Alternate Fuels for CI Engine 2003
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Transcript of Alternate Fuels for CI Engine 2003
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Presented by,
Vaman A. Shenoy,
Mem b er , AC ME
Alternate Fuels for IC Engine :
Ethanol & Hydrogen
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Index:
Abstract
Introduction
Ethanol Why ethanol? Use of ethanol in IC engines
Modification required for using ethanol
Results and discussions
Hydrogen Hydrogen in internal combustion engines
Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION
Alternative energy technologies can provide a hedge
against rising fuel prices.
Emission-free orEco- Friendly.
An additional environmental benefit could be the
"brightfields" concept.
Strict emissions norms like EURO NORMS, BHARAT
NORMS, KYOTO PROTOCOL etc.
Increased demand for petroleum products.
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ETHANOL
Most promising option for countries like India.
Availability from agriculture products.
Basic methods of usage:
Injection of ethanol with inlet airusing carburetion
Emulsion of diesel and ethanol
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Why ethanol?
Can be produced in large quantities at low
costfrom these molasses.
Its high oxygen contentimproves the
combustion characteristics.
It also reduces harmful emissions from ICengines such as sulphur-di-oxide, oxides of
nitrogen, particulate emissions.
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Use of ethanol in IC engines
Blend formation
Dual injection
Spark ignition
Ignition improvers
Surface ignition
Fumigation
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Blend formation:
The easiest methodby which ethanol could be
used is in the form ofdiesel ethanol blend.
But ethanol has limited solubilityin diesel [
typically 20%]
Major Drawbacks:
Cost of emulsifiers.
Poor low temperatures physical properties.
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Dual injection:
Nearly 90% Displacement of diesel by ethanol is
possible.
The drawback of this method includes the complexity
and expense of a second injection system and a
second fuel tank and system.
Spark ignition:
Provides a way of displacing 100% of diesel.
A spark plug and the associated ignition system
components must be added to the engine.
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Ignition improvers:
Increase cetane numbers sufficiently with ignition
improving additives to ensure that compressionignition will occur.
Saves the expense and complexity of engine
components changes, but adds fuel costs.
Surface ignition:
Surface ignition occurs when the temperature of the
air-fuel mixture adjacent to a hot surface exceeds its
self-ignition limit.
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Ethanol is introduced into engine by carbureting
or vaporizing the ethanol into the intake stream.
Requires addition of a carburetor or vaporizer
along with a separate fuel tank, lines and
controls.
Emergence of electronic injection techniques
the fumigation technique has been made
possible by using an injector in the intake
Fumigation:
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Modification required for using
ethanol
Modification like hot surface ignition,
continuously operated glow plugs, spark plugs,
fuel additives, exhaust gas re-circulation,
diesel injection, special piston design likeSonex combustion system (SCS), intake air
heating either by controls on flow from
turbocharger or by electric heater are some of
the successful methods by which the best
performance and also higher percentage of
energy replacement are achieved.
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Results and discussions:
It is observed from
the graph that the
engine runningwith ethanol
shows higher
brake thermal
efficiencywhencompared with
engine running
with diesel.
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Results and discussions:
The variation of
TFC with power of
the engineoperated with
diesel and
substitution of
diesel with ethanolby fumigation and
emulsification is
shown in the
graph.
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HYDROGEN
Hydrogen is a clean fuel because water is the
product after combustion in an internal
combustion engine.
NOx produced is still less than that from
petrol/diesel internal combustion engines.
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Hydrogen in IC engines
Research shows that Hydrogen can replace
Fossil fuels.
With the introduction of Hydrogen fuel cell
technology, the use of internal combustionengines may be phased out.
The volumetric efficiency of Hydrogen is
roughly five times lowerthan petrol. This iswhy Hydrogen must be compressed if there is
to be a useful amount of energy.
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Hydrogen cars generally use the Hydrogen
in one of the two methods:
Combustion Fuel-cell conversion
In combustion, Hydrogen is burnt in
engines in traditionally the same method
as traditional gasoline cars.
In fuel-cell conversion, the Hydrogen is
converted into electricitythrough fuel cells
which then powers electric motors.
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With either method, the only byproduct is
water.
Some Hydrogen cars use the common
internal combustion engine, usually fueled
with gasoline or diesel liquids, can be
converted to run on gaseous Hydrogen. The most efficient use of Hydrogen
involves the use of fuel cells and electric
motors instead of a traditional engine.Hydrogen reacts with oxygen inside the
fuel cells, which produces electricity to
power the motors.
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Research and Innovation
The first Hydrogen refueling station was opened in
Reykjavik, Iceland on April 2003
In 2005, an Israeli company claimed it succeededin conquering most of the problems related to
producing Hydrogen internal combustion engine
by using a device called a Metal-Steam
combustor. Research is ongoing at companies like BMW,
Hyundai, and Nissan, among many others.
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A few examples
Hondas firstFCX with Home Hydrogen Refueling.
Hydrogen postmans bike.
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The BMW Hydrogen 7
Series IC Engine
[135KW power output]
The hydrogen internal
combustion engine
inside a bus.
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion finally it can be inferred that
hydrogen is the best and efficient alternate
fuel for engines. Clean and high efficiency.
Only drawback at present is handling and
storage problem.
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References:
Michael Frank Hordesky, Alternative Fuels: The
future of hydrogen.
David Blume and Richard Buckminster Fuller, David
Blumes Alcohol can be fuels!.