Alcohol as an alternative fuel in s 2

Alcohol as an alternative

fuel in S.I Engine

MANORANJAN NAYAK

1101219528

COLLEGE OF ENGEERING,

BHUBANESWAR

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

E85 FUEL BLENDED

ETHANOL

BLENDING

POWER MAKING FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

FLEXIBLE FUEL VEHICLE

ALCOHOL FUMIGATION

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION

In this century, it is believed that crude oil and petroleum products will

become very scarce and costly.

Day-to-day, fuel economy of engines is getting improved and will

continue to improve. However, enormous increase in number of

vehicles has started dictating the demand for fuel.

With increased use and depletion of fossil fuels, alternative fuel

technology will become more common in the coming decades.

Because of the high cost of petroleum products, energy security ,

emission problems some developing countries are trying to use

alternate fuels for their vehicles

LIQUID FUELS:

Liquid fuels are preferred for IC engines because they are easy to store and

have reasonably good calorific value. The main alternative is the alcohol

ALCOHOL:

Alcohols are attractive alternate fuels because they can be obtained from both

natural and manufactured sources. Methanol and ethanol are two kinds of

alcohols that seem most promising.

E85,alcohol fuel mixture of 85% ethanol and

15% gasoline E85 is an alcohol fuel mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, by

volume. ethanol derived from crops (bioethanol) is a biofuel.

E85 as a fuel is widely used in Sweden and is becoming increasingly

common in the United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a

major crop and is the primary source material for ethanol fuel

production.

E85 is usually used in engines modified to accept higher concentrations

of ethanol. Such flexible-fuel engines are designed to run on any mixture

of gasoline or ethanol with up to 85% ethanol by volume.

HOW IS IT MADE NOW?

HISTORICALLY MADE FROM CORN AND OTHER STARCH SOURCES OR FROM NATURAL SUGARS BY FERMENTATION

COMMON SOURCES INCLUDE RICE, POTATO, CASSAVA – PLUS CORN AND OTHER GRAINS

MANUFACTURING PROCESS WAS VERY ENERGY-INTENSIVE, BUT IS NOW LESS SO IN MOST MODERN PLANTS, DUE TO ADVANCES IN DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY

Ethanol

Closed carbon dioxide greenhouse gas cycle for biofuels.

Ethanol & biodiesel are sustainable forms of solar energy.

What about Using Ethanol for Fuel?

BLENDING Automobile fuels be “oxygenated” in order to reduce air pollution.

In addition, removal of lead from gasoline renewed interest in ethanol as

octane booster.

While E10/E15 is intended for all automobiles, a blend called “E85” is

intended for flex fuel vehicles. E85 is nominally 85% ethanol and 15%

gasoline, albeit it can be as high as 30% gasoline in cold climates in

winter.The principle reason for blending some gasoline into ethanol for flex

fuel vehicles is to improve starting in cold weather.

Ethanol is separated from the water in which it is produced via a process

called distillation. The distillation process does not remove all of the water.

Having some water mixed in with the fuel is actually improves performance

of an internal combustion engine, as the water provides extra mass to

absorb the heat of combustion and turn it into high pressure steam for

mechanical energy.

However, water and gasoline don’t mix well (are not “miscible”, in

chemical terms), sothe water must be removed when producing ethanol-

gasoline blends. This dry or “anhydrous” ethanol is needed to prevent

phase separation of the fuel components in ethanol - gasoline blends.

Power Making Fuel Characteristics

1.Octane Rating [MON]

2.Burning Rate

3.Latent Heat of Vaporization

[kJ/kg]

4.Energy Value [MJ/kg]

&

5.Reduction in Green house gases

1. ne Rating

2. Burning Rate800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

1. Octane

Measures fuel’s resistance to pre-

ignition and detonation, commonly

called “knocking”

Three common octane ratings for

motor fuels: Research Octane Number (RON)

Motor Octane Number (MON)

(R+M/2) method

800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

1. Octane (cotd.)

MON rating is most useful to racers

because it is measured under high

loads and at high RPM’s

High MON rated fuels allow the use of

higher compression and advanced

spark timing

E85 delivers MON octane ratings

equal to, or better than, most

gasoline800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

2. Burning Rate

The speed at which fuel burns and releases

its heat energy

There is less time for fuel to burn at high

RPM’s, so rapid burning fuel is a must in

racing

Peak horsepower (kW) and engine

efficiency are realized if fuel is almost

completely burned by 20 degrees after Top

Dead Center (TDC)


3. Latent Heat of Vaporization

Measures a fuel’s ability to cool the

intake charge and combustion chamber

Measured in kJ/ lt.

Higher rated fuels remove heat better


3. Latent Heat of Vaporization

E85 promotes better cooling:

Making the intake charge more dense,

thereby packing more energy (per

volume) into the engine

Helping to control detonation

Reducing temperatures in the engine

and oiling system components


4. Energy Value

The total heat energy contained in a given

amount of fuel – kJ/kg

Horsepower generation depends on “Net

Energy Value” - Equal to the energy value

multiplied by the amount of fuel that can be

burned

A fuel’s “stoichiometric” defines its ideal

air/fuel ratio

Lower stoichiometric fuels allow more fuel to

be burned which, in turn, increases the Net

Energy Value of the fuel800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

Ethanol and Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs)

What is a FFV?

