Alternativer i filosofi, e-business og økonomi. Burrell & Morgan - Basis.

Alternativer i filosofi, Alternativer i filosofi, e-business og økonomie-business og økonomi

Burrell & Morgan - BasisBurrell & Morgan - Basis

Jahaspara pba. Burrell & Jahaspara pba. Burrell & MorganMorgan

Man lives in Physical Space like other creatures Social Space is created through differentiation, through the design of social roles and systems of such roles as they come into being with all kinds of social invention and innovation Spiritual Space holds man’s relations with the numinous; his quest for purpose, direction, and meaning; his cultural inventions from values to religions, from the arts to philosophy and science

Eric Jantsch: Design for Evolution

The rational approach assumes separation between the observer and the observed, and focuses on an impersonal ”it” which is supposed to be assessed objectively and without involvement by an outside observer; the basic organizing principle here is logic, the results are expressed in quantitative or structural terms, and the dynamic aspects are perceived as change The mythological approach establishes a feedback link between the observer and the observed, and focuses on the relationship between a personal “I” and a personal “Thou.” Its basic organizing principle is feeling, the results are obtained in qualitative terms, and the dynamic aspects are perceived as process, or order of change. The evolutionary approach establishes union between the observer and the observed and focuses on the “we”, on the identity of the forces acting in the observer and the observed world; the organizing principle is “tuning-in” by virtue of this identity, and the results are expressed in terms of sharing in a universal order of process (namely, evolution).

GROUNDING(Physical Space)

SOCIALIZATION(Social Space)

INDIVIDUATION(Spiritual Space)

EVOLUTIONARYLEVEL

Tao of the EarthVitalism

Tao of ManHumanityLegitimacyLi, ethics of whole systems

Tao of HeavenShunyataGod WithinMan-becoming- in-universe- becomingSelf-realizationAlchemy

MYTHOLOGICALLEVEL

GestaltAnimismMagic

Interpretivist

Polytheistic ReligionsMoralityIndividual ethics

Radical Humanist

Monotheistic religionVirtue

RATIONALLEVEL

RegularitiesNatural LawsPhysical technology

Functionalism

Behavioral lawsCeremonySocial technology

Radical Structuralist

Humanistic psychologyRitualHuman technology

Alternativer i e-businessPhilosophy Economic Function of e-

business Organizational

Models Capitalism Liberalism Conservatism

No-model – doing Evolutionary economics Population ecology model

Wealth

Profit Owner/Manager Hierarchy

Positivism (Trad. empirialism, rationalism, ex.: Locke, Hume, Leibnitz, Comte, Popper)

Neo-Classical model Heterogeneous demand theory Differential advantage theory

Utility

Objective truth Falsification Logic, data Oligarchy

Hermeneutics (ex.: Kant, Humboldt, Heidegger, Gadamer, Wittgenstein, Chomsky)

Austrian school economics Industrial organisational

economics Resource based theory Competence-based theory Transaction Cost Theory

(Williamson) New Institutional economics

(Hamilton, Commons) Organizational evolution

theory Industrial community theory

Welfare

Subjective truth Practice Information Cultural Interpretations

and Cultural Logics Self-control Self-organizing Communarchy Two-dimensional network

Marxism Communism Socialism

(ex. Marx, Lenin, Mao)

Economic Socioogy Dictatorship of the Proletariate Power Co-determination Praxis Anarchy Mutually excluding network in social space

Alternativer i e-business

Critical Theory (ex.: Horkheimer, Adorno, Arendt, Marcuse, Habermas)

Transaction Cost Theory (Coase) New Institutional economics

(North)

Ideological critic Objective/subjective truth Communication Dialectics Leadership Network in social space

Teleology (ex.: Dewey, Mead, James, Peirce, Bradford-Smith, Singer, Churchman)

Ideal Progress in aesthetics, ethics, science, religion

Process Collective consciousness/ unconsciousness Heterarchies Multi-dimensional Network in social and spiritual spaces

