Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental Sciences

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA

robock@envsci.rutgers.edu

http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock

Climate Dynamics11:670:461

Lecture 8, 9/29/14

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 5.1

Contours are isopycnals

s = rw - 1000where rw is in

units of kg/m3

Grey shading is ocean:

Mediterranean

Arctic

Dashed line is density

max

Grey line is freezing

temperature

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 5.2

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 5.3

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011)https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 5.4

Global, annual average heat balance (W/m2)

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011)https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Planetary albedo (a) is the average reflectivity of the Earth = 102/341 = 0.30

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011)https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Outer Space:

Total = 341 W m‑2 – (239 + 102) W m‑2 = 0 W m‑2

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011)https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Outer Space:

Total = 341.3 W m‑2 – (238.5 + 101.9) W m‑2 = -0.9 W m‑2

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011)https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Atmosphere:

Total = (78 + 17 + 80 + 374) W m‑2 - (187 + 30 + 333) W m‑2 = -1 W m‑2

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Climatological annual mean energy budget for 2000–2005 (W/m2). (Trenberth & Fasullo, 2011)https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/budgets-mass-moisture-energy

Surface:

Total = (161 + 333) W m‑2 - (17 + 80 + 396) W m‑2 = 1 W m‑2

Greenhouse effect

T = 255 K

T = 288 K

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 5.5

Annual average incident solar

radiation (W/m2)

Annual average absorbed solar

radiationat top of atmosphere

(W/m2)

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 5.6 Planetary albedo

(%)

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 5.7

Dependence of water albedo on solar zenith angle, θZ

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Annual mean outgoing longwave radiation (W/m2)

Fig. 5.8

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Net radiation at top of atmosphere (W/m2)

Fig. 5.9

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Net radiation at top of atmosphere (W/m2)

Fig. 5.9

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Solar radiation absorbed at surface, SABS (W/m2)

Fig. 5.10

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Outgoing longwave radiation at surface, esT4 (W/m2)

Fig. 5.11a

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Downward back radiation at surface, FBACK (W/m2)

Fig. 5.11b

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Sensible heat flux at surface, HS (W/m2)

Fig. 5.12a

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Latent heat flux at surface, HL (W/m2)

Fig. 5.12b

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Horizontal and vertical heat fluxes at surface, FH + FV (W/m2)

Fig. 5.13