Aluminium Alloy - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

8/21/13 Aluminium alloy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy 1/12

Aluminium alloy bicycle wheel. 1960s

Bootie Folding Cycle

Aluminium alloyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aluminium alloys are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. Thetypical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon and zinc. Thereare two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both ofwhich are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable.About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foilsand extrusions. Cast aluminium alloys yield cost-effective products due to the lowmelting point, although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys.The most important cast aluminium alloy system is AlSi, where the high levels ofsilicon (4.013%) contribute to give good casting characteristics. Aluminium alloysare widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or

corrosion resistance is required.[1]

Alloys composed mostly of aluminium have been very important in aerospace manufacturing since the introduction of metalskinned aircraft. Aluminium-magnesium alloys are both lighter than other aluminium alloys and much less flammable than alloys

that contain a very high percentage of magnesium.[2]

Aluminium alloy surfaces will keep their apparent shine in a dry environment due to the formation of a clear, protective layer ofaluminium oxide. In a wet environment, galvanic corrosion can occur when an aluminium alloy is placed in electrical contact withother metals with more negative corrosion potentials than aluminium.

Aluminium alloy compositions are registered with The Aluminum Association. Many organizations publish more specificstandards for the manufacture of aluminium alloy, including the Society of Automotive Engineers standards organization,

specifically its aerospace standards subgroups,[3] and ASTM International.

Contents

1 Engineering use and aluminium alloys properties

1.1 Overview1.2 Aluminium alloys versus types of steel

1.3 Heat sensitivity considerations

1.4 Household wiring2 Alloy designations

2.1 Temper designation2.2 Wrought alloys

2.3 Cast alloys2.4 Named alloys

3 Applications

3.1 Aerospace alloys3.1.1 Scandiumaluminium3.1.2 List of aerospace aluminium alloys

3.2 Marine alloys3.3 Cycling alloys3.4 Automotive alloys

4 References4.1 Bibliography

5 External links

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Engineering use and aluminium alloys properties

Overview

Aluminium alloys with a wide range of properties are used in engineering structures. Alloy systems are classified by a numbersystem (ANSI) or by names indicating their main alloying constituents (DIN and ISO). Selecting the right alloy for a givenapplication entails considerations of its tensile strength, density, ductility, formability, workability, weldability, and corrosion

resistance, to name a few. A brief historical overview of alloys and manufacturing technologies is given in Ref.[4] Aluminiumalloys are used extensively in aircraft due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. On the other hand, pure aluminium metal is muchtoo soft for such uses, and it does not have the high tensile strength that is needed for airplanes and helicopters.

Aluminium alloys versus types of steel

Aluminium alloys typically have an elastic modulus of about 70 GPa, which is about one-third of the elastic modulus of mostkinds of steel and steel alloys. Therefore, for a given load, a component or unit made of an aluminium alloy will experience agreater elastic deformation than a steel part of the identical size and shape. Though there are aluminium alloys with somewhat-higher tensile strengths than the commonly used kinds of steel, simply replacing a steel part with an aluminium alloy might lead toproblems.

With completely new metal products, the design choices are often governed by the choice of manufacturing technology.Extrusions are particularly important in this regard, owing to the ease with which aluminium alloys, particularly the AlMgSiseries, can be extruded to form complex profiles.

In general, stiffer and lighter designs can be achieved with aluminium alloys than is feasible with steels. For instance, consider thebending of a thin-walled tube: the second moment of area is inversely related to the stress in the tube wall, i.e. stresses are lowerfor larger values. The second moment of area is proportional to the cube of the radius times the wall thickness, thus increasingthe radius (and weight) by 26% will lead to a halving of the wall stress. For this reason, bicycle frames made of aluminium alloysmake use of larger tube diameters than steel or titanium in order to yield the desired stiffness and strength. In automotiveengineering, cars made of aluminium alloys employ space frames made of extruded profiles to ensure rigidity. This represents aradical change from the common approach for current steel car design, which depend on the body shells for stiffness, that is aunibody design.

Aluminium alloys are widely used in automotive engines, particularly in cylinder blocks and crankcases due to the weight savingsthat are possible. Since aluminium alloys are susceptible to warping at elevated temperatures, the cooling system of such enginesis critical. Manufacturing techniques and metallurgical advancements have also been instrumental for the successful application inautomotive engines. In the 1960s, the aluminium cylinder heads of the Corvair earned a reputation for failure and stripping ofthreads, which is not seen in current aluminium cylinder heads.