Either Existentialism or Teleology or Deconstruction

(ex.: Sartre, Kierkegaard, Løgstrup, Rorty, Derrida, Foucault)

None Being Essence

Feminology (ex.: Germaine Greer, Betty Friedan, Nynne Kock)

“You Are The Goddess”

Philosophy Economic function of e-business

e-business

Capitalism Liberalism Conservatism


Wealth

Vi kan alle drive e-business Dot.com bølgen

Positivism (Trad. empirialism, rationa-lism, ex.: Locke, Hume, Leibnitz, Comte, Popper)


Utility

Sees Costumers, Markets WEB pages Trade

Hermeneutics (ex.: Kant, Humboldt, Heidegger, Gadamer, Wittgenstein, Chomsky)




(Hamilton, Commons) Organizational evolution

theory Industrial community theory

Welfare

Prosumers Co-Creation of value WEB 2.0, WEB 3.0 Fair Trade

Marxism Communism Socialism


Economic Sociology ?

Critical Theory (ex.: Horkheimer, Adorno, Arendt, Marcuse, Habermas)


(North)

Networking Creating new organizations and cultures Bottom-of-the Pyramid – breaking dominant logic Fair Globalization

Teleology (ex.: Dewey, Mead, James, Peirce, Bradford-Smith, Singer, Churchman)

Ideal Progress in aesthetics, ethics, science, religion

Choice Radically new organizations, cultures



Feminology (ex.: Germaine Greer, Betty Friedan, Nynne Kock)

Philosophy Economic Function of Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurial personality

Capitalism

Liberalism

Conservatism


Wealth

Personlighedens ontologi Biologisk tilgang Evolutionær psykologisk tilgang

Positivism (Trad. empirialism, rationa-lism, ex.: Locke, Hume, Leibnitz, Comte, Popper)


Utility

Instrumentalisering af entrepreneurbegrebet Psychodynamisk tilgang Dispositions tilgang Adfærdsmæssig tilgang

Hermeneutics

(ex.: Kant, Humboldt, Heidegger, Gadamer, Wittgenstein, Chomsky)




(Hamilton, Commons) Organizational evolution theory Industrial community theory

Welfare

Instrumentalisering af personligheden Fænomenologisk tilgang Social-kognitions tilgang Individuations-tilgang (Attribute approaches) Kognitionstilgang

Marxism

Communism

Socialism


Economic Sociology

Critical Theory

(ex.: Horkheimer, Adorno, Arendt, Marcuse, Habermas)


(North)

Teleology

(ex.: Dewey, Mead, James, Peirce, Bradford-Smith, Singer, Churchman)



Feminology

(ex.: Germaine Greer, Betty Friedan, Nynne Kock)

Churchman’s InquirersChurchman’s Inquirers

• The Realist (Locke)The Realist (Locke) relies on "facts" and expert relies on "facts" and expert opinion, seeks solutions that meet current needs, is serious opinion, seeks solutions that meet current needs, is serious about getting concrete results, acts with efficiency and about getting concrete results, acts with efficiency and incisive correction, prefers data over theoryincisive correction, prefers data over theory

• The Analyst (Leibniz)The Analyst (Leibniz) seeks the "one best way," seeks the "one best way," operates with models and formulas, is interested in "scientific operates with models and formulas, is interested in "scientific solutions," is prescriptive, and prefers data to theory and solutions," is prescriptive, and prefers data to theory and methodmethod

• The Idealist (Kant)The Idealist (Kant) welcomes a broad range of views, welcomes a broad range of views, seeks ideal solutions, is interested in values, is receptive, and seeks ideal solutions, is interested in values, is receptive, and places equal value on data and theoryplaces equal value on data and theory

• The Synthesist (Hegel)The Synthesist (Hegel) sees likenesses in things sees likenesses in things that appear unalike, seeks conflict and synthesis, is interested that appear unalike, seeks conflict and synthesis, is interested in change, gets at underlying assumptions, sees the essence in change, gets at underlying assumptions, sees the essence of problems, is speculative - asks what if and why not, and of problems, is speculative - asks what if and why not, and regards data to be meaningless without interpretationregards data to be meaningless without interpretation

• The Pragmatist (Singer)The Pragmatist (Singer) proceeds on the basis of proceeds on the basis of an eclectic view, uses a tactical, incremental approach; and, an eclectic view, uses a tactical, incremental approach; and, being innovative and adaptive, is best in complex situationsbeing innovative and adaptive, is best in complex situations

• ..............

