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EnglishGrammar

in Use

THIRDEDITION

Raymond Murphy

A self-studyreferenceand practicebook forintermediatestudents ofEnglish

with answers

~CAMBRIDGE~ Ul\"IVERS ITY P RESS

C A M RRI I>G F. UNIVE RS ITY r RE S S

Cambridge, New York, Melbo urne, Madrid, Cape Tow n. Singapore, SilO Paulo

Cambridge University PressThe Ed inburgh Building. Cambridge CBl l RU, UK

www.carobridge.orgInformation o n this tide: www.cambridge.o rg/978052 1532891

o Ca mbridge University Press 2004

This publication is in copyright. Subiecr to statutory exceptionand to the provi sions of releva nt collective licensing agreements.no reprod uct ion of an y part rna)' take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 20047th printing 2005

Printed in Singapore by KHL Print ing Co Pte l td

A c<Jt<Jloglli! record (or tbis publicJliotl is ovaitable from the Bntish UbrJ1)'

ISBN- 13 978-0-52 1-53289-1 Edition with answersISBN- IO 0-52 1-53289-2 Edition with answers

ISBN· 13 978-0-52 1-53290-7 Edition without answersISBN -I O 0-52 1-53290-6 Edition without answers

ISBN- 13 978-0-52 1-$3762 -9 Edirion with CD-RO.\ 1ISBN- to 0-52 1-53762-2 Editio n with CD-RO~I

ISBN- 13 978-0-52 1-843 11-9 Hardback edit ion with CD· RO .\1ISBN-I O 0-52 1-843 11- 1 Hardback edit ion with CD-RO .\t

ISBN· 13 978-3- 12-534086-2 Klett edi tion with CD-RO .\ IISBN· to 3- 12-534086- 1 Klett ed ition with CD-RO~ t

ISBN- 13 978 -3- 12-53408 4·8 Kieft edi tionISBN- IO 3- 12-534084-5 Klett edition

ContentsT h. mks \-ji

To the student viiiTo rhe reac her x

Present .m d p,,1 $[

I Present con tin uous \1 am doing '.l Present simple (I do :3 Present continuou s and present simple 1 il am doin g and I do l4 Present conn nuo us and presen t simple J (I am doin g and J do l5 P J, S[ simple II did)6 Past co nrinuo u-, (I was doing I

Present perfe,-f ,,111,1p.1St- Pre-sent perfect I II have done)

S Present pe t ie..:t .2 II have done}9 Present perfect con tinu ous II han: been doingl

10 Present perfect co ntinuous and simple II have been doin g and I have do ne)11 How long have ~ ou .been t ... :11 For and since When ... ? and How long ... ? .13 Present perfect JnJ r .hl I d hone done and I did ,14 Present perfect and r .ht .! II have don e and I d id t

15 Past perfect U had done!16 P.lSI perfect con tinuous il had been doing t

17 H ave gO I and havet S Used to (do)

Futu re19 Present tenses tl am doing I I do l fur the future20 rl'mt goi ng to (dol

11 " i ll/sha ll 1" WilllshJ.1I 113 I will and I' m goi ng \01 ~ \\ 'ill be doing ,U1J will have done2. 5 When I do I When I' ve done When an d if

.\lo.l.lls2. 6 Can, could and rbet able 10

-r- Could (dol an d could ha ve tdonet

2. 8 ." ust and ca n't29 .\ 1.1 ~' and might I

30 .".l ~' and rnight 13 1 Ha ve w and mu vt31 .\ l ust mu stn't n...edn't33 Should I34 Sho uld 2.35 Had bener It's time ,. ,36 WouldJ- Can'Could'Wo uld ~ou .. . ? esc. (Requests. offers. permission and invirarionst

IF 'IOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS 'IOU NEED TO STUDY. USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

•

iii

iv

If ami wish.l8 If I do •..•md If I did . ..39 If I knew,., I wish I knew ...40 If I had known ..• I wish I had known ...4 1 \Vi"h

Passire42 Passin ' I (is done I was done]43 Passin ' 2. (be done I been don e ! being done)44 Passive 3

45 It is sa id that •.• He is said to • .• He is supposed to ...46 Have som ething don e

Reported speech47 Reported speech 1 j He said th at .••)48 Reported speech 2.

