Arabic Grammarfor the Holy Quran

Al-Qaem InstituteImam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya (I.M.A.M.)

Table of Contents:

Part I: LETTERS 1. The Arabic Aphabet 42. Vowels 53. Other Accents 8

Part II: NOUNS 4. The Word 95. Prepositions 10. 6. The Nouns 127. Nouns: Singular Form 158. Nouns: Dual Form 169. Nouns: Plural Form: Unbroken 1810. Nouns: Plural Form: Broken 2011. Detached Pronouns I 2212. Detached Pronouns II 2413. Attached Pronouns 2614. Demonstrative Nouns 2815. Relative Nouns 3017. Foreign Nouns & Verbal Nouns 3118. Phrases 3319. I’raab & Binaa’ 3820. Nouns within Sentences 39

APPENDICES 1. Appendix A: Chart of the Word 432. Appendix B: Flow Chart of Nouns 44

Part III: VERBS

2

PART I: LETTERS

3

LESSON 1THE ARABIC ALPHABET

األبجديةحرف األ

ضصشسزرذ د خ ح ج ث ت بأ Daad Saad Sheen Seen Zaa Raa Dhaal Daal Khaa Haa Jeem Tha Ta Ba Alif

يوهـن ملكق ف غ ع ظ طYaa Wow Haa Noon Meem Lam Kaaf Qaaf Faa Ghayn Ayn Dhaa Taa

How the letters look within at the beginning, middle & end of a word: ـاأ

ـث ـثـثـ / ـت ـتـتـ / ـب ـبـبـ

ـخ ـخـخـ / ـح ـحـحـ /ـج ـجـ جـ

ـذذ /ـد د

ـزز /ـر ر

ـش ـشـشـ / ـسـسـ سـ

ـض ـضـضـ / ـصـصـ صـ

ـغ ـغـغـ / ـعـعـ عـ

ـق ـقـقـ / ـفـفـ فـ

ـل ـلـلـ / ـكـكـ كـ

ـمـمـ مـ

ـن ـنـنـ

ـه ـهـهـ

ـوو

ـي ـيـيـ

4

LESSON 2VOWELS

1. SHORT VOWELS (accents)

i. Fat-ha ii. Damma iii. Kasra

a u e

ببب

Ba Bu Be

2. LONG VOWELS (actual letters)

i. Alif ii. Wow iii.Yaa’:

ا و ي

aa uu/oo ee

با بو بي

Baa Buu/Boo Bee

5

أيأوآأأأee uu/oo aa e u a

بيـبوباـبــبـبbebee boo baa bu ba

تيـتوتاـتــتـتtee too taa te tu ta

ثيـثوثاـثــثـثthee thoo thaa the thu tha

جيـجوجاـجــجـجjejee joo jaa ju ja

حيـحوحاـحــححـhe huhee hoo haa ha

خيـخوخاـخــخـخkhekhee khoo khaa khu kha

ديدوداـدـددdee doo daa de du da

ذيذوذاـذـذذdhee dhoo dhaa dhe dhu dha

ريروراـرـررree roo raa re ru ra

6

زيزوزاـزـززzee zoo zaa ze zu za

سيـسوساـســسـسsee soo saa se su sa

shee shoo shaaشيـشوشاـشــشـش

she shu sha

صيـصوصاـصــصـصsee suu saa se su sa

dhee dhoo dhaaضيـضوضاـضــضـض

dhe dhu dha

طيـطوطاـطــطـطtee too taa te tu ta

ظيـظوظاـظــظـظdhee dhoo dhaa dhe dhu dha

عيـعوعاـعــععـee uu aa e u a

ghee ghuu ghaaغيـغوغاـغــغغـ

ghe

ghu gha

فيـفوفاـفــفـفfee foo faa fe fu fa

7

قي ـقو قا ـق ـ ـق ق ـqee qoo qaa qe qu qa

كي كو كا ـك ـ ـك كـ kee koo kaa ke ku ka

ليlee

ـلوloo

الlaa

ـلle

ـ ـلlu

لـ la

مي ـمو ما ـم ـ ـم مـ mee moo maa me mu ma

ني ـنو نا ـن ـ ـن نـ nee noo naa ne nu na

هي ـهو ها ـه ـ ـه هـ hee hoo haa he hu ha

وي ـوو وا و ـو و wee woo waa we wu wa

ييyee

يوyoo

ياyaa ـي

ye ـيـyu

ي ـya

8

LESSON 3

ـال =نل =ن +ل

ـل =نل =ن +ل

نـل =نل =ن +ل

الش

ل +ل

/ NUNATION .1التنوين (Al-Tanween)

