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AJU ABRAHAM MATHEW
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Seminar Report
On
WISENET
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science and Engineering
by
November 2006
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kolencherry.
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4 1 , 1 1 0 b
Coordinator
- 7 , 4 /
Head of the Department (5 1"
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kolencherry
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report titled wsenetsubmitted by
Aju Abraham Mathew is a bonafide work done by him under our supervision.
Z-1 1 6 = 5 1 ).)
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W I S E N E T
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly I express my sincere thanks to the almighty, for his solemn
presence through out my seminar work. I express my special gratitude to our
Principal Prof. K Rajendran for providing us with all the facilities that enabled me
to complete this seminar. I sincerely express my gratitude to the Department
of Computer Science and Engineering for providing me valuable advise
regarding the seminar.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to our
seminar guide MR. Saini jacob, Assistant professor in the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering for his valuable guidance and cooperation during each and
every stage of the seminar work
Finally i would like to express my gratitude to all other staffs that
guided me to undertake this study.
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W IS E N E T
ABSTRACT
WISENET is a wireless sensor network that monitors the environmental
conditions such as light, temperature, and humidity. This network is comprised of nodes
called "motes" that form an ad-hoc network to transmit this data to a computer that
function as a server. The server stores the data in a database where it can later be
retrieved and analyzed via a web-based interface. The network works successfully with
an implementation of one sensor mote.
The technological drive for smaller devices using less power with greater
functionality has created new potential applications in the sensor and data acquisition
sectors. Low-power microcontrollers with RF transceivers and various digital and analog
sensors allow a wireless, battery-operated network of sensor modules ("motes") to
acquire a wide range of data. The TinyOS is a real-time operating system to address the
priorities of such a sensor network using low power, hard real-time constraints, and
robust communications.
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W IS E N E T
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.1SYSTEM DESCRIPTION.22.1) PRIMARY SUBSYSTEMS22.1.1) DATA ANALYSIS2.1.2) DATA ACQUISITION
3) SYSTEM COMPONENTS3.1) CLIENT33.2) SERVER3.3) SENSOR MOTES6HARDWARE DESIGN
/7
SOFTWARE DESIGN-SHELF PRODUCTS.77 12
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS-CUSTOM6CONCLUSION777
FUTURE SCOPE8BIBLOGRAOHY,,7Dept. of CSE NGCE kolenchery
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W IS E N E T
1. INTRODUCTION
The last few years have seen the emergence of numerous new wireless
technologies have reached the market recently. While the general trend is to offer higher
and higher data rates, there are many existing and new applications that do not require
such a high bandwidth, but would strongly benefit from a wireless communication link.
Examples of such applications are wireless sensor networks. In this perspective, the
Microelectronics Division has launched a project called WISENET. Its main objective is
to develop a low-power wireless ad-hoc network made of many distributed microsensors
that are energetically autonomous and able to communicate amongst them and with the
external world. WISENET will enable the monitoring and the control of physical and
environmental parameters for a variety of applications. For example, WISENET will
monitor security and safety in the future homes and offices
The first goal of WISENET is to create a new hardware platform to take
advantage of newer microcontrollers with greater functionality and more features. This
involves selecting the hardware, designing the motes, and porting TinyOS. Once the
platform is completed and TinyOS was ported to it, the next stage is to use this platform
to create a small-scale system of wireless networked sensors.
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W IS E N E T
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
There are two primary subsystems (Data
Acquisition) comprised of three major components (Client,
Network).
2.1) Primary Subsystems:
There are two top-level subsystems —
Data Analysis
Data Acquisition.
Analysis and Data
Server, Sensor Mote
2.1.1) Data Analysis:
This subsystem is software-only (relative to WISENET). It relied on existing
Internet and web (HTTP) infrastructure to provide communications between the Client and Server
components. The focus of this subsystem was to selectively present the collected environmental data
to the end user in a graphical manner.
2.1.2) Data Acquisition:
The purpose of this subsystem is to collect and store environmental data for later
processing by the Data Analysis subsystem. This is a mix of both PC & embedded system software, as
well as embedded system hardware. It is composed of both the Server and Sensor Mote Network
components .
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HTTP
•
RS232 SERIAL
• Office2Internet
Gateway 980M HZ
n
RF Comm.
