Alcohol and drug use disorders: Global Health Estimates€¦ · en/index2.html . 6 1. Mortality...

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WHO Forum on alcohol, drugs and addictive behaviours Enhancing public health actions through partnerships and collaboration

Addictive Behaviours

WHO activities Addictive Behaviours

WHO activities

Alcohol and drug use disorders:

Global Health Estimates

2

Content

Abbreviations ............................................................................. 3

Introduction ............................................................................... 4

1. Mortality ............................................................................. 6

1.1. Alcohol use disorders .................................................. 8

1.1. Drug use disorders..................................................... 10

2. Global and regional estimates of disease burden

associated with alcohol and drug use disorders ...................... 13

2.1. Alcohol use disorders ................................................ 15

2.2. Drug use disorders..................................................... 19

Country-level data (DALY) ........................................................ 23

3

Abbreviations

AUD Alcohol Use Disorders

CDR Crude Death Rate

DALY Disability-Adjusted Life Year

DUD Drug Use Disorders

GHE Global Health Estimates

WHO World Health Organization

YLD Years Lost due to Disability

YLL Years of Life Lost

4

Introduction

According to WHO nomenclature, “substance use

disorders” include “harmful use” and “dependence

syndrome”. In the 10th revision of ICD-10, “harmful use”

is defined as a pattern of psychoactive substance use

that is causing damage to health and “dependence

syndrome” – as a cluster of physiological, behavioural,

and cognitive phenomena in which the use of a

substance or a class of substances takes on a much

higher priority for a given individual than other

behaviours that once had greater value.

Substance use disorders are associated with a significant

disease burden and the highest mortality among all

mental and behavioural disorders. The mortality ratio,

compared to the general population, is about 15 times

higher for opioid use disorders, about 6 times higher for

amphetamine use disorders, and about 5 times higher

for alcohol use disorders (Chesney et al., 2014).

To plan, implement, and evaluate actions directed

towards decreasing this burden, it is important to have

reliable and up-to-date estimates of the health loss

associated with substance use disorders.

5

This booklet provides a graphic summary of the most

recent data from WHO Global Health Estimates (GHE)

with regard to deaths caused by alcohol and drug use

disorders and disease burden associated with these

conditions. Mortality data presented is based on direct

deaths only. In fact, the total mortality attributable to

alcohol and drug use is much larger.

Disease burden is presented in Disability-Adjusted Life

Years (DALYs). DALYs for a disease or health condition

are calculated as the sum of the Years of Life Lost (YLL)

due to premature mortality in the population and the

Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) for people living with

the health condition or its consequences.

One DALY can be thought of as one lost year of

"healthy" life. The sum of these DALYs across the

population, or the burden of disease, can be thought of

as a measurement of the gap between current health

status and an ideal health situation where the entire

population lives to an advanced age, free of disease and

disability.

http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/

en/index2.html

http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_of_disease/en/

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html

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1. Mortality

Table 1. Deaths (total number of deaths, % of total

deaths, and number of deaths per 100,000 population)

caused by alcohol and drug use disorders by sex, all

ages, 2000 and 2015 (WHO, GHE)

* CDR-Crude Death Rate (per 100,000)

2000 2015

Deaths in thousands

(uncertainty ranges)

% of all deaths

CDR* Deaths in

thousands (uncertainty

ranges)

% of all deaths

CDR*

Alcohol Use Disorders Men 119 (114-124) 0.4 3.9 108 (102-114) 0.4 2.9 Women 24 (23-25) 0.1 0.8 21 (20-22) 0.1 0.6 Both 143 (137-149) 0.3 2.3 129 (121-136) 0.2 1.8

Drug use Disorders Men 79 (74-82) 0.3 2.6 117 (108-122) 0.4 3.1 Women 26 (24-27) 0.1 0.8 51 (47-56) 0.2 1.4 Both 105 (98-109) 0.2 1.7 168 (155-176) 0.3 2.3

7

Figure 1. Deaths caused by alcohol and drug use disorders

by age and sex, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

5-14 years 15-29 years30-49 years50-59 years60-69 years 70+ years

N d

eat

hs

Alcohol Use Disorders

Drug Use Disorders

8

1.1. Alcohol use disorders Figure 2. Crude death rate (per 100,000 population) due to

alcohol use disorders across WHO regions, all ages, both

sexes, 2000 and 2015 (WHO, GHE)

Figure 3. Deaths (thousands) caused by alcohol use

disorders across WHO regions, all ages, both sexes, 2000

and 2015 (WHO, GHE)