/ LETTER EMPHASIS .2ة د(Ashadda)

ت =ت + ل =س = س +س

Tte Llu Ssa

ت

خ ح ج

3. SOLAR & LUNAR LETTERS / القمرية و األحرف الشمسية(Al-Ahruf Ashamsiya wa Al-Qamariya)

ب ضصشسزرذ د ث تأ

يوهـ ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط

In the definitive noun, in Arabic, 2 types of letters follow the “alif lam”:i. The Solar Letters (uncircled) = “lam” of alif lam of definitive is silent.For example:

شلش Ashamsu/ ا سما =سمii. The Lunar Letter (circled) = “lam” is NOT silent.For example:

Al-qamaru/ رمقلا9

LESSON 4THE WORD

الكلمة

1. Noun 2. Verb 3. Particle اسم فعلحرف

Pronounced Ism Fi’l Harf

Meaning A word that indicates a meaning that is notassociated with time.

A word that indicates a meaning that isassociated with one of the 3 dimensions of time (past, present & future).

Indicates a meaning inother than itself.

Examples He Muhammad A Book Standing

He did... He does... He will do...

In Who If When

Signs 1. It is a flag name2. precursed by “the” theidentifier 3. precursed by thepreposition particles4. Ends with Nunation/tanween

1. precursed by the jussive2. can apply “yaa’ al mukhatab/of the spoken to”3. precursed by “s” or “sow-fa” (indicates the future tense.4. precursed by “qad” (means“may”, e.g., Ahmad may go to school. 5. The “noon” of emphasis (“al-tawkeed”)6. The “taa’” of the feminine (“al-ta’neeth alsaakina”)7. The “taa’” of the doer (al-faa’il)

1. The particles of inquisition under “hal”- These precurse nouns and verbs. 2. The prepositional particles under “fee” - These precurse nouns only.3. The jussive particles under “lam” - These precurse verbs in the future form only (al-fi’lal-mudaari’)

10

LESSON 5THE PARTICLES: PREPOSITIONS

راجلفرحأ(Ah-ruf Ajjarri)

1. Prepositions These are 10:

1. min // elaa .2لىإ

/ fee .3في/ alaa‘ .4لى

5. ‘an / / hattaa .6ى

= from = to = in = on = about = until ح

نم

ع

تنع

7. le /8. ka /9. wa /

= for/belonging to= like/as

لكـو = used for oath

10. ta / = used for oath only with Allah’s name.تـ

Role: 1. Form Prepositional Phrases2. Only precede nouns.

Rules of I’raab: - Make the noun/ism majroor with the: Kasra or yaa’

Example:الناسرشنم

min sharri il-naasi From the evil of men

اهللات ta-Allahi

By the name of Allah

منيلساملنمmim al-muslimeena From the Muslims 11

PART II: NOUNS

12

LESSON 6THE NOUNS

اإلسم

Overview:Four main points:

or are body parts that are a , ى ,اء , ةA. All nouns are masculine unless they end withpair.

B. All nouns are either: i. Masculine ii. Feminine.

C. All nouns are either: i. Singular: one only.ii. Dual: two only.iii. Plural: more than two.

D. All pronouns are either in the:i. First Person: I, we and us.ii. Second Person: you iii. Third Person: they, them.

Keeping the above points in mind, let's look at nouns in more detail:1. Simple Nouns:A. Common Nouns

i. Definite (Al-Ma’rifa)فيهبيرالتابكلاكلذ

Al-Kitab (the book) ~ the reference her is to the Holy Quran.

ii. Indefinite (Al-Nakirra) هاقادساأكو

Ka’san (a glass) ~ the reference here is a general one.

/B. Proper Nouns (people’s names)األعالمء أسما(Asmaa’ Al-A’laam)

يAli, Muhammad

ل ع ،دمحم13

Now, lets start applying the preceding points, one by one:I. All nouns are masculine, unless they end with:

.End withiة For example:

ن (Jannatun)Heaven

ة ج ةرق ب (Baqaratun)

Cow

ii. End withاء For example:

عاشوراءراءسإراءمح(Israa')('Aashooraa')

Ashura (Hamraa')RedAscension

iii. End withى For example:

رىغصرىبك (Sughraa)

Lesser (Kubraa)Greater

iv. Are body parts that are a pairFor example:

ني('Aynun) (Yadun) Eye Hand

عديلجر(Rijlun)Foot

v. Others: For example:

برحنارسمشضرأ (Harbun)

War (Naarun) (Shamssun)Fire Sun

(Ardhun) Earth

II. All nouns are either: i. Masculine ii. Feminine.

For example: Masculine Feminineلجرةأرما 14

ورثةرقب

(rajullun) (imra’attun)Man Woman

(thawrun) (baqaratun)Bull Cow

Exercise: 1. Look into your copy of the holy Quran and find the masculine and feminine words. Collect10 of each and write them on a sheet of paper and submit them to your teacher.

2. Find 10 word that are in the definite form and write them down.

3. Find 10 more words that are in their indefinite forms.

4. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.

15

LESSON 7Nouns: Singular Forms

املفرداإلسم (Al-Ism Al-Mufrad)

C. All nouns are either: i. Singular: one only.ii. Dual: two only.iii. Plural: more than two.

In this lesson, we will be concentrating on the singular forms: Rules of I’raab: Subject: takes a DammaObject: Fat-haPrepositional/Possessor Phrase: Kasra

Masculine Feminine

لجرةأرما(rajullun) (imra’atun)A Man A woman

Singular

Singularتابكة ن(kitaabun) (jannatun)A Book A Heaven

ج

Exercise: 1. Let’s open up the holy Quran and write down 10 singular masculine and feminine word (10 of each).

2. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.

16

LESSON 8Nouns: Dual Forms

ىنث املاإلسم (Al-Ism Al-Muthannaa)

In this lesson, we will be concentrating on the dual forms (two only) of nouns.To turn a singular form of a noun to it dual form:

to the end of the singular form انi. If its the Subject: addii. If its the Object/prepositional/possessive phrase: add

form. Rules of I’raab: Subject: AlifObject: Yaa’Prepositional/Possessor Phrase: Yaa

For example: Singular form+ ان

النمج =ان +لمج(jamaalaani = jamallun + aanin) Camel --> Two Camels

تنيراشف =ني +ةراشف(faraashatayni = faraashattun + ayni)Butterfly --> Two butterflies

Exercise: 1. Fill in the blanks:

Masculine Feminine

Singular ل رج رأة ا م

A Man A woman

الن رج ـت رئ ا م

ـــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــ

to the end of the singular ني

Dual Subject:

Dual Object/: 17

Prepositional/Possessive Two men Two women

Masculine Feminine

Singularتابكة ن

A Book A Heaven

ج

Dual Subject: ن

Dual Object/:Prepositional/Possessive Two books Two heavens

2. Find 5 nouns in there dual forms of both masculine and feminine. And mark which is in the object and subject forms.

3. Find 5 nouns that are in their singular form that are masculine and feminine. Take these nouns and turn them into the dual forms for the subject, object, prepositional and possessivephrases (as in the charts above).

4. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.

تابـكتـ ج

18

LESSON 9Nouns: Plural Forms I

عماجلمسإ

if its the subject, or ات

if its an object masculine noun within a sentence. ينif its the subject, or ون if its an object feminine noun within a sentence. ات

(Ism Al-Jam'i)

In this lesson, we will be concentrating on the plural forms (three or more) of nouns. There are two forms of the plural that we must look at:

1. The Unbroken/Sound Plural:Here the original form of the singular noun:

i. stays intact, or unchangedii. with the addition of the:

a.b.

Singular form+ ونSingular form+ ين

ننيمؤم =ين +نمؤمنونمؤم =ون +نمؤم(mu'mineena) (mu'minoona)

Singular form+ اتSingular form+ ات

ناتمؤم =ات +ةنمؤمناتمؤم =ات +ةنمؤم

(mu'minaatun) (mu'minaatin)

Exercise: 1. Fill in the blanks:

Masculine Feminine ي

Rules of I’raab: Subject: WowObject: Yaa’Prepositional/Possessor Phrase: Yaa

Object /Prepos./Possessive Subject

Masculine:

Feminine:

Singular تابكةركاف

A man of the Book(Christian or Jewish) A woman 19

Dual Subject: ي

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

ـ تابكـــــركاف

Dual Object/:Prepositional/ Possessive

Three or more men Three or more women

Plural Subject: ي

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

ـ تابكـــــركاف

Plural Object/:Prepositional/Possessive Three or more men Three or more women

2. Now find 10 masculine and 10 feminine words in their plural forms (unbroken) and writethem down in their object and subject forms.

3. Identify 10 masculine and 10 other feminine singular nouns and write them in their pluralforms for subject, object, prepositional phrase and possessive phrase.

4. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.