TCP/IP•
HTTPServer Officel
System•
Wise
D B V
W eb Lab A Lab BProgram TCP/IP
Q LTCP/IP
Database
W eb
Browser
W IS E N E T
3. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
System components are Client, Server, and S ensor M ote N etwork.
CLIENTERVERENSOR MOTE NETWORK
Data Analysis Subsystemata Acquisition Subsystem
Figure 1: WISENET System Block Diagram
3.1) Client:
The Client component is necessary but external to the development of WISENET.
That is, any computer with a web browser and Internet access could be a Client. It served only as a
user interface to the Data A nalysis subsystem.
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USERRequested WEB page
►Requests WEB page
CLIENT
Inputs &
Outputs
Requested WEB page
SERVER
Requests WEB page
CLIENTRequested WEB page
W IS E N E T
USERERVER
Figure 2: Client Component Inputs/Outputs
3.2) Server:
The Server is a critical component as the link between the Data Acquisition and
Data Analysis subsystems. On the Data Analysis side, an web (HTTP) server hosting a web
application. When a page request came in, the web server executes the web application, which
retrieved data from the database, processes it, and returns a web page that the web server
transmitted to the Client. For the Data Acquisition system there is a daemon (WiseDB) running to
facilitate communication with the Sensor Mote Network.
CLIENTWEB page Requests
SENSOR NETWORK
Data packets
Inputs &Outputs
(Via GATEWAY MOTE)
SERVER
SENSOR NETWORKCommands
Figure 3: Server Components Inputs/Outputs
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HTTP
Server
W E B
Program
SQ L
Database
'FinyOS
Daemon
WISEDB
TCP/IP
•
TCP/IP
W IS E N E T
This daemon is responsible for collecting raw data packets from the S ensor Mo te
Network. These packets are then processed to convert the raw data into meaningful
environmental data. This processed data is then inserted into the d atabase. Thus the database is
the link between the Data Analysis and Data Acquisition subsystems. The Server also had the
potential to send commands to the Sensor M ote Network (via the gateway m ote) , although this
functionality was not explored in WISE NE T.
It should be noted that since the SQL database connections can be made via
TCP /IP, only the web server and web-program (see figure 4 ) needed to be located on the same
physical machine. The web server , the database, and W iseDB could all be on different physical
machines connected via a LAN or the Internet. This allows a flexible Server component
implementation that is useful during WISE NE T development.
CLIENT •
SENSOR NETWORK(GATEWAY MOTE)
Figure 4: Server Component Block Diagram
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W IS E N E T
3.3) SENSOR MOTES
The primary focus of WISENET is the development of the Sensor Mote
Network component. It is the component responsible for collecting and transmitting raw
environmental data to the Server. There is also the potential for the motes to receive commands
from the Server, although that functionality may not be implemented in WISENET. Uses for this
feature would include server-based synchronization and wireless network reprogramming.
SERVER PC
COMMANDS
(GATEWAY MOTE)
ONLY
SERVER P
DATA PACKETS
SENSOR MOTES
SENSOR NETWORK
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
SENSOR NETWORK
DATA PACKETS
SENSOR NETWORK
DATA PACKETS
ENVIRONMENT•HUMIDITY, LIGHT etc.,
Figurts/Outputs
This component consists of two parts. The first is the sensor mote. The primary
purpose of the sensor mote is to collect and transmit raw environmental data. When not doing this, it
went into a low-power idle mode to conserve energy. Another aspect of the sensor motes involved ad-
hoc networking and may be for multi-hop routing;
The gateway mote is the second part of the Sensor Mote Network. Its purpose is to
serve as the liaison between the Server and the Sensor Mote Network and deliver all the data packets
to WiseDB. In theory both standard and gateway motes could be implemented on the same hardware
PCB and with the same software. For WISENET, however, resource and time constraints necessitated
the use of slightly different hardware and software configurations for gateway versus standard motes,
as described below.
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W IS E N E T
4. HARDWARE DESIGN
The selection of components for the sensor motes is a critical process in
the development of WISENET. Great functionality and low power are two of the highest
priorities in evaluating the fitness of both the microcontroller and the sensor candidates.
WISENET is introduced to the new state-of-the-art Chipcon CC1010 microcontroller
with integrated RF transceiver. After a little research it was decided the CC1010 would
make the perfect microcontroller.
