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AIRE, SPACE AND CULTURE(S)
REFLECTIONS ABOUT ‘TRAVELLING CONCEPTS’ ININTERCULTURALITY
DAMIEN EHRHARDT
SLAM, UNIVERSITÉ D’EVRY
‘TRAVELLING CONCEPTS’ (M. BAL)
cultures
between…
disciplines:anthropology, geography, history, geostrategy…
eras(time)
AIRE : WORD MEANINGS
a) Floor where grain is beatenb) Flat surface of the rock where the eagle make his
nestc) Delimited grounds reserved for a certain type of
activity (aire de jeu)d) Surface of a planar region, a solid or something else
and its measures in square unitse) Aire continentale : vast region of the Earth’s crust
which remains stable over geological time
ESPACE / SPACE: WORD MEANINGS
a) Indefinite extent that surrounds and contains allobjects, its representation
b) Math. Set of points (vectors), with a structure; threedimensional geometry (in space, as opposed to theplan)
c) Volume occupied by something, ce meuble occupepeu d’espace / this furniture occupies little space
d) Environment affected for a particular purpose,espace publicitaire / advertising space
e) Extent in which the stars move.
f) Imaginary spacesg) Space of time
h) Emptiness of space: Newton’s absolute space, thespace between two words
‘TRIPLICITÉ SPATIALE’ BY H. LEFEBVRE,La production de l’espace, 1974 :a) Spacial practice of a society,b) Representations of space: espace conçuc) Spaces of representation: espace vécu
IDEAL TYPES OF AIRE AND SPACE
AIRE ESPACE / SPACETwo-dimensional Three-dimensionnel or more
Definite, delimited Indefinite, infiniteUnited MultipleStable Variable
Close and confine Open
1. Intellectual-aesthetic culture (intellektuell-ästhetischer Kulturbegriff), related to Bildung andart. Derives from the traditional canon of greatartists and their works. Linked with an elitistconception of culture based on aesthetic, moraland ethical values, opposed to popular or massculture
2. Material or instrumental culture (materielleror instrumenteller Kulturbegriff), comes from theetymological sense of agricultura.
3. Cultural anthropology (anthropologischerKulturbegriff), all the collective representations,patterns of thought, and actions of a society.
Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 2005
CULTURAL CONCEPTS BY H.-J. LÜSEBRINK
Acultural spaces taking into account material
culture
Bcultural areas taking into account material
culture
Ccultural areas based almost exclusively on
spiritual culture
Dcultural spaces based almost exclusively on
spiritual culture
spiritual culture
materialculture
AIRE SPACE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
spiritual culture
AIRE SPACE
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
spiritual culture
SPACE
MARCEL MAUSS« Les civilisations. Eléments et formes », Paris 1929
“a civilization is both an area and a form”toute civilisation a, à la fois, une aire et une forme
MARCEL MAUSS« Les civilisations. Eléments et formes », Paris 1929
a civilization has “always its breakpoints, its limits,its core and its periphery. The description anddefinition of these areas are a key work in thehistory […].”une civilisation a toujours ses points d’arrêt, seslimites, son noyau et sa périphérie. La description etla définition de ces aires sont un travail capital pourl’histoire […]
“a civilization is both an area and a form”toute civilisation a, à la fois, une aire et une forme
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
spiritual culture
SPACE
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash of civilizations
Huntington
spiritual culture
SPACE
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash of civilizations
Huntington Lacoste
spiritual culture
SPACE
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash of civilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
spiritual culture
SPACE
ARJUN APPADURAIModernity At Large, 1996
“thus left-wing critics of area studies, much influenced bythe important work of Edward Said on orientalism, havebeen joined by free-marketeers and advocates ofliberalization, who are impatient with what they derideas the narrowness and history fetish of area-studiesexperts”.
HOMI K. BHABHAThe Location of Culture, 1994
existence of nation
alterity of other nationsBIPOLARITY
THIRD SPACE
DissemiNation, cleaved and hybrid Nation
ARJUN APPADURAIModernity At Large, 1996
“By ethnoscape I mean the landscape of persons whoconstitute the shifting world in which we live: tourists,immigrants, refugees, exiles, guest workers, and othermoving groups and individuals constitute an essentialfeature of the world and appear to affect the politics of(and between) nations to a hitherto unprecedenteddegree. This is not to say that there are no relativelystable communities and networks of kinship, friendship,work, and leisure, as well as birth, residence, and otherfilial forms. But it is to say that the warp of thesestabilities is everywhere shot through with the woof ofhuman motion, as more persons and groups deal with therealities of having to move or the fantasies of wanting tomove.”
ARJUN APPADURAIModernity At Large, 1996
the area studies tradition:
o “a double-edged sword”
o “a tiny refuge for the serious study of foreignlanguages, alternatives worldviews, and large-scaleperspectives on sociocultural change outside Europeand the USA”
ARJUN APPADURAIModernity At Large, 1996
the area studies tradition:
o “a double-edged sword”
o “a tiny refuge for the serious study of foreignlanguages, alternatives worldviews, and large-scaleperspectives on sociocultural change outside Europeand the USA”
o “one of the few serious counterweights to the tirelesstendency to marginalize huge parts of the world in theAmerican academy and in American society moregenerally
ARJUN APPADURAIModernity At Large, 1996
the area studies tradition:
o “probably too comfortable with its own maps of theworld, too secure in its own expert practices, and tooinsensitive to transnational processes both today andin the past. […] What does need to be recognized, ifthe area-studies tradition is to be revitalized, is thatlocality itself is a historical product and that thehistories through which location emerge are eventuallysubject to the dynamics of the global.”
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash ofcivilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
spiritual culture
SPACE
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash ofcivilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
spiritual culture
SPACE
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash ofcivilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
SPACE
spiritual culture
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash ofcivilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
spiritual culture
SPACE
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash ofcivilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
spiritual culture
SPACE
history
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash ofcivilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
spiritual culture
SPACE
history geopolitics, international strategy
AIRE
materialculture
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash ofcivilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
spiritual culture
SPACE
history Kulturwissenschaftgeopolitics, international strategy
SOME PERSPECTIVES…
o Rethink area studies
o Beyond area studies. Crossing them with othertheories of interculturality (Empire, transfer studies,planetarism…)
AIRE
Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,
Ratzel, Graebner
cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer
Aires de civilisation
Mauss
Braudel
Clash ofcivilizations
Huntington Lacoste
Third spaceBhabha
EthnoscapeAppadurai
SPACE
spiritual culture
materialculture