2.3 1.5

3.3

0.6

9.3

0.3 0.8

1.8 1.2

3.0

0.8

5.9

0.3 1.0

0

2

4

6

8

10

GLOBAL WHO AfricanRegion

WHO Region ofthe Americas

WHO South-EastAsia Region

WHO EuropeanRegion

WHO EasternMediterranean

Region

WHO WesternPacific Region

De

ath

s p

er

10

0,0

00

2000

2015

10.2

27.5

9.5

80.9

1.6

13.3 11.4

29.2

14.5

53.5

2.0

17.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

WHO African Region WHO Region of theAmericas

WHO South-East AsiaRegion

WHO EuropeanRegion


Region


N d

eat

hs

(,0

00

)

2000

2015

9

Figure 4. Deaths (% of global) caused by alcohol use


and 2015 (WHO, GHE)

WHO African Region 9%

WHO Region of the Americas

23%

WHO South-East Asia Region

11%

WHO European Region

42%

WHO Eastern Mediterranean

Region 1%

WHO Western Pacific Region

14%

2015

WHO African Region

7%


19%


7%

WHO European Region

57%


Region 1%


9%

2000

10

1.1. Drug use disorders Figure 5. Crude death rate (per 100,000 populations) due to

drug use disorders across WHO regions, all ages, both sexes,

2000 and 2015 (WHO, GHE)

Figure 6. Deaths (thousands) caused by alcohol use


and 2015 (WHO, GHE)

1.7 1.5

2.4

0.8

4.5

1.5

0.9

2.3 1.8

4.2

1.2

4.9

1.5 1.7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

GLOBAL WHO AfricanRegion

WHO Region ofthe Americas


WHO EuropeanRegion


Region


De

arh

s p

er

10

0,0

00

2000

2015

9.8

19.7

12.8

39.0

6.9

15.7 17.5

41.4

22.4

44.3

9.7

31.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

WHO African Region WHO Region of theAmericas


WHO EuropeanRegion


Region


N d

eat

hs

(th

ou

san

ds)

2000

2015

11

Figure 7. Distribution of deaths (%) caused by drug use

disorders across WHO regions, 2000 and 2015 (WHO, GHE)

WHO African

Region 9%


19%


12%

WHO European Region

38%


Region 7%


15%

2000

WHO African Region

10%

WHO Region of

the Americas

25%


13%

WHO European Region

27%


Region 6%


19%

2015

12

Figure 8. Distribution of deaths (%) caused by different type

of drug use disorders, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

Opioid use disorders

76%

Cocaine use disorders

6%

Amphetamine use disorders

7%

Cannabis use disorders

0%

Other drug use disorders

11%

13

2. Global and regional estimates of disease

burden associated with alcohol and

drug use disorders

Table 2. Total numbers (N) and global percentages of

disease burden (% of total DALY, YLL, YLD) caused by

alcohol and drug use disorders by sex, 2010 and 2015

(WHO, GHE)

2000 2015

N DALY (%) N YLL (%) N YLD (%) N DALY (%) N YLL (%) N YLD (%)

Alcohol Use Disorders men 10,444,922

(0.70) 5,146,975

(0.42) 5,297,947

(1.85) 10,733,059

(0.74) 4,379,922

(0.40) 6,353,138

(1.89) women 2,369,473

(0.18) 963,162

(0.10) 1,406,311

(0.41) 2,315,835

(0.19) 778,964

(0.09) 1,536,870

(0.46) both 12,814,395

(0.46) 6,110,136

(0.28) 6,704,258

(1.10) 13,048,894

(0.49) 5,158,886

(0.26) 7,890,008

(1.14)

Drug use Disorders men 8,830,969

(0.59) 4,097,535

(0.34) 4,733,434

(1.94) 12,243,704

(0.85) 5,615,158

(0.51) 6,628,546

(1.69) women 3,515,529

(0.27) 1,222,413

(0.12) 2,293,116

(0.85) 5,385,026

(0.44) 2,169,915

(0.26) 3,215,110

(0.75) both 12,346,498

(0.44) 5,319,948

(0.24) 7,026,550

(1.37) 17,628,729

(0.66) 7,785,073

(0.40) 9,843,656

(1.20)