20

LESSON 10Nouns: Plural Forms II

عماجلمسإ

رأ--->لجياءبنقأ---->ملق أ---> جبن ر ليالم

(Arjul) (Rijl) (Anbiyaa') (Nabiyy) (Aqlaam)(Qalam)

Foot --> Feet Prophet ---> Prophets Pen--->Pens

يأ--->مويماءإ--->ةم ر أ--->ل ججرام لأ

(A'yun) (Ayn) (Ayyaam) (Yowm) (Imaa')(Ama) Eye---> Eyes Day ---> Days Servant--->Servants

Exercise:

1. Find 10 broken plurals in the holy Quran and write them down.

2. Find 10 singular nouns in their singular form in the holy Quran and write them down with

their broken plural form.

3. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.

(Ism Al-Jam'i)

2. The Broken Plural There is no set rule to turn a singular form to a broken plural. Only certain singular nouns can become broken plurals.

21

املنفصلةالضمائر

LESSON 11DETACHED PRONOUNS I

(Addamaa'ir Al-Munfassilla)C. Pronouns:

i. Detached ii. Attached General Rules: i. Pronouns act to identify something. Therefore, they will turn something from being unidentified withrespect to its owner or doer of an action to defined and known.ii. Pronouns are generally mabnee/unchangeable, except in the dual form.

i. Detached Pronouns: a. As the subject: Singular Dual Plural

1st Person:

Masc.

Fem.

Me

أنا

ana

"

Us

ن نح

nahnu

"

Us

ن ن ح

nahnu

"

2nd Person: Masc.

Fem.

You أنت

anta

أنت

anti

You two ن تما

أ

antumaa

" antumaa

You allأ نتم

antum أ ننت

antun

3rd Person: Masc.

Fem.

He/She و ه

huwa

ي ه

heya

They two ما ه

homaa

" homaa

They all م ه

hom

ن ه

honna 22

For example:a. As the subject: Singular Dual Plural

1st Person: Masc.

Fem.

I am Muslim لم س منا أ

ana muslimun

ة لم س منا أ ana muslimatun

We are Muslim

لمان س م ن نح

nahnu muslimaani

لمتان س م ن نح nahnu muslimata

We are Muslimلمون س م ن نح

nahnu muslimoona

لمات س م ن نحani nahnu muslimaatun

2nd Person:

Masc.

Fem.

You are Muslim

لم س م أنت

anta muslimun

ة لم س م أنت

anti muslimatun

You are Muslim

لمان س مما ن تأ

antumaa muslima

لمتان س مما ن تأ

antumaa muslima

You all are Muslim

لمون س م أنتم

ani antum muslimoona

لمات س م أ ننت

taani antun muslimaatun

3rd Person:

Masc.

Fem.

He/She is Muslim

لم س م و ه

huwa muslimun ة لم س م ي ه

heya muslimatun

They are Muslim

لمان س مما ه

homaa muslimaa

لمتان س مما هhomaa muslimata

They all are Muslim

لمون س مم ه

ni hom muslimoonaلمات س م ن ه

ani honna muslimaatun

Exercise: 1. Using the words listed below, create a chart similar to the one above for each word.

.

2. Memorize the vocabulary from this lesson.

تابيك،دحلم،ركاف،نمؤم

23

LESSON 12DETACHED PRONOUNS II

املنفصلةالضمائر (Addamaa'ir Al-Munfassilla)

b. As the object/possessive: Singular Dual Plural

1st Person: Masc.

Fem.

Me إياي

Eyyaaya

"

Us إيانا

Eyyaanaa

"

Usإ يانا

Eyyaanaa

"

2nd Person: Masc.

Fem.

You اك إي

Eyyaaka

اك إي

Eyaakie

You two ما اك إي

Eyyaakumaa

"

You allم اك إ ي

Eyyaakum

ن اك إ ي

Eyaakon

3rd Person: Masc.

Fem.

He/She اه إي

Eyyaahu

اها إي

Eyyaahaa

They two ما اه إي

Eyaahomaa

"

They allم اه إ ي

Eyaahom

ن اه إ ي

Eyyaahon

The detached pronouns can be found either associated with:

1. Pronoun + Noun/Pronoun: in which case, it would be “mudhaaf illayh”

For example: ةرجالشههذوما ياكإ

24

دبعنياكإ

2. Pronoun + Verb = in which case, it would be “maf’ool bihhi” or the object.

For Example:

Exercise:

1. Memorize these pronouns.

2. a. Find 10 of these pronouns in the holy Quran and list them as they appear in a phrase or

sentence.

b. Write if it is an object or part of a possessive phrase.