An important structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their lower fatigue strength compared to steel. In controlled laboratoryconditions, steels display a fatigue limit, which is the stress amplitude below which no failures occur the metal does notcontinue to weaken with extended stress cycles. Aluminum alloys do not have this lower fatigue limit and will continue toweaken with continued stress cycles. Aluminium alloys are therefore sparsely used in parts that require high fatigue strength in

the high cycle regime (more than 107 stress cycles).

Heat sensitivity considerations

Often, the metal's sensitivity to heat must also be considered. Even a relatively routine workshop procedure involving heating iscomplicated by the fact that aluminium, unlike steel, will melt without first glowing red. Forming operations where a blow torch isused therefore require some expertise, because no visual signs reveal how close the material is to melting.

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Aluminium also is subject to internal stresses and strains when it is overheated; the tendency of the metal to creep under thesestresses tends to result in delayed distortions. For example, the warping or cracking of overheated aluminium automobilecylinder heads is commonly observed, sometimes years later, as is the tendency of welded aluminium bicycle frames to graduallytwist out of alignment from the stresses of the welding process. Thus, the aerospace industry avoids heat altogether by joiningparts with adhesives or mechanical fasteners. Adhesive bonding was used in some bicycle frames in the 1970s, with unfortunateresults when the aluminium tubing corroded slightly, loosening the adhesive and collapsing the frame.

Stresses in overheated aluminium can be relieved by heat-treating the parts in an oven and gradually cooling itin effectannealing the stresses. Yet these parts may still become distorted, so that heat-treating of welded bicycle frames, for instance,can result in a significant fraction becoming misaligned. If the misalignment is not too severe, the cooled parts may be bent intoalignment. Of course, if the frame is properly designed for rigidity (see above), that bending will require enormous force.

Aluminium's intolerance to high temperatures has not precluded its use in rocketry; even for use in constructing combustionchambers where gases can reach 3500 K. The Agena upper stage engine used a regeneratively cooled aluminium design forsome parts of the nozzle, including the thermally critical throat region; in fact the extremely high thermal conductivity of aluminiumprevented the throat from reaching the melting point even under massive heat flux, resulting in a reliable lightweight component.

Household wiring

Main article: Aluminium wire

Because of its high conductivity and relatively low price compared with copper in the 1960s, aluminium was introduced at thattime for household electrical wiring in North America, even though many fixtures had not been designed to accept aluminiumwire. But the new use brought some problems:

The greater coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminium causes the wire to expand and contract relative to the dissimilarmetal screw connection, eventually loosening the connection.

Pure aluminium has a tendency to "creep" under steady sustained pressure (to a greater degree as the temperature rises),again loosening the connection.

Galvanic corrosion from the dissimilar metals increases the electrical resistance of the connection.

All of this resulted in overheated and loose connections, and this in turn resulted in some fires. Builders then became wary ofusing the wire, and many jurisdictions outlawed its use in very small sizes, in new construction. Yet newer fixtures eventuallywere introduced with connections designed to avoid loosening and overheating. At first they were marked "Al/Cu", but theynow bear a "CO/ALR" coding.

Another way to forestall the heating problem is to crimp the aluminium wire to a short "pigtail" of copper wire. A properly donehigh-pressure crimp by the proper tool is tight enough to reduce any thermal expansion of the aluminium. Today, new alloys,designs, and methods are used for aluminium wiring in combination with aluminium terminations.

Alloy designations

Wrought and cast aluminium alloys use different identification systems. Wrought aluminium is identified with a four digit numberwhich identifies the alloying elements.

Cast aluminium alloys use a four to five digit number with a decimal point. The digit in the hundreds place indicates the alloyingelements, while the digit after the decimal point indicates the form (cast shape or ingot).