14

Alcohol use

disorders 38%

Drug use disorders

57%

Other 5%

YLL

Depressive disorders

32%

Bipolar disorder

5%

Schizophrenia 9%

Alcohol use disorders

8% Drug use disorders

10%

Anxiety disorders

14%

Eating disorders

1%

Autism and Asperger syndrome

6%

Childhood behavioural

disorders 4%

Idiopathic intellectual disability

5%

Other mental and

behavioural disorders

6%

DALY

Figure 9. DALYs, YLL and YLD from mental and

behavioural disorders by specific conditions, both

sexes, all ages, 2015 (WHO, GHE) *

* self-harm is not included

Depressive disorders

35%

Bipolar disorder

6%

Schizophrenia

10%

Alcohol use

disorders 5%

Drug use disorders

6% Anxiety disorders

16%

Eating disorders

1%

Autism and

Asperger syndrome

6%

Childhood behaviour

al disorders

4%

Idiopathic intellectual disability

5% Other

6%

YLD

15

2.1. Alcohol use disorders Figure 10. DALYs per 100,000 population due to alcohol use

disorders across WHO regions, both genders, all ages, 2000-

2015 (WHO, GHE)

Figure 11. Distribution of DALYs due to alcohol use disorders

across WHO regions, both genders, all ages, 2015 (WHO,

GHE)

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.1

0.6

0.1

0.1 0.2

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

GLOBAL African Region Region of theAmericas

South-East AsiaRegion

EuropeanRegion

EasternMediterranean

Region

Western PacificRegion

DA

LY p

er

10

0,0

00

2000

2015

African Region

10%

Region of the Americas

19%

South-East Asia Region

18%

European Region 29%

Eastern Mediterranean

Region 3%

Western Pacific Region

21%

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Figure 12. Distribution of DALY due to alcohol use disorders by age and sex, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

5-14 years 1%

15-29 years 25%

30-49 years 42%

50-59 years 18%

60-69 years 9%

70+ years 5%

female

5-14 years

1% 15-29 years

22%

30-49 years 47%

50-59 years 18%

60-69 years 9%

70+ years 3%

male

17

Figure 13. Distribution of YLL caused by alcohol use disorders by age and sex, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

5-14 years 0%

15-29 years 11%

30-49 years 46%

50-59 years 25%

60-69 years 13%

70+ years 5%

male

5-14 years 0%

15-29 years 11%

30-49 years 40%

50-59 years 27%

60-69 years 15%

70+ years 7%

female

18

Figure 14. Percentages of DALYs caused by alcohol use disorders among all DALYs, by age and sex, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

Figure 15. Percentage of DALY caused by alcohol use disorders among mental and substance use disorders DALYs, by age and sex, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

5-14 years 15-29 years 30-49 years 50-59 years 60-69 years 70+ years

% D

ALY

Male female

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20


% o

f D

ALY

am

on

g al

l me

nta

l an

d

sub

stan

ce u

se d

iso

rde

rs

Male

female

19

2.2. Drug use disorders Figure 16. DALYs per 100,000 population, drug use

disorders, both genders, all ages, 2000-2015 (WHO, GHE)

Figure 17. Distribution of DALYs across WHO regions,

alcohol use disorders, both genders, all ages, 2015 (WHO,

GHE)

0.20

0.13

0.28

0.12

0.39

0.22

0.16

0.24

0.15

0.41

0.14

0.42

0.25

0.21

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

GLOBAL African Region Region of theAmericas

South-East AsiaRegion

European Region EasternMediterranean

Region

Western PacificRegion

2000

2015

African Region

8%

Region of the Americas

23%

South-East Asia Region

16%

European Region 22%

Eastern Mediterranean

Region 9%

Western Pacific Region

22%

20

Figure 18. Distribution of DALY by age and sex, drug use disorders, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

5-14 years

0% 15-29 years

40%

30-49 years 43%

50-59 years 10%

60-69 years 5%

70+ years 2%

male

5-14 years

0%

15-29 years 39%

30-49 years 38%

50-59 years 12%

60-69 years 7%

70+ years 4%

female

21

Figure 19. Distribution of YLL by age and sex, drug use disorders, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

0-28 days 0%

1-59 months 0%

5-14 years 0%

15-29 years 35%

30-49 years 44%

50-59 years 12%

60-69 years 6%

70+ years 3%

male

0-28 days 0%

1-59 months 0%

5-14 years 0%

15-29 years 32%

30-49 years 39%

50-59 years 14%

60-69 years 8%

70+ years 7%

female

22

Figure 20. Percentages of DALYs due to drug use disorders among all DALYs, by age and sex, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

Figure 21. Percentage of DALY due to drug use disorders among mental and substance use disorders DALYs, by age and sex, 2015 (WHO, GHE)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0