Fig 1. Applications of the Five Inquiring Systems to the Five Disciplines of the Learning Organization. Adopted from Kienholz (1998)

Senge

Chruchman

Systems Thinking

Personal Mastery

Mental Models Building Shared Vision

Team Learning

Realist (Lockian)

Events Single Loop Processing (arithmetic process) (simple cause and effect)

Focusing our energies Seeing reality objectively

Advocacy Ladder of Inference

Short-range goals Consensus

Analyst (Leibnizian)

Patterns Reinforcing Loop exponential process (needs more data )

Developing patience Seeing reality objectively

Advocacy Reflection Method-oriented to achieve goals Logic and sequence

S<----->A order out of chaos

Idealist (Kantian)

Systems understands relational logic basic to Systems Thinking

Continually clarifying and deepening our personal vision Developing patience

Inquiry Reflection

Visioning High Standards Long-range goals Values

Dialogue (thinking together)

Synthesist (Hegelian)

Mental Models Identifying the Real problem vs. the apparent problem Balancing loops (thesis-antithesis-synthesis)

Focus on underlying assumptions Focus our energies

Inquiry Fundamental purpose is to surface mental models - so we can talk about them and improve them The Left-Hand Column

Purpose or mission Values

Dialogue (suspend assumptions)

Pragmatist (Singer)

A good Systems Thinker sees all four levels at once

Events Patterns Systems Mental Models

Mastery of each inquiring system The Master is the one who can change at will to be situationally responsive

Flex to balance inquiry and advocacy

Goal achievement (tactical approach)

Coordinated patterns of action

Fig. 2. Summary of Inquirers (Adopted from Courtney et. al., 1999)

Locke Leibniz Kant Hegel Singer

Input Elementary observations

None Some empirical

Some empirical

Units and standards

Given Built-in labels (properties)

Built-in axioms

Space-time Framework

Theories

Theories System of measurement

Process Assign labels to Inputs

Communication

Formal Logic

Sentence generator

Construct models from theories

Interprete data

Choose best model

Construct theses, antithesis

Dialectic

Strategy of agreement

Sweeping-in

Sweeping-around

Sweeping-out

Output Taxonomy Fact nets

Tautologies

Contingent truths

Fact Nets Multiple Models

Synthesis New standard

Exoteric knowledge

Simplistic optimism

Progress in ideals

Guarantor Consensus Internal Consistency

Fit between data and model

Objective observer

Replicability

Hegelian over-observer

Fig. 3. Summary of ICT Support of Inquiring Organizations (Adopted from Courtney et. al., 1999)

Locke Leibniz Kant Hegel Singer

Input Goals, decisions, standards, policies, and procedures)

None Knowledge Sources Organizational Memory

Mission Statement

Units, Standards

Given Organizational history Organizational structure and culture

Standards Operating Procedures Rule base

Tacit knowledge Explicit knowledge Working theories

Opposing Views

System of Measures

Process Negotiation Communication Consensus building

Cause and effect analysis Inference Systematic problem solving

Knowledge scanning Association building Recursive learning

Arbitration Sweeping-in variables to overcome inconsistency

Output Equivocality Reduction

Simple error detection and correction Suggested course of action

Integrated, timely knowledge

Conflict resolution Renewal Enlarged perspective New strategic direction

New measures Exoteric knowledge

IT Support

Database GSS Networking

Expert Systems

Internet Knowledge Base Model Base

GSS Dialectron

CASE Expert systems WWW Border Objects

Fig. 4. Properties of Learning Associated with Churchmanian Inquiry (Adopted from Courtney et. al., 1999)