25

LESSON 13ii. THE ATTACHED PRONOUNS

املتصلةالضمائر (Addamaa'ir Al-Muttassilla)

Pronouns: i. Attached Pronouns:

Singular Dual Plural 1st Person: Me Us Us

Masc. / ي ت نا نا

ya / tu naa naa

Fem. " " "

2nd Person: You You two You all Masc. ك / ت ما ك /ا مت م ك / مت

Fem. ka / ta

ك / ت

kumaa / tumaa

" tomm

ن ك ت ن /

Eyaakie tun

3rd Person: Masc.

He/She ه /

They two ما ه /ا

They allم ه / و

Fem. hu / a

ها / ت

homaa / aa

" Eyaahom

ن / ن ه

haa / t na / hon

(Note: what is before the"/" is attached to a noun, what is after the"/" is attached to a verb.)

Exercise: 1. Complete the words in the chart on the following page.

2. Make your own chart using the following words: ثب، لبرش،أرق،آنر، قلثم،ةكرش26

Singular Dual Plural 1st Person: Me Us Us

Masc. لـ أك لـ أك لـ أ ك

Fem. I ate

تابـ كMy book

We both ate.

تابـ ك Our book

We ate.

تابـ ك Our book

2nd Person: You You two You all

Masc. لـ أك لـ أك لـ أ ك

You ate You two ate You all ate

تابـ ك تابـ ك تابـ ك

Your book Your Book Your book

Fem. لـ أك لـ أك لـ أ ك

You ate You two ate You all ate تابـ ك تابـ ك تابـ ك

Your book Your book Your book

3rd Person:

Masc.

He/She

ل أك

They two

لـ أك

They all

لـ أ ك

He ate They both ate They all ate

تابـ ك تابـ ك تابـ ك

His book Their book Their book

Fem. لـ أك لـ أك لـ أ ك

She ate They both ate They all ate

تابـ ك تابـ ك تابـ ك

Her book Their book Their book 27

LESSON 14D. THE DEMONSTRATIVE NOUNS

اإلشارةأسماء (Assmaa’ Al-Ishaara)

D. Demonstrative Nouns

A Place Masculine/ ر ك ذ م Feminine/ نث ؤ م

كان م Object Subject/Poss./Prepo. Object S./P./P.

Singular مفرد

mufrad

ثم

thamma

نالك ه / نا ه

hunaallika /

there الك ذ /ذا ه

that / this

hunaa dhaallika / haadhaa

تلك / ه ذ ه

that / that

tilka / haadhaa

Dual ثنى م

muthannaa

اذان ه / ذانك ينك ذ /ن ي ذ ه

those two

dhaynika dhaynika

/ haadhaanie /haadhaynie

تينك / اتني ه تانك / اتان ه

those two

taynika taanikka

/ haataynie / haataanie

Plural ع م ج

jam'un

أولى/ أوالء

those more than two

uulaa / uulaa-ie

/أوالئك الء هؤ

those more than two

uulaa-eka / haa-uulaa-ie

” . Each one is used for a spe-ل” and the “ك” , the “هImportant notes:

" The demonstrative nouns show the use ofاcific purpose:

- is attached to the beginning of the demonstrative noun.”:اهi. the "- is used to draw attention to something near.

- For example: قيمتسمراطصهذا

haadhaa siraatun mustaqeem 28

That is the straight path

- is attached to the end of the demonstrative noun.” : ك

- is used to refer to the person with whom you are speaking. :For example -فيهبيرالتابالككذل

ii. the “

dhaallika al-kitaabu laa rayba feehiIn that book there is no doubt

- is attached to the end of the demonstrative noun.”:لك. ”

وقلآلياتكذلفي إ

- it must precede the “- is used to refer to something far.

ك Inna fee dhaallika la-aayaatin li-qawmin yatafakkaroonن :For example -رونفتيم

Surely, in that there are proofs to people that think/contemplate.

General Rules:

” will not be.اه” are part of the demonstrative noun, "ل” and the “1ك. If both the “ :For example ك +ل +ذا = كذل

:For example ها +ك +ذا ” will not be.ل” is part of the demonstrative noun, “2اه. If "

= ذاكه

iii. the “

3. All demonstrative nouns are “mabnee”/unchangeable except he dual forms are“mu’rab” or changeable (refers to end of word).

Exercise:

1. Refer to your holy Quran and extract 10 places where you see the use of such demonstrative

nouns and write them down.

2. Write one sentence as an example of each item in the demonstrative noun chart.

29

LESSON 15E. THE RELATIVE NOUNSاملوصولةءماساأل

(Al-Assmaa' Al-Mowsoola)

Singular Dual Plural

Masc. الذي

alladhee

He who

Subject Object/P./P. Subject/Object/P./P.