• FFVs are specially designed to run on all ethanol blends up to 85%

• FFVs can use any mixture of gasoline or E85

• FFVs have fuel sensors which

monitor ethanol/gasoline ratios

Property Ethanol Gasoline (87 Octane) E85

Octane (R+M)/2 98-100 86-94 96

Lower Heating Value(Btu/lb) 11,500 18,000-19,000 12,500

Gallon Equivalent 1.5 1 1.4

Miles per Gallon vs. Gasoline 70% 100% 72%

Relative tank size to yield Tank is 1.5 times 1 Tank is 1.4 times

(Driving range equivalent to gasoline) Larger Larger

Reid Vapor Pressure (PSI) 2.3 8 to 16 6 to 12

Specific Gravity (@ 60/65 F) 0.794 .72-.78 0.78

Cold Weather Starting Poor Standard As good as gasoline

Vehicle Power 5% Increase Standard 3%-5% Increase

Air/Fuel Ratio (by weight) 9 14.7 10

Ethanol & E85 vs. Gasoline

Flexible Fuel Vehicle

Flexible Fuel Vehicles, also known as FFVs, are designed to run on

gasoline, E85, or any combination of the two. The “Flexible” nature

of the vehicle gives the driver the flexibility to switch back and forth

between gasoline and E85.

Ethanol contains more oxygen than gasoline. The vehicles come equipped with an oxygen sensor which determines the amount of

ethanol in the fuel at any time. It provides this information to the

onboard computer, which then adjusts the engine to maximize

efficiency and performance. The fuel may contain anywhere from

zero to 85% ethanol. FFVs are widely available and include sedans,

minivans, SUVs, and pickup trucks.

Utilization of Alcohol Fuels in

Compression Ignition engines difficulties encountered:-

1.More alcohol fuel than diesel fuel is required by mass and volume.

2.Large percentages of alcohol do not mix with diesel fuel, hence use of diesel-alcohol blends is not feasible .

3.Alcohols have extremely low cetane numbers, whereas the diesel engine is known to prefer

4.Diesel fuels serve as lubricants for diesel engine. Alcohol fuels do not have the same lubricating qualities.

5. The poor auto-ignition capability of alcohols is responsible for severe knock due to rapid burning of vaporized alcohol.

Alcohol Fumigation

Fumigation is a method by which alcohol is

introduced into the engine by carbureting,

vaporizing or injecting the alcohol into the

intake air stream. This requires the addition

of a carburetor, vaporizer or injector, along

with a separate fuel tank, lines and controls.

Fumigation has some following advantages:

It requires a minimum of modification to the engine.

The engine can switch from dual fuel to diesel fuel operation and vice-

versa by disconnection and connection of the alcohol source to the

injector.

If an engine is limited in power output due to smoke emissions, fumigated

ethanol could increase the power output because alcohol tends to

reduce smoke. This is because of good mixing of the injected charge with

alcohol.

Fumigation can substitute alcohol for diesel fuel. Up to 50% of the fuel

energy can be derived from alcohol by fumigation

It is a high octane fuel with anti-knock index numbers of over 100.Engines using high octane fuel can run more efficiently by using higher compression ratios. Alcohols have higher flame speed.

It produces less overall emissions compared to gasoline.

When alcohols are burned, it forms more moles of exhaust gases, which gives higher pressure and more power in the expansion stroke.

It has high latent heat of vaporization which results in a cooler intake process. This raises the volumetric efficiency of the engine and reduces the required work input in the compression stroke.

Alcohols have low sulphur content in the fuel.

Reduced petroleum imports and transportation.

ADVANTAGES:

Alcohols have low energy content or in other words the calorific value of the fuel is less.

With equal thermal efficiency and similar engine output usage, twice as much fuel would have to be purchased.

Even with the low energy content of the fuel, engine power for a given displacement would be about the same. This is because of the lower air-fuel ratio needed by alcohol.

Alcohol contains oxygen and thus requires less air for stoichiometric combustion. More fuel can be burned with the same amount of air.

Alcohol is much more corrosive than gasoline on copper, brass, aluminum, rubber, and many plastics. This puts some restrictions on the design and manufacturing of engines to be used with this fuel. Methanol is very corrosive on metals.

It has poor cold weather starting characteristics due to low vapor pressure and evaporation.(E85 rectifies it)

DISADVANTAGES:

BRAZILWorld leader in production and export of ethanol.

Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000

barrels of gasoline.

24% blend ethanol mandatory.

Competitiveness

Bio diesel initiatives underway

U.S.A.Ethanol : a big boost to economy

E85 sells cheaper than gasoline

Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion

gallons/yr

IndiaSources of ethanol:

Sugarcane,Molasses&Agricultural waste

Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected

Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion litres

APPLICATION

Extensive research and development is difficult to justify until

the fuels are accepted as viable for large numbers of engines.

Most alternate fuels are very costly at present since the

quantity used is very less.

There is lack of distribution points (service stations) where fuel is

available to the public.

DIFFICULTIES

CONCLUSION

I Would sum up the whole presentation into few lines saying that

reducing fossil fuels in the near future would be a great loss to mankind

if we are not able to find out any alternative for it and I found alcohol

to be effective as it can be produced easily and the flexible fuel vehicle will be proved to be of great advantage.

REFERENCES

WIKIPEDIA

ENVIRONMENTAL JOURNALS

THANK YOU

Alcohol as an alternative fuel in s 2

Automotive

Transcript of Alcohol as an alternative fuel in s 2