Leibniz Locke Kant Hegel Singer

System Closed Open Open/Closed Open Open

Learning Style Behavioral

Adaptive

Single Loop

Consensual

Generative

Cognitive

Generative

Generative

Double-loop

Generative

Third-loop

Learning Mechanism

Simple error detection and correction

Reduction of equivocality

Knowledge scan

Model matching

Recursiveness

Synthesis by objective mediator

Trial and error

Agreement and partition

Learning Level

Low High Multi-level High Multi-level Spiral among levels

Learning Framework

Procedural Strategic

Architectural

Procedural

Architectural

Architectural Procedural

Strategic

Learning Source

Syntactic Pragmatic Pragmatic

Semantic

Semantic Syntactic

Pragmatic

Learning Orientation

Normative Developmental

Capability

Developmental

Capability

Developmental Developmental

Developmental

Orientation

Apprentice Specialist

Generalist

Specialist

Generalist

Renowned Renowned

Obstacles Competency traps

Incorrect inferences about cause and effect

Failure to reach consensus

Competency traps

Lack of fit between tasks and goals

Learning disconnected from purpose

Complacency

Incorrect standards

Lack of oversight

Philosophy Project Management/ - Leadership

Management/ Leadership

Kapitalisme

Liberalisme

Konservatisme

HUA (Hovedet Under Armen) Profit (økonomi)

Ejer/leder

Hierarki

Positivisme

(Trad. empirialisme, rationa-lisme, eks.: Locke, Hume, Leibnitz, Comte, Popper)

Rationel fasemodel Fra ide og behov til implementering

Objektiv sandhed

Teknologi Falcificering

Logik, data

Oligarki

Hermeneutik

(eks.: Kant, Humboldt, Heidegger, Gadamer, Wittgenstein, Chomsky)

Socio-teknik

Org.kultur

Serviceledelse

Org. Udvikling

Etc.

Subjektiv sandhed, fortolkning, forståelse

Praksis

Selvstyring

Selvorganisering Kommunarki

Marxisme

Kommunisme

Socialisme

(eks. Marx, Lenin, Mao)

Klasse-magt modellen Proletariatets diktatur

Magt Medbestemmelse

Critical Theory

(ex.: Horkheimer, Adorno, Arendt, Marcuse, Habermas, Appel, Honneth, Luhman)

Interesse-modellen

Eksemplarisk indlæring

Undertryktes pædagogik

Ideologikritik

Objektiv/subjektiv sandhed

Dialektisk spiral Interesser:

Beherskelse

Forståelse

Frigørelse

Teleology

(ex.: Dewey, Mead, James, Peirce, Bradford-Smith, Singer, Churchman, Riceuer, Jantsch)

Teleologisk design

Systemfilosofi Proces

Kollektivt bedvidste/ubevidste

Anarki

Either Existentialism or Telelology or Deconstruction

(ex.: Sartre, Derrida, Foucault, Kierkegaard)

Anti-planlæggere Ingen

Væren

Essens

Feminology

(ex.: Eric Jantsch, Germaine Greer, Betty Friedan, Nynne Kock, Eric Jantsch)

Basisgruppe-modellen “Du er gudinden”

Ledelse i RelationerLedelse i Relationer

Dacapo Teatrets tilgang til lederudvikling handler derfor om:

• At lederne oplever og forstår, at ledelse foregår i relationer.

• At lederne bliver opmærksomme på deres egen andel i relationerne og bliver parate til selv at forandre sig.

• At lederne skaber udviklende netværk med andre ledere og bidrager til hinandens læring og udvikling.

Ledelse i RelationerLedelse i Relationer

Working Live

•Lyt – med opmærksomhed - til din erfaring

•Tag den andens perspektiv

•Brug dine sanser

•Vær opmærksom på magtrelationer

•Dyrk de uformelle relationer

Alternativer i filosofi, e-business og økonomi. Burrell & Morgan - Basis.

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