اللذان

alladhaani

They two

ين اللذ

alladhayni

who

األولى /الذين

al-ulaa / alladheena

They all who

Fem. التي

allatee

She who

اللتان

allataani

They two

اللتني

allatayni

who

الالئي الل /وائي

al-laa-ee / al-lawaatee

They all who

Rules of Binaa'/I'raab:

1. All are mabnee, except the dual form are:

a. marfoo bil alif

b. mansoob/majroor bil yaa'

2. The binaa' is with the sukoon.

Example:بيالغبنونمؤيذين

alladheena yu’minoona bil-ghaybe ال

Those who believe in the unseen.

Exercise: Find 10 occurences of such relative nouns in the holy Quran. 30

LESSON 162. FOREIGN NOUNS

األسماء األعجمية(Addamaa'ir Al-Munfassilla)

/Foreign Nouns .2األعجميةأسماء (Al-Asmaa’ Al-A’jamiya)Rule of I’raab: Subject : takes a DammaObject: Fat-haPrepositional/Possessor Phrase: Fat-ha

سيباويه، فيوس، راهيمبإSeebaawayha, Yousuffa, Ibraaheema ,

3. THE VERBAL NOUNSاملصدر

(Al-Masdar)/Verbal Nouns.3املصدر

(Al-Massdar) عمس-->عمس

sama’a --> sam’un،He heard --> Hearing

برش-->برشsharaba --> shurbun

He drank --> Drinking

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NOUNS ENDING WITH LONG VOWELS ’Al-Asmaa)راآلخة لتعاملماءساأل Al-Mu’tallatil-aakhire)

قوصةناملماءساألةصورقاملماءساألal-asmaa al-manqoosa al-asmaa’ al-maqsoora

/ ’Those ending in Yaaي / Those ending in Alifا

Short vowel shows Does not show Does not show in all cases because of heaviness

nasb/mansoob jar/majroor raf’/marfoo’ raf’, jar and nasb

ةالكوفيقاضتيأرةلى قاضي الكوفإتبهذرشاطدلوفى طصم

لعادلجرةالكوفقاضي فىطصمتبرض

فىطصملى إتبهذ

Exercise: Find for each item covered in this lesson, find 10 instances in the holy Quran where it can befound.

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.LESSON 175. THE FIVE NOUNS

اخلمسةاألسماء (Al-Asmaa' Al-Khamsa)

/Five Nouns .5ةاخلمساألسماء (Al-Asmaa’Al-Khamsa)Rule of I’raab:

/ ”Object : takes a “Wowو / ”Subject: takes an “Alifا

/ ”’Prepositional/Possessor Phrase: takes a “Yaaي

مال ، ذوفوك ،موكح ،خوك، أبوكأ

مبو دحأ مabu muhammadin

Muhammad’s father.

مباأتي دحأر مra-aytu abaa muhammadin I saw Muhammad’s father.

لىإ خيكأتبهذdhahabtu elaa akheeka I went to your brother.

مالذي عمتملكت

dhu maal, fooka, hamooka, akhooka, abookaA person of wealth, your mouth, your in-law, your brother, your father

takalamta ma’a dhee maalin You spoke with a person of wealth.

Exercise: Find 10 instances in the holy Quran where these nouns have been used.

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LESSON 18THE VOCATIVE PHRASE

داءالن "يا"(Yaa' Al-Nidaa')

1. Preceding a Noun:Causes no change.For example:

دمحميا

مانالزبصاحيا

ةينافئتساإل "إ" ال

(Ellaa Al-Isti'naafiya) Preceding a Noun:Changes the vowel from a damma (raf') to a fat-ha. Therefore, causes nasb.

For example:

ميماحالإ

yaa muhammadOh Muhammad

2. Preceding a Possessive Phrase:Changes the vowel from a damma (raf') to a fat-ha. Therefore, causes nasb. For example:

yaa saahibazzamaan

Oh savior of our time

THE EXCEPTIONAL PHRASE

ellaa hameeman Except the hellfire

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THE NEGATIVE PHRASEةيالناف "ال"

(Laa Al-naafiyya) 1. Preceding a Noun:Changes the vowel from a damma (raf') to a fat-ha. Therefore, causes nasb.

For example:دالغ فيسردال

laa darsa fil-ghadiNo class tomorrow

2. Preceding a Verb:Causes no change.

For example:ابرقتال

laa taqrubaaDo not approach

THE DESCRIPTIVE PHRASEصوفواملوةفالص

(Assifa wal-mowsoof)

This refers to the noun and the description the proceeds it.