% o

f D

ALY

Male

female

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20


% D

ALY

am

on

g al

l me

nta

l an

d

sub

stan

ce u

se d

iso

rde

rs

Male

female

23

Country-level data (DALY) Alcohol Use Disorders Drug Use Disorders

COUNTRY Total AUD DALY* ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Total DUD

DALY** ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per 100'000

Afghanistan 19.1 0.1 0.1 41.1 0.2 0.1 Albania 2.9 0.4 0.1 3.6 0.5 0.1 Algeria 14.9 0.1 0.0 79.1 0.7 0.2 Angola 40.3 0.2 0.2 30.2 0.1 0.1 Antigua and Barbuda 0.4 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.1 Argentina 87.4 0.7 0.2 84.8 0.7 0.2 Armenia 4.6 0.5 0.2 3.8 0.4 0.1 Australia 47.7 0.9 0.2 152.8 2.8 0.6 Austria 26.3 1.1 0.3 24.9 1.1 0.3 Azerbaijan 20.3 0.7 0.2 16.5 0.5 0.2 Bahamas 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.1 Bahrain 1.1 0.5 0.1 4.0 1.7 0.3 Bangladesh 129.8 0.3 0.1 191.0 0.4 0.1 Barbados 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 Belarus 75.0 1.8 0.8 94.0 2.3 1.0 Belgium 27.7 0.9 0.2 26.1 0.8 0.2 Belize 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 Benin 13.4 0.2 0.1 18.4 0.3 0.2 Bhutan 0.9 0.3 0.1 1.7 0.6 0.2 Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

28.5 0.7 0.3 21.9 0.6 0.2

Bosnia and Herzegovina

12.0 1.0 0.3 5.1 0.4 0.1

Botswana 4.3 0.4 0.2 3.8 0.4 0.2

* Disability-adjusted life year due to Alcohol Use Disorders

** Disability-adjusted life year due to Drug Use Disorders

24

Alcohol Use Disorders Drug Use Disorders


% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Total DUD

DALY** ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Brazil 543.2 0.9 0.3 277.5 0.5 0.1 Brunei Darussalam 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 Bulgaria 11.9 0.4 0.2 10.3 0.3 0.1 Burkina Faso 24.3 0.2 0.1 25.9 0.2 0.1 Burundi 18.4 0.2 0.2 4.0 0.1 0.0 Cambodia 30.6 0.6 0.2 15.5 0.3 0.1 Cameroon 36.0 0.2 0.2 67.6 0.4 0.3 Canada 80.3 0.9 0.2 183.9 2.2 0.5 Cape Verde 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.2 Central African Republic

8.5 0.2 0.2 4.6 0.1 0.1

Chad 20.7 0.1 0.1 27.5 0.2 0.2 Chile 51.9 1.3 0.3 26.8 0.6 0.1 China 2154.9 0.6 0.2 3135.9 0.9 0.2 Colombia 66.4 0.5 0.1 64.3 0.5 0.1 Comoros 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 Congo 5.4 0.2 0.1 5.1 0.2 0.1 Costa Rica 9.8 0.9 0.2 6.5 0.6 0.1 Côte d'Ivoire 42.4 0.2 0.2 65.5 0.3 0.3 Croatia 13.0 0.9 0.3 10.1 0.7 0.2 Cuba 38.5 1.2 0.3 9.5 0.3 0.1 Cyprus 1.1 0.5 0.1 1.8 0.8 0.2 Czech Republic 23.8 0.7 0.2 22.4 0.7 0.2 Democratic People's Republic of Korea

35.0 0.4 0.1 64.8 0.7 0.3



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% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Total DUD DALY** ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Democratic Republic of the Congo

81.7 0.1 0.1 58.2 0.1 0.1

Denmark 29.8 2.0 0.5 20.5 1.4 0.4 Djibouti 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 Dominican Republic 20.0 0.6 0.2 10.1 0.3 0.1 Ecuador 35.9 0.9 0.2 24.2 0.6 0.1 Egypt 27.0 0.1 0.0 317.0 1.1 0.3 El Salvador 56.9 3.0 0.9 5.5 0.3 0.1 Equatorial Guinea 1.7 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.2 Eritrea 6.3 0.3 0.1 1.8 0.1 0.0 Estonia 13.2 2.9 1.0 11.4 2.5 0.9 Ethiopia 132.1 0.3 0.1 55.8 0.1 0.1 Fiji 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.1 Finland 35.3 2.3 0.6 26.1 1.7 0.5 France 214.2 1.3 0.3 137.2 0.8 0.2 Gabon 2.4 0.3 0.1 2.1 0.3 0.1 Gambia 2.0 0.2 0.1 3.4 0.3 0.2 Georgia 5.7 0.4 0.1 6.1 0.4 0.2 Germany 328.3 1.4 0.4 171.5 0.7 0.2 Ghana 34.8 0.2 0.1 56.5 0.4 0.2 Greece 10.4 0.3 0.1 28.5 0.9 0.3 Grenada 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 Guatemala 88.0 1.7 0.5 31.4 0.6 0.2 Guinea 15.1 0.2 0.1 20.9 0.2 0.2 Guinea-Bissau 2.3 0.2 0.1 2.8 0.2 0.2