Temper designation

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The temper designation follows the cast or wrought designation number with a dash, a letter, and potentially a one to three digit

number, e.g. 6061-T6. The definitions for the tempers are:[5][6]

-F

As fabricated

-H Strain hardened (cold worked) with or without thermal treatment

-H1 Strain hardened without thermal treatment

-H2 Strain hardened and partially annealed

-H3

Strain hardened and stabilized by low temperature heating

Second digit

A second digit denotes the degree of hardness-HX2 = 1/4 hard

-HX4 = 1/2 hard-HX6 = 3/4 hard

-HX8 = full hard

-HX9 = extra hard

-O

Full soft (annealed)-T

Heat treated to produce stable tempers

-T1

Cooled from hot working and naturally aged (at room temperature)-T2

Cooled from hot working, cold-worked, and naturally aged

-T3 Solution heat treated and cold worked

-T4 Solution heat treated and naturally aged

-T5 Cooled from hot working and artificially aged (at elevated temperature)

-T51 Stress relieved by stretching

-T510

No further straightening after stretching-T511

Minor straightening after stretching

-T52

Stress relieved by thermal treatment

-T6

Solution heat treated and artificially aged

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-T7 Solution heat treated and stabilized

-T8 Solution heat treated, cold worked, and artificially aged

-T9

Solution heat treated, artificially aged, and cold worked-T10

Cooled from hot working, cold-worked, and artificially aged

-W

Solution heat treated only.

Note: -W is a relatively soft intermediary designation that applies after heat treat and before aging is completed. The -Wcondition can be extended at extremely low temperatures but not indefinitely and depending on the material will typically last nolonger than 15 minutes at ambient temperatures.

Wrought alloys

The International Alloy Designation System is the most widely accepted naming scheme for wrought alloys. Each alloy is given afour-digit number, where the first digit indicates the major alloying elements.

1000 series are essentially pure aluminium with a minimum 99% aluminium content by weight and can be workhardened.

2000 series are alloyed with copper, can be precipitation hardened to strengths comparable to steel. Formerly referred

to as duralumin, they were once the most common aerospace alloys, but were susceptible to stress corrosion crackingand are increasingly replaced by 7000 series in new designs.

3000 series are alloyed with manganese, and can be work hardened.4000 series are alloyed with silicon. They are also known as silumin.

5000 series are alloyed with magnesium.

6000 series are alloyed with magnesium and silicon, are easy to machine, and can be precipitation hardened, but not tothe high strengths that 2000 and 7000 can reach.

7000 series are alloyed with zinc, and can be precipitation hardened to the highest strengths of any aluminium alloy.

8000 series is a category mainly used for lithium alloys.[citation needed]

Wrought aluminium alloy composition limits (% weight)

Alloy Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn V Ti Bi Ga Pb ZrLimits

