Alamkaramakarandam a Pre Modern Treatise on Poetics

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A. P. G. O. M. L. & R. I. Series 17ALAMKARA MAKARANDAH By Rajasekhara Sudhi

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A.P.G. O.M.L & R. I. Series

ALAMKARA MAKARANDAHby Rajasekhara SudhiEdited and commentated bySriman Maringanti Srirangacharya

First Edition : March 1985No. of copies : 200

Price : Rs, 33

O A,P, Govt. Oriental manuscriptsLibrary a Research Institute,Abids, Hyderabad 500 001

Title designed byB. K. Chary

Printed atMASTER ART PRINTER^1-1 -694/2;A, Gandhinagar;Hyderabad 500 3SO


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PREFACE : Dr. V. V. L. Narasimha Rao vo

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Dr. V. V. L. Narasimha Rao, M.A., Ph.D.,Director, Andhra Pradesh Government OrientalManuscripts Library & Research Institute, Hyderabad.

PREFACEKeeping in view the cultural heritage of aur country, the-Government of Andhra Pradesh took up for consideration the

programme of publication of manuscripts on a variety of subjectssuch as Holy Scriptures, literary works in poetry, prose, grammar,prosody and poetics, etc.

The department ot the Andhra Pradesh Government OrientalManuscripts Library and Research Institute has so far brought outsixteen publications, in addition to a Research Journal entitledVijnana Saraswati. In the publication series of the department one'Vaikrta Chandrika', a Sanskrit work on Telugu Grammar byManchella Vasudevakavi of 1750 A.D, was brought out in 1975with an exhaustive and critical introduction by Dr. VadlamudiGopalakrishnaiah, the then director of the department* Later, inthe year 1982, another work in Telugu oh grammar, prosody andpoetics entitled cKavi Chintamani 9 by Vellanki Tatambhattu(around 1500 A.D.) was published.

The present work 'Alamkara Makarandah', a treatise inSanskrit on the figures of poetry, composed by Rajasekhara of 18thcentury comes under the category of poetics. For the benefit ofTelugu readers, the work is printed in the Telugu characters with adetailed commentary in Telugu by Sriman Maringanti Sri Ranga-charya, a scholar of repute.

The ManuscriptThe manuscript utilized in preparing this edition came from

the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras (G.Q.MX.


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No. 2285). It is a copy, made by a scribe from the original, inalmost a fairly legible and bold Nagari characters. It contains 31folios with 20 lines on each folio, written on both sides. The sizeof the folio is 26 cm x 24 cm. At the end of the manuscript i.e. onthe first side of the last folio, it was recorded that the copy wastranscribed from the manuscripts of ,Sikka Pullayya Gam ofVisweswara Agraharam, Perur shivar, Amalapuram Taluk, Godawaridistrict in 1916-17.

This transcript deposited in the Andhra Pradesh Govern-ment Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Institute withAce. No, 131 and another copy prepared by Sri D. K. Srinivasa-charya, Sanskrit pandit of this department are the scripts utilizedfor preparation of the press copy in Telugu characters.

: . , i i i'*

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.

The work relates to Alamkara Sastra. The very 1 title of t ework -' Alamk'ara 'Makarandah - means the nectar of* cfigures. The characterstics of Alamkaras are explained with co - sillustrations. Although the poet Rajasekhara at the outset^ oc-laims that he would follow the footsteps of Chan^ralbka,confines his text (Alankara Makarandah) only to 63 Alankar swhereas Chandraloka extends its scope to 100 Arthalamkaras althou hit avoids Sabdalamkaras. Alankara Makarandah also avoids t esame and the anology between the two is only to this extent, itappears that in the middle of the text of Alamkara Makarandah,almost two folios are missing. The scribe makes a note of this.*The missing portion of the text might have contained two morealamkaras. Even if this part is restored, the total number ofAlamkaras may not exceed 65.