It had the following feature list:
1. Optimized 8051-core
Most of the early embedded microcontrollers use processor architectures
that were taken from eight bit microprocessors. This is the worst way because the
processor addressing is usually not optimized for accessing local hardware registers
and their individual bits. Two devices which buck this trend are the Microchip PIC
and the Intel 8051. The 8051 was designed from the prespective of what a
microcontroller is and what it has to do. It included in the basic design was 4K of
Read Only Program Memory, 128 Bytes of Internal RAM, a USART and 32 I/O Pins.
The only major problem with the 8051 architecture is the twelve clock cycles per
instruction cycle. This has made the 8051 appear non-competitive to other
microcontrollers which can have as few as one clock cycle per instruction cycles
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W IS E N E T
Active (14.8 mA), Idle (2.9mA) and sleep (0.2mA) power modes
When it is in active mode it take14.8 mA to work and in the idle state it take
2.9mA and in the sleep state it take 0.2mA for the proper working of the
microcontroller.
32 kB flash memory
Flash memory is a form of EEPROM jElectrically-Erasable Programmable Read-
Only Memory) that allows multiple memory locations to be erased or written in one
programming operation. Normal EEPROM only allows one location at a time to be
erased or written, meaning that flash can operate at higher effective speeds when the
systems using it read and write to different locations at the same time. All types of
flash memory and EEPROM wear out after a certain number of erase operations.
Flash memory is made in two forms: NOR flash and NAND flash. This makes it
suitable for storage of program code that needs to be infrequently updated, as in
digital cameras and PDAs. However its I/O interface allows only sequential access to
data. This makes it suitable for mass-storage devices such as PC cards and various
memory cards, and somewhat less useful for computer memory.
2 kB +128 bytes SRAM
Three channel 10-bit ADC
10bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) uses a four wire SPI interface.
The 8515 processor has SPI hardware support built in and using it would have been fast
with minimum software overhead. 10 bits is pretty high resolution. To avoid digital noise
on the analog signals, added a separate +5V supply (78L05) devoted just to the ADC and
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the photodiodes used as inputs. The ground for all of the above was tied into one point
where the power came into the regulator. With minimal bypass capacitors on the ADC
inputs easily get stable readings
Four timers / Two PWM's
There are two essentially different versions of PWM: the original very lightweight
window manager, and the newer Ion-based PWM2. PWM was the first window manager
to implement "tabbed frames" or the back then unique feature allowing multiple client
windows to be attached to the same frame. This feature helps keeping windows,
especially the numerous xterms, organized. A look at the screenshots below might clarify
the idea. Being a lightweight window manager with emphasis on usability, PWM
discards some features common in window managers these days: only window shading in
lieu of iconification is supported, there are no close and other window buttons (these
actions are available conveniently through a menu), simple and elegant look instead of
pixmapped themes, et cetera. PWM does have workspaces, menus and Window Maker
dockapp support. It has pretty good keyboard support and almost all the functionalit y is
configurable.
Fully integrated UHF RF transceiver (433 MHz / 868 MHz nominal)
The wireless transceiver contains at least two physical links, each with its
own transmitter-receiver circuit in addition to digital and analog signal processing
circuits to communicate with other wireless units using Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) protocol. The design approaches address the issues of noise
W IS E N E T
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interference between analog and digital subsystems, noise interference between two links
on the same chip, and high-frequency self-test, measurement of funtional parameters
(SNR, jitter, etc.), and interface between on-chip test facilities and external low-cost
testers. The methodology is validated by a complete design, fabrication, and test of a case
study selected in consultation with industry partners.
Programmable output power (-20 to 10 dBm)
Low current consumption (11.9 mA for RX, 17.0 mA for TX at OdBm)
RSSI output that can be sampled by the on-chip ADC
WISENET includes a socketed evaluation board (CC1010EB) and two
evaluation modules (CC1010EM). CC1010 - The industry's first truly complete RF
System-on-Chip solution! On a single die, the award winning 300 to 1000 MHz CMOS
CC1000 RF Transceiver has been integrated with an industry standard 8051
microcontroller core. The CC1010 integrates a very low-power 300 to 1000 MHz RF
transceiver and a 8051-compatible microcontroller that has 32 kB in-system
programmable Flash, hardware DES encryption/decryption and a three channel 10-bit
ADC. This means only a few external passive components are necessary to make a
powerful embedded system with wireless communication capabilities, sensor interfacing
possibilities and a lot of processing power.The evaluation board provided access to all of
the analog and digital pins on the CC1010, as well as two serial ports, a parallel
programming port, RF network analysis ports, and other peripherals. Each evaluation
module featured the CC1010, RF network hardware, an antenna port, and an analog
temperature sensor. The modules connected to the evaluation board via two sockets.