AlEach Total

1050[7] 0.25 0.40 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 99.5 min

1060 0.25 0.35 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 99.6 min

1100 0.95 Si+Fe0.05

0.200.05 0.10 0.05 0.15 99.0 min

1199[7] 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.005 0.00299.99min

20140.50

1.20.7

3.9

5.0

0.40

1.2

0.20

0.80.10 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder

2024 0.50 0.503.84.9

0.300.9

1.21.8

0.10 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder

2219 0.2 0.305.8 0.20

0.02 0.100.05 0.02 0.10

0.05 0.15 remainder

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6.8 0.40 0.15 0.10 0.25

3003 0.6 0.70.050.20

1.01.5

0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

3004 0.30 0.7 0.251.0

1.5

0.8

1.30.25 0.05 0.15 remainder

3102 0.40 0.7 0.100.05

0.400.30 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

40414.56.0

0.80 0.30 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

5005 remainder

5052 0.25 0.40 0.10 0.102.2

2.8

0.15

0.350.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

5083 0.40 0.40 0.100.401.0

4.04.9

0.050.25

0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder

5086 0.40 0.50 0.100.20

0.7

3.5

4.5

0.05

0.250.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder

5154 0.25 0.40 0.10 0.103.10

3.90

0.15

0.35 0.20 0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

5356 0.25 0.40 0.10 0.104.50

5.50

0.05

0.200.10

0.06

0.200.05 0.15 remainder

5454 0.25 0.40 0.100.501.0

2.43.0

0.050.20

0.25 0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

5456 0.25 0.40 0.100.50

1.0

4.7

5.5

0.05

0.200.25 0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

5754 0.40 0.40 0.10 0.502.6

3.60.30 0.20 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder

60050.6

0.90.35 0.10 0.10

0.40

0.60.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

6005A0.50

0.90.35 0.30 0.50

0.40

0.70.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

60600.30

0.6

0.10

0.300.10 0.10

0.35

0.60.05 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

60610.400.8

0.70.150.40

0.150.81.2

0.040.35

0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder

60630.20

0.60.35 0.10 0.10

0.45

0.90.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

60660.9

1.80.50

0.7

1.2

0.6

1.1

0.8

1.40.40 0.25 0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

60701.0

1.70.50

0.15

0.40

0.40

1.0

0.50

1.20.10 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 remainder

60820.7

1.30.50 0.10

0.40

1.0

0.60

1.20.25 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

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6105 0.6

1.00.35 0.10 0.10 0.45

0.80.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

61620.40

0.80.50 0.20 0.10

0.7

1.10.10 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

62620.40

0.80.7

0.15

0.400.15

0.8

1.2

0.04

0.140.25 0.15

0.40

0.7

0.40

0.70.05 0.15 remainder

63510.71.3

0.50 0.100.400.8

0.400.8

0.20 0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

64630.20

0.60.15 0.20 0.05

0.45

0.90.05 0.05 0.15 remainder

7005 0.35 0.40 0.100.20

0.70

1.0

1.8

0.06

0.20

4.0

5.0

0.01

0.06

0.08

0.200.05 0.15 remainder

7022 0.50 0.500.501.00

0.100.40

2.603.70

0.100.30

4.305.20

0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

70680-

0.12

0-

0.15

1.60

2.40

0

0.10

2.20

3.00

0

0.05

7.30

8.30

0-

0.01

0.05

0.15remainder

7072 0.7 Si+Fe 0.10 0.10 0.100.8

1.30.05 0.15 remainder

7075 0.40 0.501.2

2.0 0.302.1

2.9

0.18

0.28

5.1

6.1 0.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

7079 0.3 0.400.40

0.80

0.10

0.30

2.9

3.7

0.10

0.25

3.8

4.80.10 0.05 0.15 remainder

7116 0.15 0.300.501.1

0.050.81.4

4.25.2

0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.15 remainder

7129 0.15 0.300.50

0.90.10

1.3

2.00.10

4.2

5.20.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.15 remainder

7178 0.40 0.501.6

2.40.30

2.4

3.1

0.18

0.28

6.3

7.30.20 0.05 0.15 remainder

8000 remainder

7178 remainder

Manganese plus chromium must be between 0.120.50%.This column lists the limits that apply to all elements, whether a table column exists for them or not, for which no other limits

are specified.

Cast alloys

The Aluminum Association (AA) has adopted a nomenclature similar to that of wrought alloys. British Standard and DIN havedifferent designations. In the AA system, the second two digits reveal the minimum percentage of aluminium, e.g. 150.xcorrespond to a minimum of 99.50% aluminium. The digit after the decimal point takes a value of 0 or 1, denoting casting and

ingot respectively.[1] The main alloying elements in the AA system are as follows:[citation needed]

1xx.x series are minimum 99% aluminium

2xx.x series copper

3xx.x series silicon, copper and/or magnesium

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6105_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6162_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6262_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6351_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6463_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7005_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7022_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7068_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7072_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7075_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7079_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7116_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7129_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7178_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8000_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7178_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aluminum_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-ReferenceA-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed



4xx.x series silicon

5xx.x series magnesium

7xx.x series zinc

8xx.x series tin9xx.x other elements

Minimum tensile requirements for cast aluminium alloys[8]

Alloy typeTemper

Tensile strength (min) [ksi]

([MPa])

Yield strength (min) [ksi]

([MPa])