This is all the anotomy of the text,The Author, His place and Date

Rajasekhara, the author of this work is not yayavariyaRajasekhara, the author of the famous work Kivyamimamsa oftenth century. '

The last sloka of Alamkara Makarandah reveal* that theauthor of the work is Rajasekhara 'btirn in the genealogy of

1 page 82vi


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'Kolluri' 1 . Except in this one reference, nowhere it is me Itionedthat the author of this work is RajaseKara, Neither th n me ofbis gotra nor the names of his parents are found in this or . Butit is evident that this Rajasekara is also the author o 'Sahityakalpadruma' an incomplete but fairly a sizable work on poetics.From the colophons2 of this work it is learnt that he vasborn to a noble couple of Brahmins - namely Venkateswara andSogemamba - belonging to Goutama gotra. His teacher was noneelse than his own father 3, ,

It may not be out of place if I give here the relevantextracts from 'the History of Sanskrit Classical Literature' byJVtr. M. Krishnama Chariar.

Rajasekara son of Venktesa of Kolluru family and ofGoutama gotra lived in Peruru (Somanathapura on the banks ofthe river Kousiki on the Godavari Konasima about 1840 A. D. HisSahitya Kalpadruma is a work on poetics in 81 Stabakas, He alsowrote Siva Sataka, Sris.achampu and Alankara Matcaranda -[Motilai Banarsidass Edn. Ill 1974, P 787]

In 'the New Cataloguscatalogorum, An Alphabetical Registerof Sanskrit and allied works and Authors' Dr. V. Raghavanwrites :

ccAlamkara Makaranda by Kolluri Rajasekhara of Peruru inAndhra, of a family of Dravidas. The work of ChamatkaraChandrika praises a chief called Rameswara of Anipindi Vamsa, ofMukteswara son of Visweswara described as Ammanna Mahi-mahendra [Vol I, Rev. Edn, 1969, U. O. M. P. 400]

1.' & ' - page 165. A.M.

First stabaka, S.K.D

f- Second stabaka' S.K.D_ i3. ^& iir (|) 3oS fiy* ^& w- S.K.D

vii


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Ammanna Mahimahendra - A Brahmana of Mvrkteswaranear Godavari, of Anpindi family. Real name Rameswara, son ofVisweswara and Kamakshi, a patron of Kolluri Rajasekhara (Authorof Alankara Makaranda MT 2285) [Ibid P. 386]

Under Ammanna MT2285, Rajasekhara is said to havebeen patronized also by pishwa Madhava Rao - 1760 - 1772 A. D.[Ibid P. 400]

The patronization of pishwa Madhava Rao has yet to becorroborated with and confirmed by further historical evidence-There arc no internal evidences to this effect, in any of theavailable works of Rajasekhara.

However, scholars like Malladi Suryanarayana Sastri, theauthor of 'Lives of Sanskrit poets' believe that this is a fact andthe poet Rajasekhara may therefore belong to later half of the 18thcentury.

But placing the poet at a later date in 19th century around1840 A.D., as Mr. Kmhaamaehariar did, may not be correct sincemost of the lKolluri families* now available have almost forgottenthe poet and are not in a position to furnish us any informationshout him. la such a brief span of one century, I believe, a poetof repute may not be so easily forgotten by the descendantfamilies.

From the available information, we may now conclude thatRajasekhara belongs to the third quarter of the 18th century.

Hts worksllic following are the works of Rajasekhara as agreed upon,

by the historians of Sanskrit Literature:1. Sua Sataka 4. Sahitya Kalpadruma2 Sriba. Champu and3. Bhagivata Champu 5. Alamkara MakarandaThe first three come under poetry, while the remaining two^ me under


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'

'x and A.M. deal with the Su shmala araeyidsijtly was dealt with, in Prataparudriya Iso. Wti tmake ^special jnention of 'Sukshmalamkara' is tiat * is Alam* ara is oiifâmong Ae few which demarcate the two cul of poetic figure^'-Here |t may be necessary to trace out the two main-pults, particulârlyôf the poetic figures. , .* :p ^~

the two main cults. ft' < , i - c-

Alamkara Sastra does not mean poetic' 6g(tfes'alonel < *jneans. the ên ire science of poetics a d ,rhe o ics. But atstag , tte Art a (sense) and Sabâ (s mutt' la