26



% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Total DUD DALY** ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per 100'000

Guyana 2.4 0.8 0.3 1.3 0.4 0.2 Haiti 37.6 0.7 0.4 9.7 0.2 0.1 Honduras 13.8 0.7 0.2 8.8 0.4 0.1 Hungary 29.6 0.8 0.3 14.4 0.4 0.1 Iceland 0.5 0.8 0.2 1.2 1.8 0.4 India 1670.5 0.3 0.1 2058.6 0.4 0.2 Indonesia 189.2 0.2 0.1 194.8 0.2 0.1 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 30.1 0.2 0.0 423.7 2.3 0.5 Iraq 14.0 0.1 0.0 109.4 0.8 0.3 Ireland 8.7 0.8 0.2 20.8 2.0 0.4 Israel 5.4 0.4 0.1 9.2 0.6 0.1 Italy 47.8 0.3 0.1 113.7 0.7 0.2 Jamaica 4.1 0.5 0.1 2.7 0.3 0.1 Japan 68.3 0.2 0.1 110.7 0.3 0.1 Jordan 2.6 0.2 0.0 17.7 1.0 0.2 Kazakhstan 53.9 0.9 0.3 60.8 1.0 0.3 Kenya 54.0 0.2 0.1 13.9 0.1 0.0 Kiribati 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 Kuwait 1.4 0.2 0.0 9.3 1.4 0.2 Kyrgyzstan 23.8 1.4 0.4 18.4 1.0 0.3 Lao People's Democratic Republic

13.5 0.5 0.2 7.6 0.3 0.1

Latvia 15.4 1.8 0.8 8.7 1.0 0.4 Lebanon 2.3 0.1 0.0 13.1 0.8 0.2 Lesotho 3.4 0.2 0.2 3.3 0.2 0.2



27



% of total DALY

DALY per 100'000

Total DUD

DALY** ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Liberia 4.7 0.2 0.1 7.0 0.3 0.2 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

3.0 0.2 0.0 13.4 0.8 0.2

Lithuania 22.6 1.9 0.8 15.8 1.3 0.5 Luxembourg 1.5 1.2 0.3 1.9 1.5 0.3 Madagascar 23.0 0.2 0.1 7.4 0.1 0.0 Malawi 16.7 0.2 0.1 4.9 0.1 0.0 Malaysia 35.9 0.5 0.1 48.8 0.7 0.2 Maldives 0.7 1.1 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.2 Mali 17.0 0.1 0.1 21.6 0.2 0.1 Malta 0.4 0.4 0.1 1.1 1.0 0.3 Mauritania 3.3 0.2 0.1 7.1 0.3 0.2 Mauritius 3.2 0.8 0.3 1.6 0.4 0.1 Mexico 287.3 1.0 0.2 174.3 0.6 0.1 Micronesia (Federated States of)

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1

Mongolia 16.6 1.7 0.6 5.4 0.6 0.2 Montenegro 1.1 0.5 0.2 1.6 0.8 0.3 Morocco 25.1 0.3 0.1 144.4 1.5 0.4 Mozambique 31.7 0.2 0.1 10.5 0.1 0.0 Myanmar 120.4 0.6 0.2 68.2 0.3 0.1 Namibia 3.6 0.4 0.1 3.7 0.4 0.2 Nepal 24.4 0.3 0.1 32.0 0.3 0.1 Netherlands 21.7 0.5 0.1 27.7 0.6 0.2