Elongation in 2 in

[%]ANSI UNS

201.0 A02010 T7 60.0 (414) 50.0 (345) 3.0

204.0 A02040 T4 45.0 (310) 28.0 (193) 6.0

242.0 A02420O 23.0 (159) N/A N/A

T61 32.0 (221) 20.0 (138) N/A

A242.0 A12420 T75 29.0 (200) N/A 1.0

295.0 A02950

T4 29.0 (200) 13.0 (90) 6.0

T6 32.0 (221) 20.0 (138) 3.0

T62 36.0 (248) 28.0 (193) N/A

T7 29.0 (200) 16.0 (110) 3.0

319.0 A03190

F 23.0 (159) 13.0 (90) 1.5

T5 25.0 (172) N/A N/A

T6 31.0 (214) 20.0 (138) 1.5

328.0 A03280F 25.0 (172) 14.0 (97) 1.0

T6 34.0 (234) 21.0 (145) 1.0

355.0 A03550

T6 32.0 (221) 20.0 (138) 2.0

T51 25.0 (172) 18.0 (124) N/A

T71 30.0 (207) 22.0 (152) N/A

C355.0 A33550 T6 36.0 (248) 25.0 (172) 2.5

356.0 A03560

F 19.0 (131) 9.5 (66) 2.0

T6 30.0 (207) 20.0 (138) 3.0

T7 31.0 (214) N/A N/A

T51 23.0 (159) 16.0 (110) N/A

T71 25.0 (172) 18.0 (124) 3.0

A356.0 A13560T6 34.0 (234) 24.0 (165) 3.5

T61 35.0 (241) 26.0 (179) 1.0

443.0 A04430 F 17.0 (117) 7.0 (48) 3.0

B443.0 A24430 F 17.0 (117) 6.0 (41) 3.0

512.0 A05120 F 17.0 (117) 10.0 (69) N/A

514.0 A05140 F 22.0 (152) 9.0 (62) 6.0

520.0 A05200 T4 42.0 (290) 22.0 (152) 12.0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-8



535.0 A05350 F 35.0 (241) 18.0 (124) 9.0

705.0 A07050 T5 30.0 (207) 17.0 (117) 5.0

707.0 A07070 T7 37.0 (255) 30.0 (207) 1.0

710.0 A07100 T5 32.0 (221) 20.0 (138) 2.0

712.0 A07120 T5 34.0 (234) 25.0 (172) 4.0

713.0 A07130 T5 32.0 (221) 22.0 (152) 3.0

771.0 A07710

T5 42.0 (290) 38.0 (262) 1.5

T51 32.0 (221) 27.0 (186) 3.0

T52 36.0 (248) 30.0 (207) 1.5

T6 42.0 (290) 35.0 (241) 5.0

T71 48.0 (331) 45.0 (310) 5.0

850.0 A08500 T5 16.0 (110) N/A 5.0

851.0 A08510 T5 17.0 (117) N/A 3.0

852.0 A08520 T5 24.0 (165) 18.0 (124) N/A

Only when requested by the customer

Named alloys

Alclad aluminium sheet formed from high-purity aluminium surface layers bonded to high strength aluminium alloy core

material

Birmabright (aluminium, magnesium) a product of The Birmetals Company, basically equivalent to 5251

Duralumin (copper, aluminium)

Pandalloy Pratt&Whitney proprietary alloy, supposedly having high strength and superior high temperature performance.Magnalium

Magnox (magnesium, aluminium)

Silumin (aluminium, silicon)

Titanal (aluminium, zinc, magnesium, copper, zirconium) a product of Austria Metall AG. Commonly used in high

performance sports products, particularly snowboards and skis.Y alloy, Hiduminium, R.R. alloys: pre-war nickel-aluminium alloys, used in aerospace and engine pistons, for their ability

to retain strength at elevated temperature.

Applications

Aerospace alloys

Scandiumaluminium

The addition of scandium to aluminium creates nanoscale Al3Sc precipitates which limit the excessive grain growth that occurs in

the heat-affected zone of welded aluminium components. This has two beneficial effects: the precipitated Al3Sc forms smaller

crystals than are formed in other aluminium alloys[9] and the width of precipitate-free zones that normally exist at the grain

boundaries of age-hardenenable aluminium alloys is reduced.[9] Scandium is also a potent grain refiner in cast aluminium alloys,and atom for atom, the most potent strengthener in aluminium, both as a result of grain refinement and precipitation

strengthening. However, titanium alloys, which are stronger but heavier, are cheaper and much more widely used.[10]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcladhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmabrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandalloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnaliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox_(alloy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_Metall_AGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiduminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.R._alloyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-Ahmad2003-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-Ahmad2003-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-Schwarz2004-10



Parts of the Mig29 are made from

AlSc alloy.[9]

The main application of metallic scandium by weight is in aluminium-scandium alloys for minor aerospace industry components.These alloys contain between 0.1% and 0.5% (by weight) of scandium. They were used in the Russian military aircraft Mig 21

and Mig 29.[9]

Some items of sports equipment, which rely on high performance materials, have been made with scandium-aluminium alloys,

including baseball bats ,[11] lacrosse sticks, as well as bicycle[12] frames and components, and tent poles. U.S. gunmaker Smith

& Wesson produces revolvers with frames composed of scandium alloy and cylinders of titanium. [13]

List of aerospace aluminium alloys

The following aluminium alloys are commonly used in aircraft and other aerospace

structures:[14]

7068 aluminium

7075 aluminium

6061 aluminium

6063 aluminium2024 aluminium

5052 aluminium

Note that the term aircraft aluminium or aerospace aluminium usually refers to 7075.[15][16]