'

aras alonedeal wth, nder the caption CA1 '* ar Sa L \ BooksCha draoka and Kuvalayananâ e wri ten' Mng gfelaiwith la karas. This reveals the fact th t the lamkari school emuch i uence on poetry and poetic tkeorics. maha,authbr fKavyalamkara is considered to be the fi Exponent o>thissch ol and after 5m came Udbhata a d. Rti ata. EvexiDandi, an adherent of una-riti school devote considerable spacîn his work for the treat ent of alamkaras. In t c reahn of pbeticsithe treatment f alamkaras had become indispensable an'


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established by Dandi,Vamana, Bhoja and ot ers. One salient-; featureof the non-kashmirian school is thatjthey ad it some alamkaras lifceHetu, , Lesa and Sukshma, whereas the Ka nmirian sch'dqr.totallyavoids these three'alankaras*. '

Sukshmalamkara, one amongst this group was acpep^cl hVjdyanatha and evidently Kolluri Rajasethira mcludedît^ Soihis works, S.K.D. and A.M. It is quite natural that thisô^t ,Indian Rhetorician follows the cult established in these, part',instead of a cult established elsewhere.

The Sukshmalamkara bears testimony to the fact thtftRajasekhara belongs to the Southern school of poetic figures.

* ...^

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The Sanskrit original and the Telugu, CommentaryRajasekhara's method of composing the text follows the

regular norms of definition and brief explanation with; one or twoillustrations. While the. explanatory part is in prose, tl^ remainingpart runs into metrical form. As the opening 'Karika' defines theAlamkara, the 'Laghu Vrtti 5 briefly explains it. The illustrationshave all the poetic charm in describing 'Sri Ramesa', the patronof the work and serve the purpose of providing /Lakshya9 to

v the'Lakshana 5 . In most cases the author employs two stykas fo thefull application of the example to the d^fini ion given at .the o tsetof each Alamkara. This is the format an extent of the ori nalwork. The place of Rajasekhara,, in 1 e realm of Sans fitrhetoricians may not ,be fixed, on par with that of Vidyanath ofDharrnasuri. (As the Telugu commentator rightly points out>Rajasekhara does occasionally follow DharmasUri, as iia the caseof Anukalpala kara which is a glaring example?). B^ he .has hisown Umitecl pi ce and makes hjs own modest contribution to t erich legacy of oetics. His achieve ent as a scholar-poet can tbe underestimated. Thedepth of his eling and,,thp heigh,t of isimagination and above all, the felicity ith whî.chhp seldom employs ,alliterative sounds to the exaggerated sense are worth mentioning,(viz. sloka No. 9, P,6 and Sloka No. 233 3 P, 163 etc.)

The Telu u commentator, Srirangacharya h?is his own deviceof rovidingco mentary to the original, ofcourse,.as ppir the request ,an specificatio s of thjis department. For the definition and brief ,ex lanation, he normally gives a translation in lucid Telugu. Fpr*See Narayana Daso Banhatti's Introduction to KavyalankaraSangraha (B,O.RJ. 1982) P. XIX

Xl


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the Illtrstration part fie provides 'word to word meaning9' with abrief synopsis of the sloka, together with an explanatory note or com-ment. Where he finds a genuine spark in the original, he gives a dptaiPed gloss. But when he observes that the illustration does not suitthe definition he never hesitates to point it owt and supply theomission by providing a popular example from a former rhetori-cian* In the following slokas, the Telugo commentator does notfind an apt illustration. In slokas bearing numbers 84,85 and 87for the subdivisions of


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I 1 P, 'Govt. and |4y^.^.,..-^^ -n. -X >*- Rs p f*1. SEETA KALYANAMU'tTetugu) 3-75 4*By Sri Shahajee Maharaja Bonsle ^ 42. SRINGARA PADAMULU (Telugu) ' 4-40 4

*f By Unknown poets ofwantiquity ^|4 3. INDUMATEE PARINAY^B/IU (Telugu) 4-00| By Tenali Ranfiabhadfe^fi^^- _ JL4 4. SREE GEETA GOVIND^^^,, / 4/ ^4L By Sri Jayedeva Kavi & ' ' '^'^ - \ . j*T SREE GEETA SANKARAM ) .3.75 *Jjr By Sri Pancharatnakavi Anantachaiya ) **^ (Sanskrit in Telugu Script) *^

Alamkaramakarandam a Pre Modern Treatise on Poetics

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