These sockets also allowed the possibility of designing a custom expansion board.
W IS E N E T
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WISENET is designed to measure light, temperature, and humidity. There
are many digital temperature sensors available, but there is a much smaller selection of
digital humidity and light sensors. A larger selection of analog sensors are available;
however, analog sensors tended to require more power and be less precise than their
digital counterparts, in addition to requiring more complex circuitry. For these reasons,
digital sensors are given higher priority. Two new sensors provided the required
functionality. First, Sensirion released the SHT11, a digital temperature and humidity
sensor with ultra low power consumption (550 MicroA while measuring, 1 MicroA when
in sleep mode), a 14 bit analog to digital converter, and the desired accuracy (±5%
relative humidity, ±3°C). It also featured a simple serial interface. The light sensor chosen
was the Texas Advanced Optoelectonic Solutions (TAOS) TSL2550 ambient light sensor
with SMBus interface. This sensor also featured ultra-low power (600 MicroA active, 10
MicroA power down), a 12-bit analog to digital converter, and dual photo diodes. The
TSL2550 uses both photo diodes to compensate for infrared light and to produce a
measurement that approximates the human eye response.
The final stage of hardware design involved creating the Add-on
module. The WISENET Add-On Module has the two digital sensors described above.
The Sensirion SHT-1 I humidity and temperature sensor has a 2-wire proprietary serial
interface. The TAOS TSL2550 digital light sensor uses an SMBus serial interface.
SMBus is a standardized 2-wire serial interface. The layout must be carefully designed
such that the light, temperature and humidity sensor does not underneath the evaluation
module when it is plugged into the board, which would make them useless.
W IS E N E T
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W IS E N E T
5. SOFTWARE DESIGN-SHELF PRODUCTS
The server using for WISENET should have four commercial off the shelf
applications installed on it that worked together to create the Data Analysis portion of the
Server component.
Apache, MySQL, and PHP are open-source products freely available on the
Internet. In addition, Chart-Director the trial version of the commercial application Chart-
Director was used.
Apache is a standard web-server, which makes a web document available on the
Internet. The Apache http server is a powerful, flexible, implements the latest protocols is
highly configurable and extensible with third-party modules can be customised by
writing 'modules' using the Apache module API provides full source code and comes
with an unrestrictive license runs on Windows NT/9x, Netware 5.x and above, OS/2, and
most versions of Unix, as well as several other operating systems is actively being
developed encourages user feedback through new ideas, bug reports and patches
implements many frequently requested features, including:
âDBM databases for authentication
Allows you to easily set up password-protected pages with enormous numbers
of authorized users, without bogging down the server.
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W IS E N E T
)%. Customized responses to errors and problems
Allows you to set up files, or even CGI scripts, which are returned by the
server in response to errors and problems, e.g. setup a script to intercept 500
Server Errors and perform on-the-fly diagnostics for both users and yourself.
)% . Multiple DirectoryIndex directives
Allows you to say DirectoryIndex index.html index.cgi, which instructs the server
to either send back index.html or run index.cgi when a directory URL is requested,
whichever it finds in the directory.
Unlimited flexible URL rewriting and aliasing
Apache has no fixed limit on the numbers of Aliases and Redirects which
may be declared in the config files. In addition, a powerful rewriting engine can be
used to solve most URL manipulation problems.
Content negotiation
i.e. the ability to automatically serve clients of varying sophistication and
HTML level compliance, with documents which offer the best representation of
information that the client is capable of accepting.
Virtual Hosts
A much requested feature, sometimes known as multi-horned servers. This
allows the server to distinguish between requests made to different IP addresses or
names (mapped to the same machine). Apache also offers dynamically configurable
mass-virtual hosting.
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Configurable Reliable Piped Logs
You can configure Apache to generate logs in the format that you want. In
addition, on most UNIX architectures, Apache can send log files to a pipe,
allowing for log rotation, hit filtering, real-time splitting of multiple hosts into
separate logs, and asynchronous DNS resolving on the fly.