The following list of aluminium alloys are currently produced,[citation needed] but less widely[citation needed] used:

2090 aluminium

2124 aluminium

2195 aluminium Al-Li alloy, used in Space Shuttle Super Lightweight external tank2219 aluminium Al-Cu alloy, used in the original Space Shuttle Standard Weight external tank

2324 aluminium

5059 aluminium Used in experimental rocket cryogenic tanks

6013 aluminium


7150 aluminium

7475 aluminium

Marine alloys

These alloys are used for boat building and shipbuilding, and other marine and salt-water sensitive shore applications.[17]

5052 aluminium alloy5059 aluminium alloy

5083 aluminium alloy

5086 aluminium alloy

6061 aluminium alloy6063 aluminium alloy

4043, 5183, 6005A, 6082 also used in marine constructions and off shore applications.

Cycling alloys

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mig-29_on_landing.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-Ahmad2003-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-scandium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mig_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mig_29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-Ahmad2003-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-MF2006-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrossehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-eastonbike-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wessonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-smithwesson-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-FOF-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7068_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7075_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6061_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6063_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5052_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2090_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2124_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2195_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Lihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank#Super_Lightweight_Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2219_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank#Standard_Weight_Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2324_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5059_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6013_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7050_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7055_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7150_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7475_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5052_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5059_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5083_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5086_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6061_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6063_aluminium_alloy



These alloys are used for cycling frames and components[citation needed]

2014 aluminium

6061 aluminium


7075 aluminium

Scandium aluminium

Automotive alloys

6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminum alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels, with 5083 and 5754 usedfor inner body panels. Hoods have been manufactured from 2036, 6016, and 6111 alloys. Truck and trailer body panels haveused 5456 aluminum.

Automobile frames often use 5182 aluminum or 5754 aluminum formed sheets, 6061 or 6063 extrusions.

Wheels have been cast from A365.0 aluminum or formed 5xxx sheet. [18]

References

1. a b I. J. Polmear, Light Alloys, Arnold, 1995

2. ^ http://www.materials.manchester.ac.uk/pdf/research/latest/magnesium/elke_hombergsmeier_AEROMAG%20Paper_07.pdf

3. ^ SAE aluminium specifications list (http://www.sae.org/servlets/product?PROD_TYP=STD&PARENT_BPA_CD=AERO&TECH_CD=ALUMI), accessed 8 October 2006. Also SAE Aerospace Council(http://www.sae.org/about/board/committees/arsp.htm), accessed 8 October 2006.

4. ^ R.E. Sanders, Technology Innovation in aluminium Products, The Journal of The Minerals, 53(2):2125, 2001. Online ed.(http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0102/Sanders-0102.html)

5. ^ "Sheet metal material" (http://www.precisionsheetmetal.com/home/materials.htm). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20090615063211/http://www.precisionsheetmetal.com/home/materials.htm) from the original on 15June 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-26.

6. ^ Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 133.ISBN 0-471-65653-4.

7. a b ASM Metals Handbook Vol. 2, Properties and Selection of Nonferrous Alloys and Special Purpose Materials, ASMInternational (p. 222)

8. ^ ASTM B 26 / B 26M 05

9. a b c d Ahmad, Zaki (2003). "The properties and application of scandium-reinforced aluminum". JOM 55 (2): 35.Bibcode:2003JOM....55b..35A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JOM....55b..35A). doi:10.1007/s11837-003-0224-6(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-003-0224-6).

10. ^ Schwarz, James A.; Contescu, Cristian I.; Putyera, Karol (2004). Dekker encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology

(http://books.google.com/?id=aveTxwZm40UC&pg=PA2274) 3. CRC Press. p. 2274. ISBN 0-8247-5049-7.

11. ^ Bjerklie, Steve (2006). "A batty business: Anodized metal bats have revolutionized baseball. But are finishers losing the sweet

spot?". Metal Finishing 104 (4): 61. doi:10.1016/S0026-0576(06)80099-1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0026-0576%2806%2980099-1).

12. ^ "Easton Technology Report : Materials / Scandium"(http://www.eastonbike.com/downloadable_files_unprotected/r&d_files/R&D-03%20Scandium.pdf). EastonBike.com. Retrieved2009-04-03.

13. ^ "Small Frame (J) Model 340PD Revolver" (http://www.smith-wesson.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10001&catalogId=11101&langId=-1&productId=14765&tabselected=tech&isFirearm=Y&parent_category_rn=15704).Smith & Wesson. Retrieved 2008-10-20.

