07 -- Which of the following types of signals can be relayed through a linear transponder?
A. FM and CWB. SSB and SSTVC. PSK and PacketD. All of these choices are correct
![Page 72: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
E2A08 -- Why should effective radiated power to a satellite which uses a linear transponder be limited?
A. To prevent creating errors in the satellite telemetry
B. To avoid reducing the downlink power to all other users
C. To prevent the satellite from emitting out of band signals
D. To avoid interfering with terrestrial QSOs
![Page 73: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
E2A09 -- What do the terms L band and S band specify with regard to satellite communications?
A. The 23 centimeter and 13 centimeter bandsB. The 2 meter and 70 centimeter bandsC. FM and Digital Store-and-Forward systemsD. Which sideband to use
![Page 74: Amateur Extra License Class Chapter 2 Operating Practices.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022103111/5519088855034642428b4712/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Questions?