Rule of I’raab: The description of the noun follows the noun in its i'raab.

For example:ةيحامنار

naarun haamiyatunA blazing fire

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THE CONJUNCTIVE PHRASEطوفعاملو فطالعا

(Al-'aatif wal-ma'toof)

: The letters of Atfوأ /و

The Purpose:- To tie together two nouns, phrases, or ideas.

Rule of I’raab: The noun after the letter of "atf" (otherwise known as the conjunctions "and"/"or"the noun preceding the letter of atf in its i’raab. For example:

يلعودمحمجاءjaa’a muhammadun wa alleyyun

Muhammad and Ali came.

THE EXCHANGE PHRASEلدالب

(Al-Badal)

The Purpose:- To give another title to a noun.

Rule of I’raab: The second noun follows the second noun in its i'raab. For example:

يameeru al-mu’mineena Aliyyun

The master of the faithful Ali (AS)

ل عننيمؤاملمير أ

) follow وأ /و

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THE EXCHANGE PHRASEكيدوالت

(Al-Tawkeedu)

The Purpose:- To emphasize a point.

Rule of I’raab: The second noun follows the second noun in its i'raab. For example:

الةالصالةالصassalaata assalaata

Prayer! Prayer!

Exercise: Take each item taught in this lesson and find where there are examples of them in the holyQuran. Write 5 of each.

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LESSON 19E’RAAB & BINAA’

باملوبرع نيامل(Al-Mu'rab wal-Mabnee)

Nouns

Mu'rab Mabneeامل نيباملبرع

The noun does not change in look at all The noun's last vowels change

no matter where it is placed: depending on where it is placed in

a sentence or phrase

Pronouns All other nouns Demonstrative Nouns i. Subject: Marfoo' bil-damma

Relative Nouns ii. Object: Mansoob bil-fat-ha

iii. Possesive/Prepositional Phrase:

Majroor bil-kasra

iv. News: Marfoo' bil-damma Exercise: Let's review some examples. Compile a chart that lists each type of noun and what it wouldlook like in terms of e'raab or binaa' for the: 1. Subject2. Object3. Prepositional Phrase4. Possessive Phrase 5. Descriptive Phrase6. Vocative Phrase 7. Interrogative Phrase 38

LESSON 20THE SENTENCE

ملةاجل(Al-Jumla)

(Taamma) (Naaqissa)

Nominal Verbal

The noun is part of both nominal and verbal sentences.

1. The Nominal Sentence /

ii. News

(khabar) (mubtada’)

Incompleteص

Complete ةتام ةناق

لف ةيع(Fi'liyya)مإ ةيس

(Ismiyya)

(Al-Jumla Al-Ismiyya) ماإلاجلملة ةيسThis is a sentence that begins with a noun. The nominal sentence is composed of:

أ+ i. Subject

ربخ + دتبم

دم الصاهللا

(Allahhu Ssammad) Allah the Eternal, the Absolute.

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In the Nominal sentence, the noun can exist as:

A. Subject:للىديهفيرالتالكلذ ق نيتمهبابك

(Dhaalikka al-kitaabu laa rayba feehi huddan lilmuttaqeen)

This Book, there is no doubt in it, is a guide to those who guard (against evil).

دم الصاهللا

(Allahhu Ssammad) Allah the Eternal, the Absolute.

C. Part of a Possessive Phrase:

ردقالةليلي فاهنلنزأانإ

ز مللك(waylun likulli humazatin lumazza)

Wayl ( A valley in hell) to every slanderer, defamer

Exercise:Look into your copy of the holy Quran and find 10 nominal sentences that contain at least one

of the elements listed above.

زمه ةة لليو

B. News :

(Innaa anzalnaahu fee laylatil qadr)Surely We revealed it on the grand night.

D. Preceded by a Preposition:

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2. In the Verbal sentence:This is a sentence that begins with a verb. In this type of sentence, the noun can exist as:

A. Subject

B. Object

object + subject + verb

باحاصدمحأبهذdhahaba ahmadun sabaahan

Ahmad went in the morning

Rules of I’raab: The verb: Marfoo’ bil-damma The subject: Marfoo’ bil-dammaThe object: Mansoob bil-fat-ha (depends on form of noun).