28



% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Total DUD

DALY** ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

New Zealand 7.5 0.7 0.2 14.6 1.4 0.3 Nicaragua 29.2 1.9 0.5 6.1 0.4 0.1 Niger 14.2 0.1 0.1 14.7 0.1 0.1 Nigeria 236.2 0.2 0.1 607.6 0.4 0.3 Norway 15.0 1.2 0.3 29.4 2.4 0.6 Oman 2.4 0.3 0.1 12.1 1.4 0.3 Pakistan 135.5 0.2 0.1 238.8 0.3 0.1 Panama 5.9 0.6 0.2 5.2 0.5 0.1 Papua New Guinea 7.0 0.2 0.1 4.6 0.1 0.1 Paraguay 10.9 0.6 0.2 5.9 0.3 0.1 Peru 47.2 0.6 0.2 69.8 0.9 0.2 Philippines 148.2 0.4 0.1 127.4 0.4 0.1 Poland 214.6 1.7 0.6 76.5 0.6 0.2 Portugal 17.3 0.6 0.2 14.4 0.5 0.1 Qatar 1.4 0.4 0.1 4.7 1.4 0.2 Republic of Korea 94.4 0.9 0.2 42.5 0.4 0.1 Republic of Moldova 27.5 1.8 0.7 14.2 1.0 0.3 Romania 40.9 0.5 0.2 53.3 0.7 0.3 Russian Federation 1794.7 2.6 1.3 1503.2 2.2 1.0 Rwanda 19.5 0.4 0.2 5.0 0.1 0.0 Saint Lucia 0.6 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

0.5 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2



29



% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Total DUD

DALY** ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

Samoa 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 Sao Tome and Principe 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 Saudi Arabia 11.9 0.2 0.0 51.0 0.8 0.2 Senegal 13.5 0.2 0.1 18.9 0.3 0.1 Serbia 21.2 0.7 0.2 11.8 0.4 0.1 Seychelles 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.6 0.5 Sierra Leone 11.0 0.2 0.2 13.6 0.2 0.2 Singapore 1.9 0.2 0.0 4.2 0.5 0.1 Slovakia 17.9 1.1 0.3 10.0 0.6 0.2 Slovenia 6.5 1.1 0.3 4.0 0.7 0.2 Solomon Islands 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 Somalia 14.3 0.1 0.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 South Africa 69.2 0.3 0.1 97.2 0.4 0.2 South Sudan 17.2 0.2 0.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 Spain 47.5 0.4 0.1 105.0 0.9 0.2 Sri Lanka 26.1 0.4 0.1 26.2 0.4 0.1 Sudan 24.9 0.1 0.1 66.9 0.3 0.2 Suriname 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.2 Swaziland 2.2 0.3 0.2 2.9 0.4 0.2 Sweden 27.5 1.1 0.3 30.5 1.2 0.3 Switzerland 16.6 0.9 0.2 25.1 1.3 0.3 Syrian Arab Republic 6.0 0.1 0.0 31.0 0.4 0.2 Tajikistan 10.8 0.4 0.1 11.7 0.4 0.1 Thailand 184.7 0.8 0.3 120.2 0.5 0.2



30


COUNTRY Total AUD

DALY* ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per 100'000

Total DUD

DALY** ('000)

% of total DALY

DALY per

100'000

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

2.9 0.5 0.1 2.2 0.4 0.1

Timor-Leste 1.2 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.1 Togo 9.2 0.2 0.1 14.3 0.3 0.2 Tonga 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 Trinidad and Tobago 3.3 0.6 0.2 1.8 0.4 0.1 Tunisia 7.6 0.3 0.1 42.4 1.4 0.4 Turkey 39.8 0.2 0.1 137.2 0.7 0.2 Turkmenistan 12.0 0.6 0.2 9.6 0.5 0.2 Uganda 53.2 0.3 0.1 13.9 0.1 0.0 Ukraine 267.0 1.3 0.6 537.8 2.6 1.2 United Arab Emirates 7.7 0.5 0.1 44.7 3.0 0.5 United Kingdom 105.2 0.6 0.2 285.9 1.7 0.4 United Republic of Tanzania

75.1 0.3 0.1 25.6 0.1 0.0

United States of America

851.1 0.9 0.3 2977.7 3.2 0.9

Uruguay 4.9 0.5 0.1 4.9 0.5 0.1 Uzbekistan 53.6 0.5 0.2 56.1 0.6 0.2 Vanuatu 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

41.3 0.5 0.1 35.5 0.4 0.1

Viet Nam 115.8 0.5 0.1 134.0 0.5 0.1 Yemen 13.2 0.1 0.0 41.2 0.4 0.2 Zambia 22.6 0.3 0.1 7.1 0.1 0.0 Zimbabwe 31.8 0.3 0.2 28.9 0.3 0.2



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