PHPis a web programming language, which allows dynamic
web-pages. It should also be designed to use along with a database and included many
built-in functions for interfacing with MySQL.
MySQLis a database that can contain any type of data and is
accessed by a TCP/IP (Internet) call.
Chart-Director is a program that generates a graph from raw data.
It is available in many languages such as PHP,ASP, C++, and others.
General features are:
âFast and Efficient
Multi-threaded architecture specially designed for the demanding
requirements of server side usage.
;%. Flexible
Object oriented API allows you to control and customize chart details,
enabling you to design the charts you want.
W IS E N E T
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W IS E N E T
Comprehensive Chart Styles
Pie, bar, line, spline, step line, trend line, curve-fitting, inter-line coloring,
area, scatter, bubble, box-whisker, HLOC, candlestick, simple gantt, radar, polar.
XY axis swapping (rotated charts) and 3D effects.
Layer Architecture
Synchronized chart layers allow chart styles to overlay for arbitrary combo
chart and special effects. For example, box-whisker layers can be used to add
error symbols to any XY chart styles, and scatter layers can be used to highlight
data points with custom symbols
CDML
The innovative Chart Director Mark Up Language (CDML) technology
allows rich formatting of text with embedding icons and images. CDML is
supported in all ChartDirector text positions, including chart titles, legend keys,
axis labels, data labels, etc.
Advance color system
In additional to ARGB colors (true color with alpha transparency), all objects in
ChartDirector can be painted using "magic colors" - colors that depend on position.
Generates image maps to support tool tips and other mouse interactions. Ideal for
"drill-down" capabilities. Tool tips are customizable and can include custom text or
data. Image maps are "open-ended" and can include user-defined regions, such as for
company logos, icons and buttons.
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W IS E N E T
6. SOFTWARE COMPONENTS - CUSTOM
WISENET is also composed of three custom software components:
The W eb program, W iseDB, and a por t of TinyOS.
WISENET's web program was written in PHP and utilized the Chart-
Director charting software. The web application queried MySQL database for the data in
the requested date range, then we use a Chart-Director to generate a graph of that data.
WiseDB is the custom software component that interfaced with the
Sensor Mote Network via a serial link to the gateway mote and with the MySQL database
via a TCP/IP link to the MySQL server application. Already we know about how
WiseDB interacted with the rest of the system. WiseDB was written in C++ and utilized
two open-source API's (application programming interface).
The final custom software component involves porting TinyOS to the
CC 1010-based hardware platform described in the Hardware Design section. As
previously mentioned, TinyOS is a real-time operating system designed for use in sensor
network applications where low-power, limited resources and hard real-time constraints
are critical parameters. After implementing all the software and embedding in a single
system other important goal of WISENET is to completely replace the lower-layer
functionality to permit existing higher-level components and applications to be
immediately implemented on the new hardware platform without modification.
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7. CONCLUSION
Wireless sensor networks are getting smaller and faster, increasing their
potential applications in commercial, industrial, and residential environments.
WISENET, as implemented, represents one commercial application. However, the limit
of applications depends only up6n the sensors used and the interpretation of the data
obtained. As the technology improves and new low-power digital sensors become more
readily available, motes will increase functionality without increasing power
consumption and will expand the wireless sensing market.
W IS E N E T
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W IS E N E T
8. FUTURE SCOPE
There are a number of future extensions for this WISENET. A few are
We can expand the sensor mote network by adding more motes. This
would allow the development and testing of advanced network-layer functions, such as
multi-hop routing.
By creating a new PCB design that integrates the CC1010EM design with
the sensors and power hardware on a single-board another interesting feature can be
developed or adopt a standard expandable plug-in sensor interface in both hardware and
software
In researching alternative energy sources to extend mote battery life.
Possibilities include solar cells and rechargeable batteries.
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W IS E N E T
9. BIBLIOGRAPHI C .
Atkinson, MySQL++: A C++ API for MySQL, vers 1.7.9,
<http://www.mysql.com/downloads/api-mysql++. html>.
Gay Levis, The nesC Language: A Holistic Approach to Network Embedded
Systems,
<http://today.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/papers/nesc.pdf5.
Mainwaring, Polastre, et al. Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring,
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/—polastre/papers/wsna02.pdf
Hill, Szewczyk, et al. System architecture directions for network sensors,
http://today.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/papers/tos.pdf
www.apache.org
www.php.net
www.mysql.com