Q ltestioflS •.md .1lIxiliJry ('n bs4 9 Quest ions 1

50 Questions 2. (Do ) 'O U know where . .. ? I He asked me wh ere •.•)5 1 Auxili'l r}· verbs Ihave/dozcan erc. j I think so I I hope so etc.52 Q uest ion tags (do you ? isn't it ? ere.I

-bIg .md the i,,{illiti('e53 Verb + -ing (en jo y doing ! stop doing ere.I54 Verb + to ••. (decide to . .. ! forget to .•• ere. I55 Verb (+ o bject) + to . .. (I want ) 'O U to ••• etc. I56 Verb + -ing or to 1 (remember/regret etc. ]

57 Verb + -ing o r to 2. (try/needlh e1p l58 Verb + -ing or to 3 (like I wou ld like erc. l59 Prefer and wou ld ra ther60 Preposition (in/for/about ere. I + -ing6 1 Be/get used to someth ing (I'm used to ... )62 Verh + preposi tion + -ing (succeed in -ing I accuse somebod y o f -ing ctc.]63 Exp ressions + -ing64 To ••• • for .. . and so that •. . (pur pose )65 Adjective + to .. .

66 To ••• (afraid to do l and preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing t6 7 See so mebody do a nd sec so mebody doin g68 -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed e;Hly. f

A rticles JIII/ nouns69 Cou nta ble and uncountable 170 Co untable and uncountable 27 1 Countable nouns with ala n an d som e72 Alan and the73 The 174 The 2. (school! the school ere. I75 The 3 (children I the children !76 The 4 Ithe giraffe I the telephone ! th e piano etc.• the + ad iecnve t77 Names with and wit ho ut the 178 Na mes with an d with out th e 2

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

79 Sin~u lJr and plur.ll80 Xoun ... no un (a tenni s ball f .l headache:8 1 -\ rvour sisler\ nam e! and o f ... (rhe name o f the book t

Pronouns .l lId det erminers82. :\l ysdf/~ 'ours elfJth em seh'es ere.83 .-\ friend of mine .\l y own home On my own f by myself84 There . . . •1Od it .. .S5 Some and .lny86 Xo/non c/anv Xothing/nobodv etc.87 :\Iuch. man v.H n le. few. a lot. plentvSS All / .1. 11 o f m O\1 / movr o f no / none of etc

89 Both f both o f neither f neither o f either f either of90 :\ 11. every J.nJ whole9 1 Each and cu'~

Relati re clauses92. Relanve clauses I: clauses with who/t hat/w hich93 ReI.HiH' cla uses 2.: clauses with an d without who/ that/which94 Relanve clauses 3: whose/wh om/wh ere95 Relative clauses 4: exrra mformanon daus~ ( I I96 Relative clauses 5: extra info rmation clau ses l2.19 - -mg an d -ed clauses rrhe woman talking 10 Tom. [he ~()y injured in the accident '

A J ;ecfU '('SJI1,I .I,/I"('rI'598 Adle..-nves endin,!: in -ing and -ed (bo ring/bo red ere-.199 Adjectives: a nice new house. you loo k tired

100 Adiecnves and adverbs I {quick/quickly}10 1 Adiecrives .1OJ adve rbs 2. (\H·llJf,H tIl.1Cc. hard/hardly}

102. So an d such10.3 Eno ugh and too104 QUill". prcnv. ra ther .1nJ fa i rl ~"

105 Comp.mson I (cheaper. more expensive etc. t106 Com parison 2. tmc ch bcncr / an j better / berrcr and better / Ihe sooner th e better)10; Com pa rison 3 ' 0< •• • 0< I than !10 8 Superlatives uhc longest. the mo st enjoyable erc.!

109 \'('ord o rder I: verb + ubject: place and time110 \X'ord order 2. : ad verbs with the verb

I I I Still. ~'e l an d alr eady112. h en

.-\ny more f any longer I no longer

COll lllll~· t i()ll$ .lIt.l prepositions11.3 Althou gh I tho ugh I even though In spite of f despiteI H In C,1 ~e

115 Unless As lon g as Provided/p rovidi ng116 As (:\ s I wall ed along the st reet . •. / As I wa s hungry ... J11- Like and a~

118 .-\ ~ if / .1\ th ough / likc

IFYOU ARE NOT SURE WHIOl UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326. v

I 19 For. during and whil e

120 By and unt il By the time ...

Prepositione12 1 Allon/in (time)122 On time and in time At the end an d in th e end123 In/a t/on (position) I124 Inla llon [pos ition! 2125 In/a llon (pos itio n! 3126 ToI:nlinlinto

127 In/a llo n (o ther uses)128 By129 Noun + preposit io n (reason for . cause of ere. I130 Adjecnv e + preposit ion 113 1 Adjecrive + p repos itio n 2132 Verh + prepo sition I to and a t

133 Verb + preposit ion 2 aboullfor/oflafter134 Verh + prepo sit ion 3 about a nd o f

135 Verb + preposition 4 ofI for/from/an136 Verb + preposition 5 inli ntol withltolon

Pb rasal rerbs137 Phrasal verbs 1 Int roduct ion138 Phrasal verbs 2 in/out

139 Phrasal verbs 3 out140 Phrasa l ver bs 4 on/off ( Il14 1 Phrasal verbs 5 on/off (2l142 Phrasal verbs 6 Up/down143 Phrasa l ver bs 7 up ( I)

144 Phrasa l verbs 8 up (2)

145 Phra sa l verbs 9 aw ay/back

Appendix 1Appendix 2Appe ndix 3Appe nd ix 4Append ix 5Append ix 6Append ix 7

Regu lar and irregular verbs 292Present and past tenses 294T ht' futu re 29 5Modal verbs (canJcouldJwillJwould erc.) 296Shorr form s (I'm I you've J didn't etc. I 297Spelling 298Amer ican English 300

Addit iona l exerc ises 302

Study guide 326

Key to Exercises 33 6Key to Additional exercises 368Key to Stud y gu ide 372

Index 373

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY. USE THE STUOY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

ThanksI wrote the o riginal ed itio n o f English Grammar in Use when J was 3 reacher at the SwanSchoo l o f English. Oxford. I would like to repeat my thanks to my colleag ues and students atthe school for their help. encouragement and interest at tha t time.

.vt ore recentl y I would like to thank all the teachers and students I met and who offered theirthoughts on the previous edit ion. It was tun to meet you all and extremely helpful for me.

Regarding the prod uctio n of this th ird edition . I am grate ful [ 0 Alison Sha rpe, Liz Driscoll.jane \t.J irs and Kamae Design. I would also like to thank Cambridge University Press forpermission to access the Cambridge Intern ational Co rpus.

Thank you also to the following illustra tors: Paul Fellows. Gillian \ b n io. Roger Penwill.Lisa Smith and Simon \'('iIIiams.

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vii

VIII

To the student

This book is fo r students who want help with English gra mmar, It i~ wri tten tor you to woewithout ,1 reacher,

The hoo k will be useful for yo u if you are not sure of the answers to q uest ions like these:o What is the difference between J did and I JJJI·c JOlle?o When do we use u 'ill for the futu re:o \"'hat is the structure after 1 wisb?o "" hen do we S3 }' used to do and when do we say me.' to doing:o When do we use the?o What is the difference between like and .IS:

Th ese and many other points o f English grammar are explained in the boo k and the re areexercises on each po int .

l evelTh e hook is intended mainly for intermediate students tsrudenrs wh o have alr ead y stud ied thebasic gram mar of English), It concentrates on those structures which inte rmedia te srudeo rs wantto use. bur which often cause difficuhv, Some advanced students who have prob lems withgrammar will also find the boo k useful.

Th e hook is 1101 suitable fur elementary learn ers.

How th e book is organ isedThere are 145 units in the hook . Each unit concent rates on a particula r mint of gra mmar. Someproblems (for example, the present perfect or the usc of tbl'l arc covered in mo rt' than o ne unit.For a list of units. sec the Contents at the beginning of rhe book .

