1.0. INTRODUCTION

The Internet is a computer global system network. It’s

an acronym of International Network. The

research on dividing information into packets and

switching them from computer to computer began in the

1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded a research

project that created a packet switching network known as

the ARPANET. ARPA focused research on ways that

networks could be interconnected, and the Internet was

envisioned and created to be an interconnection of

networks that use TCP/IP protocols.

Internet, computer-based global information system. The

Internet is composed of many interconnected computer

networks. Each network may link tens, hundreds, or even

thousands of computers, enabling them to share information and

processing power. The Internet has made it possible for people

all over the world to communicate with one another effectively

and inexpensively. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such

as radio and television, the Internet does not have a centralized

distribution system. Instead, an individual who has Internet

access can communicate directly with anyone else on the

Internet, post information for general consumption, retrieve

information, use distant applications and services, or buy and

sell products.

Connecting individual computers to each other creates networks. The Internet is a

series of interconnected networks. Personal computers and workstations are connected

to a Local Area Network (LAN) by either a dial-up connection through a modem and

standard phone line or by being directly wired into the LAN. Other modes of data

transmission that allow for connection to a network include T-1 connections and

dedicated lines. Bridges and hubs link multiple networks to each other. Routers

transmit data through networks and determine the best path of transmission.

All information is transmitted across the Internet in small units of data called packets.

Software on the sending computer divides a large document into many packets for

transmission; software on the receiving computer regroups incoming packets into the

original document. Similar to a postcard, each packet has two parts: a packet header

specifying the computer to which the packet should be delivered, and a packet payload

containing the data being sent. The header also specifies how the data in the packet

should be combined with the data in other packets by recording which piece of a

document is contained in the packet.

2.1.1. INTERNET TOPOLOGY2.1.1. INTERNET TOPOLOGY

Internet applications are based on the concept of client/server architecture. In a

client/server architecture, some application programs act as information providers

(servers), while other application programs act as information receivers (clients).

The client/server architecture is not one-to-one. That is, a single client can access

many different servers, and a single server can be accessed by a number of different

clients. Usually, a user runs a client application, such as a Web browser, that

contacts one server at a time to obtain information. Because it only needs to access

one server at a time, client software can run on almost any computer, including small

handheld devices such as personal organizers and cellular telephones

3.0 CLIENT /SERVER ARCHITECTURE

--- Dial –up connection Standard phone line Ethernet - - T1 connection Dedicated line

Fig 1.3: How Information travels over the Internet

3.1 HOW THE INTERNET WORKS

The term Internet access refers to the communication between a

residence or a business and an ISP that connects to the Internet. Access

falls into three broad categories: dedicated, dial-up, and wireless.

With dedicated access, a subscriber’s computer remains directly

connected to the Internet at all times through a permanent, physical

connection. Most large businesses have high-capacity dedicated

connections; small businesses or individuals that desire dedicated access

choose technologies such as digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable

modems, which both use existing wiring to lower cost. A DSL sends data

across the same wires that telephone service uses, and cable modems use

the same wiring that cable television uses.

3.1.1INTERNET ACCESS

Dial-up is the least expensive access technology, but it is also the least convenient.

To use dial-up access, a subscriber must have a telephone modem, a device that

connects a computer to the telephone system and is capable of converting data into

sounds and sounds back into data. The user’s ISP provides software that controls the

modem. To access the Internet, the user opens the software application, which causes

the dial-up modem to place a telephone call to the ISP. A modem at the ISP answers the

call, and the two modems use audible tones to send data in both directions. When one of

the modems is given data to send, the modem converts the data from the digital values

used by computers—numbers stored as a sequence of 1s and 0s—into tones. The

receiving side converts the tones back into digital values.

Wireless network is a kind of computers networks that does not require the use of wires

to connect to the Internet. The connectivity to the Internet with wireless network is

made easy through a wireless router. Wireless networks are categories into; LAN (Local

Area Network), PAN (Personal Area Network) and MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

depending on the use.

Apart from the World Wide Web that is generally use, some old applications are still used.

Telnet application enables a user to interactively access a remote computer. For example,

a businessperson who is visiting a location that has Internet access can use Telnet to contact

their office computer. Doing so is faster and less expensive than using a dial-up modem.

Another application, known as the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), is used to download files

from an Internet site to a user’s computer. The FTP application is often automatically

invoked when a user downloads an updated version of a piece of software. Applications

such as FTP have been integrated with the World Wide Web, making them transparent so

that they run automatically without requiring users to open them.

Network News discussion groups (newsgroups), is another application, Newsgroup

application software allows a user to obtain a copy of selected articles from a local news

server or to use e-mail to post a new message to the newsgroup. The system makes

newsgroup discussions available worldwide.

4.0. INTERNET APPLICATIONS

A service known as Voice Over IP (VoIP) allows individuals and

businesses to make phone calls over the Internet. Low-cost

services (some of them free) often transfer calls via personal

computers (PCs) equipped with microphones and speakers instead

of the traditional telephone handset.

Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data

across a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol

Suite. IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the

Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering distinguished

packets from the source host to the destination host based on their

addresses.

5.0. USES OF THE INTERNET5.0. USES OF THE INTERNET

Online Service,

provider of electronic news,

Information, and

e-mail services to customers connecting to the service with their

computers over modems and telephone lines. Online services

may also serve as gateways to other sources of information, such

as bulletin boards, chat groups, and the Internet. Popular online

services include CompuServe, the Microsoft Network, and

America Online.

The Internet enable marketers to promote their products and services to

millions of potential customers through the World Wide Web. This Web site

provides information about a product designed to keep vegetables fresh.

5.1. MARKETING AND THE INTERNET

Electronic News is an online publication that currently covers just the

semiconductor production equipment industry. Electronic newspapers spared

publishers one of their highest expenses—newsprint—and many brought publishers

additional advertising revenue. The New York Times on the Web, an expert of

which is shown here, offers readers the same content as its print publication as well

as stories and features available only in its online version.

5.3. ELECTRONICS NEWS

The Internet service has brought a greater development to various

continents. It entailed electronic commerce, which the companies used in

advertising, selling, buying, distributing of products, and providing

customers service. Telecommunication, is the use of e-mail which speeds

communication between the companies, coworkers, and among other

individuals. File sharing, individuals swap music, movies, photos,

applications and enable students to make a research work and download

materials. Online chatting, people carry on discussions using instant

messaging; share digital photo, video, and audio files, also play games in

real time; which cannot be compared to the late years.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION