all C are sp3 hybridized bondsC

3 prop ane C3H8

4 but ane C4H10

5 pent ane C5H12

6 hex ane C6H14

7 hept ane C7H16

8 oct ane C8H18

9 non ane C9H20

10 dec ane C10H22

n root suffix formula

1 meth ane C

nH

2n+2

H4

2 C2H6eth ane

Alkanes

Alkanes

CH4 16 -164C2H6 30 -88.6C3H8 44 -42.1C4H10 58 -0.5C5H12 72 +36.0

compound m.w. b.p.(Co)

n = 1-4 gasesn = 5-15 liquidsn > 15 solids

Alkanes

IMF = q1q2

____

rn = 1-4 gasesn = 5-15 liquidsn > 15 solids

q # electronsinstantaneous dipole moments

LDF

Alkanes

m.w. b.p.

IMF = q1q2

r

____

compound

72 36.1

72 27.9

72 9.5

structural isomers

r same formula different shape

branching

Reactions of Alkanes

combustion

__ C3H8 __ CO2 + 45

exothermic reactioncombustion with insufficient O2

__ C3H8 + __ O2 __ CO + __ H2O3 47/2

improperly vented spaces and cigarettes

+ __ O2 __ H2O3

Reactions of AlkanesSubstitution

step 1 Cl2 2Cl.h

initiation

step 2Cl.+ CH4 CH3

. + HClpropagation

step 3CH3

.+ Cl2 CH3Cl + Cl.propagation

step 4Cl.+ Cl. Cl2

termination

get a mixture of chlorinated methanes

of halogens

Halogenation of Alkanes

CH3Cl chloro methyl chloride

CH2Cl2 chloromethane methylene chloride

CHCl3 chloromethane chloroform

CCl4 chloromethane carbon tetrachloride

all liquids at room temperature methane is gase- rich Cl increases LDF

methane

di

tri

tetra

Nomenclature

1. Pick longest C chain as parent2. Number C beginning at end with first branch3. Identify branching substituents Assign each a number4. Use commas to separate numbers

hyphens to separate numbers from names5. Alphabetize substituents

NomenclatureStructural isomers of C5H12

I.

I. pentane

II.1 2 3 4

II. butanemethyl2-

III.

III.

1 2 3

propanemethyldi2,2-

1

2 3 41234

NomenclatureR = “alkyl” group

primary carbon1o

secondary carbon

2o

tertiary carbon

3o

quaternary carbon

4o

Nomenclature“common” names to learn:

propyl alphabetized as i

butyl alphabetized as i

butyl alphabetized as b

butyl alphabetized as b

iso

iso

sec-

tert-

H