Each unit con sists of two feeing pages. On rhe left there ar e explanat ion s and examples; on theright there are exercises. At the back of the rook there is a l':ey for you to check yo ur answersto the exercises (page 33 6l .

There are also seven Appendices at the back of the hook tpagcs 191- 30 1I. These includeirregula r verbs. summaries of verb forms, spelling and America n English.

Finally. there is a deta iled Index at rhe back of rhe honk tpage 3731.

How to use the bookThe units arc not in ord er of d ifficulrv, so it is /l 0 1 intended th at you wo rk th rough the bookfrom beginnin g to end. Every learner h .1S different problems and you shou ld usc th is hook TO

help rou with the gramm ar that )'011 find difficult.

It is suggested rhar you work in this way:a Use the Ccm /('lIts and/or index to find which unit deals with the point vonare interested in.a If you arc not sure which units you need to study. usc the Sf/,.i)' gll ;.I.· on page 316.o Study rhe explan anons and exa mples on the.' Iefr-h.md p.lge (If rhe unit ~'nu h.r ve chosen.a Do the exerci ses on the right -hand page.D Check you r answers with the Key,D If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went wrong.

You can of course usc the book simply as a reference hook without doing the exercises.

• To the teacherEnglish Grammar in Use wa s writt en as a self-stu dy gra mmar book , hut teachers may also lindit useful as additional course mat erial in cases where further work on grammar is necess<uy.

The hook will probably be most useful at midd le- and uppe r- inter mediate levels (where all o rnearly a ll of the material will be relevann. and can serve borh as a basis for revision and as ameans fo r practising new sn ucrures. Ir will also he useful fo r some more ad vanced stu dents whohave pro blems with gra mmar and need a book for reference and pr.rcric-e. The book is nor

intended to he used by elementary lea rners.

Th e units arc orga nised in grammatical catego ries lPresm r .md past, Articles .111.1 nOlllts.Prepositions ere.I. They are nor ordered according to level of difficu lty, so (he hook should norbe wor ked through fro m beginning to end. Irsbould be used selecnvelv and tle xiblv inaccordance with the gra mmar sylla bus bei ng used and the d itticulries srude nrs are ha ving.

The book ca n be used for immediate consolidat ion o r for later revisio n or remedia l work . Itmigh t be used by the whole class or by individ ual stu dents needing extra help. The lett- han dpagt"i (explanatio ns and examples) are written for the stude nt to use indi viduall y, nut they mayof cou rse be used by the teacher as a sou rce of ideas and informa tion on which to base a lesson.The student then has rhe left-hand page as a record of whar has been taught and can refer to itin the futu re, The exe rcises ca n be done individually, in clJ SS or as homework. Ahem anvelv

land additionally], individua l students can be directed to study certain units of the book b~"

themselves if the)' have particular difficulti es nor shared ll)' o ther students in their class. Don 'tforget the Additio"..,1exercises at the hack o f the nook {see To the srcden n.

The ht){)k is sold with or witho ut a CD Rom. Thi s co ntai ns further exercises on all the units inthe noo k. as well as a bank o f 1.700 test question s from which users ca n select to co mpi le theirown resrs. The CD Ro m is also availabl e sepa rately.

An edition o f r."glish Gramma r ill Use wit hout the 10:'-')' is also available. Some reachers mayprefer this for use wit h their students,

English Grammar in Use Third EditionThis is a new ed itio n o f b tglish Grammar ill USI'. The differences between this ed itionand rhe seco nd edition are:

o Th ere Me eight new units on phrasal verbs (Units 138- 145 1. There i.. a lso .1 new uniton wish (Unit 41 ), Units 42-81 and 83- 137 all have different numbers from thesecond edition.

o So me of the ma ter ial has been revised o r reor gani sed. and in mo..( u n irv there are

minor changes in the exam ples, evplananons and exerci..e...

o T he Additional exercises have been extended . Th e new exerci-esa re 14- 16, 25. 30-3 1.and .17- 4 1.

o The book has been redesigned wit h new co lour illuvrranons.

o There is a new CD Ro m with further exe rcises to accom pany the book.

x