Exercise:

1. Make a chart listing all of the places where the noun is in the state of raf'.

2. Make a chart listing all of the different places that the noun is in a state of nasb.

3. Write 10 nominal sentences from the holy Quran with the i'raab of each part of the sentence.

4. Write 10 verbal sentences from the holy Quran with the i'raab of each part of the sentence.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX ATHE NOUNS

اإلسم

1. Simple 2. Five 3. Foreign 4. Verbal Nouns Nouns Nouns Nouns

اخلمسةاألسماء األجنبيةاألسماء املصدر

(Al-Asmaa’ Al-Ajnabiya) (Al-Masdar) راهيمبإعمس----->عمس

(Al-Asmaa’Al-Khamsa) 1. / Abooka بوكأخوك Sama’a - > Sam’unIbraaheem/ Akhooka أ

موكح Hamooka /فيوسبرش----->برش

/ Fooka فوك

2. 3.

Yoosuf Sharaba -> Shurbun4. / Dhu Maal 5مالذو.

A. Common B. Proper C. Pronouns D. Demonstrative E. Relative Nouns Nouns Nouns Nouns

األعالمأسماء الضمائراإلشارةأسماء املوصولة األسماء (Asmaa’Al-A’laam) (Addamaa’ir) (Asmaa’Al-Ishaara) (Al-Asmaa’Al-Mawsoola)

م تابكدحم

كناله/نا هالذي hunaalika / hunaa

ذ/ذا ه

dhaallika / haadhaa al-lattee الل /ذان الل

al-ladhayni / al-ladhaaniنيتالل /تانالل

haadhayni / haathaani al-latayni / al-lattaani تانهولىاأل /الذين

haattaani al-ullaa / al-ladheena

الالئي /وائي اللullaa / haa-ullaa’i al-laa-ee / al-lawaa-ee

كلالتي

هذهذhaadhihi

نيذه /ذان ه

ين

املنفصلةObject

املتصلة

نا-تnaa- tu

إيانا-

ياهإ- تte - ta

ك-نا

كت-ke

ه-ه ا-ن أولى/الءهؤ -

i. Attached ii. Detached (Al-Muttassilla) (Al-Munfassilla)

Obj./Prep./Pos Subject Subject إياينحن-ناأ

ka - naa eyaanaaa- eyaaya nahnu - annaa ياكإهو-تنأ

huwa - anntaeyaahu - eyaaka

ياهاإياكإيه-تنأ he - ha eyaahaa - eyaaki hiyya - annti

ي-و ماإياه-ما ياكإهما -أنتما yee - oo eyaahumaa - eyaakumaa humaa - antumaaمياهإ-م ياكإهم-متنأ eyaahum - eyaakum humm - antumنياهإ-نياكإنه-نتنأ eyaahunn - eyaakunn hunn - antunn

al-ladhee

aa - na يyee

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APPENDIX BTHE PARTICLES

حرفاأل

1. Prepositions 2. Jussive 3. Interrogative راجلف رحأمزاجلف رحأهامفتساإلسأ ماء

(Ah-ruf Ajjar)

(Ahruf Ajjazm) (Asmaa’ Al-Istifhaam)

These are: These are: These are: /min .1نم/elaa .2لىإ / lam .1مل/lema .2مل /hal .1له

/fee .3في/alaa‘ .4لىع / lan .2نل/ ayna .3نيأ /maadhaa .4ماذا

/an‘ .5نع/hattaa .6ىتح / In .3نإ/man .5نم/kayfa .6 فيك

/le .7ل/ke .8كـ/mataa .7ىتم /maa .8ما

/wa .9و/ta .10تـ/leman .9نمل/kam .10 مك

/ayyu .11يأ/ayyaana .12انيأRole: Role: 1. Form Prepositional Phrases 1. Form jussive phrase Role: 2. Only precede nouns. 2. Only precede verbs. 1. Can precede nouns & verbs.

2. Can combine with some prepo-

sitions. 3. Interrogative when at start of a sentence.

Rules of I’raab: Rules of Binaa’: Rules of Binaa’: - Make the noun/ism majroor 1. Present tense verb: - Depends on the noun itself.with the: Sukun

Kasra or yaa’ 2. Present tense plural: Example: .hadhf/absence of noon ضرقيذي ذا النم

Example: 3. Present tense ending man dhaa alladhee yuqridhuwith vowel: الناسرشنم

i. wow --> dammamin sharri il-naasiدعالوذا هتى مii. alif --> fat-ha mataa haadhaa al-wa’du

اهللات iii. yaa’ --> kasra

ta-AllahiساهارمانيأExample: ayyaana mursaahaa

منيلساملنمني كملmim al-muslimeena lam

هواقفينلlan yafqahoo

رضيإن lan yarda

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PART III: VERBS

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