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All Animals Werent Created Equal Robert T. Paine Jenessa Kay April 23, 2013 Community Ecology Nature Education, 2012 Slide 2 Biographical Info Born in Cambridge, MA April 13,1933 Happy belated birthday! AB - Harvard University, 1954 Army Battalion Gardener PhD - University of Michigan, 1961 Post-doc, Scripps Institute of Oceanography Professor of Zoology, University of Washington 1962 1998 Current Professor emeritus of Zoology, UW Kinne (ed.), 1994 Slide 3 Awards and Recognition 1979-80 President of Ecological Society of America 1983 MacArthur Award (ESA) 1989 Excellence in Ecology Prize (Ecology Inst. in Oldendorf am Luhe, Germany 1997 Sewall Wright Award (Society of American Naturalists) 2000 Eminent Ecologist Award Scientific American, 2010 Slide 4 Cited by 3652 Cited by 1178 BioScience, Vol. 46, No. 8 (Sep., 1996) Cited by 1017 Cited by 920 Cited by 776 Slide 5 Research Overview Predation Hypothesis and Competitive Hierarchies Food Web Interactions and Trophic Cascades Quantifying interaction strengths and patch dynamics Keystone Species Concept marinebio.net Why dont we have monocultures of good competitors?? Slide 6 The New York Times, 2012 Kevin Schafer Slide 7 Study Location Makah Bay mainland WA Tatoosh Island - 0.5 miles offshore from Cape Flattery Part of Makah Reservation Longest ongoing study of a single area by the same scientist in the U.S. makah.com Superstock.com Slide 8 Tatoosh Island history.noaa.gov (1943) wikimedia.com legendsofamerica.com Slide 9 Whether I was stupid or foolhardy, I spent my first ten years in the intertidal in sneakers cheap as possible. scientificamerican.com I have too good peripheral circulation. Slide 10 The New York Times, 2012 Slide 11 His intellectual presence is so commanding that his physical presence hardly registers. naturalhistoriesproject.org Slide 12 If you ask him a questiony ou feel the weight of an encyclopedic knowledge of scientific and natural history gathering behind his response. naturalhistoriesproject.org Slide 13 What would happen if we removed the top predator from an ecosystem? naturalhistoriesproject.org Slide 14 You get pretty good at throwing starfish into deeper water. Nature, 2010 California Academy of Sciences asnailodyessy.com Ive always thought of myself as a wader due to my size. Slide 15 Kick-It-And-See Ecology Changed ecology from an observational to an experimental science 3 years on Makah Bay 8 x 2 m plots Removal of Pisaster ochraceus Unmanipulated control Transect lines to measure density of resident macroinvertebrates and benthic algae Bruno, 2007 ppt scientificamerican.com Slide 16 What Maintains Diversity? Previously, thought diversity = ecosystem stability Stability increases as the number of links increase (MacArthur, 1955) A rich fauna and floratends to be very stable because of multiplicity of ecological checks and balances (Watt, 1964) Paine absence of one individual can shift entire population into monoculture Species richness decreased from 15 to 8 online.santarosa.edu Slide 17 Nature Education, 2010 Paine, 1966 Slide 18 3 Pages That Changed the World (of Ecology) Loss can initiate trophic cascades: the rise and fall of connected species throughout the food web Slide 19 Type of Keystones Predators Sea Otters, Gray Wolves Prey Mutualists hummingbirds Hosts Saguaro cactus Parasites Modifiers N. American Beaver Pollinators Where does it end? Slide 20 Challenges include context dependency and diversity dictating keystone status 1994 United Nations Global Biodiversity Assessment met to identify issues and challenges with keystone species concept 9 keystone cops including Paine, Tilman, Mary Power, Bruce Menge Written as discussion between Dr. Knowitall, Empiricist and Skeptic Slide 21 A keystone species is one that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance, size or biomass Goodness gracious, its Pisaster ochraceus Slide 22 Drawing from 1999 Paul Dayton Jane Lubchenco Bruce Menge Steve Palumbi Marian Kohn, 1999 (Nature, 2013) Slide 23 Slide 24 Slide 25 Paine = a Keystone The New York Times, 2012 Slide 26 Questions? sfbbo.org Slide 27 References Mills, L. Scott, Michael E. Soule, and Daniel F. Doak. "The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation." BioScience 43.4 (1993): 219-224. Levin, Simon A., and Robert T. Paine. "Disturbance, patch formation, and community structure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 71.7 (1974): 2744-2747. Paine, Robert T. "Food web complexity and species diversity." American Naturalist (1966): 65-75. Paine, Robert T. "A note on trophic complexity and community stability." The American Naturalist 103.929 (1969): 91-93. Paine, Robert T. "Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure." Journal of Animal Ecology 49.3 (1980): 667-685. Paine, Robert T. "A conversation on refining the concept of keystone species."Conservation Biology 9.4 (1995): 962- 964. Paine, Robert T., et al. "Trouble on oiled waters: lessons from the Exxon Valdez oil spill." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics (1996): 197-235. Power, Mary E., et al. "Challenges in the quest for keystones." BioScience46.8 (1996): 609-620.