14. ^ Fundamentals of Flight, Shevell, Richard S., 1989, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-339060-8, Ch 18, pp 373386.

15. ^ "Aluminum in Aircraft"(http://www.aluminum.org/Content/NavigationMenu/TheIndustry/TransportationMarket/Aircraft/default.htm). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20090421062405/http://www.aluminum.org/Content/NavigationMenu/TheIndustry/Transportation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6061_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6063_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7005_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7075_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandium-Aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6111_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_aluminum_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5083_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5754_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2036_aluminum_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6016_aluminum_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5456_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5182_aluminum_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5754_aluminum_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6061_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6063_aluminium_alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A365_aluminum_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_note-Kaufman-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-2http://www.materials.manchester.ac.uk/pdf/research/latest/magnesium/elke_hombergsmeier_AEROMAG%20Paper_07.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-SAE_3-0http://www.sae.org/servlets/product?PROD_TYP=STD&PARENT_BPA_CD=AERO&TECH_CD=ALUMIhttp://www.sae.org/about/board/committees/arsp.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-sanders_4-0http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0102/Sanders-0102.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-dsm_5-0http://www.precisionsheetmetal.com/home/materials.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20090615063211/http://www.precisionsheetmetal.com/home/materials.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-65653-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-asm-v2_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-asm-v2_7-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-Ahmad2003_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-Ahmad2003_9-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-Ahmad2003_9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-Ahmad2003_9-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JOM....55b..35Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-003-0224-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-Schwarz2004_10-0http://books.google.com/?id=aveTxwZm40UC&pg=PA2274http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-5049-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-MF2006_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0026-0576%2806%2980099-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-eastonbike_12-0http://www.eastonbike.com/downloadable_files_unprotected/r&d_files/R&D-03%20Scandium.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-smithwesson_13-0http://www.smith-wesson.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10001&catalogId=11101&langId=-1&productId=14765&tabselected=tech&isFirearm=Y&parent_category_rn=15704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-FOF_14-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0133390608http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy#cite_ref-15http://www.aluminum.org/Content/NavigationMenu/TheIndustry/TransportationMarket/Aircraft/default.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20090421062405/http://www.aluminum.org/Content/NavigationMenu/TheIndustry/TransportationMarket/Aircraft/default.htm



Market/Aircraft/default.htm) from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-21.

16. ^ Wagner, PennyJo (Winter 1995). "Aircraft aluminum" (http://nlites.com/article_aircraft_aluminum.htm). Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20090405011408/http://nlites.com/article_aircraft_aluminum.htm) from the original on 5 April 2009.Retrieved 2009-04-21.

17. ^ Boatbuilding with aluminium, Stephen F. Pollard, 1993, International Marine, ISBN 0-07-050426-1

18. ^ Kaufman, John (2000). Introduction to aluminum alloys and tempers(http://www.asminternational.org/pdf/spotlights/6180_pg87-118_web.pdf). ASM International. pp. 116117. ISBN 0-87170-689-X. Retrieved 9 November 2011.

Bibliography

External links

Aluminium alloys for die casting according to the Japanese Standards, China National Standards, U.S. Standards and

German Standards (http://www.gwp-ag.com/media/www.gwp-

ag.com/org/med_645/804_aluminum_alloys_for_die_casting.pdf)

Aluminium alloys for chill casting and low pressure casting according to the Japanese, Chinese, American and German

industrial standard (http://www.gwp-ag.com/media/www.gwp-ag.com/org/med_645/803_aluminum_alloys_for_chill_casting_and_low_pressure_casting.pdf)

Aluminium alloys for extrusion according to the German Standards (http://www.gwp-ag.com/media/www.gwp-

ag.com/org/med_645/805_aluminum_alloys_for_extrusion.pdf)

The Aluminium Association's chemical composition standards for wrought aluminium

(http://www.aluminum.org/Content/NavigationMenu/TheIndustry/IndustryStandards/Teal_Sheets.pdf)

"The EAA Alumatter" computer-based reference database containing technical information on the most widely used

aluminium alloys, their mechanical, physical and chemical properties (http://www.aluminium.matter.org.uk/aluselect/)

"Applications for Aluminium Alloys and Tempers. (http://www.pa-international.com.au/images/stories/Applications-for-

Aluminum-Alloys-and-Tempers.pdf)

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