Airbus A320 family 1

Airbus A320 family

A320 family

US Airways Nevada A319-132

Role Narrow-body jet airliner

National origin Multi-national

Manufacturer Airbus

First flight 22 February 1987

Introduced 28 March 1988

Status Active service

Primary users US AirwaysEasyJetChina Southern AirlinesUnited Airlines

Produced 1988–present

Number built 4,728 as of 30 June 2011[1]

Unit cost A318: US$65.2 million, €58 million (2011)[2]

A319: US$77.7 million, €70 million (2011)[2]

A320: US$85.0 million, €79 million (2011)[2]

A321: US$99.7 million, €95 million (2011)[2]

Variants Airbus A318

The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airlinersmanufactured by Airbus Industrie.[3] The family includes the A318, A319, A320 and A321, as well as the ACJbusiness jet. Final assembly of the family in Europe takes place in Toulouse, France and Hamburg, Germany; since2009, a plant in Tianjin, People's Republic of China has also started producing aircraft for Chinese airlines.[4] Theaircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a range of 3100 to 12000 km (1700 to 6500 nmi),depending on model.The first member of the A320 family—the A320—was launched in March 1984, first flew on 22 February 1987, and was first delivered in 1988. The family was soon extended to include the A321 (first delivered 1994), the A319

Airbus A320 family 2

(1996), and the A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, aswell as side stick controls, in commercial aircraft. Although there has been a continuous improvement process sinceintroduction, the proposed A320neo[5] is to offer new, more efficient engines.As of 30 June 2011, a total of 4,728 Airbus A320 family aircraft have been delivered, of which 4,638 are in activeservice. In addition, another 2,834 airliners are on firm order. According to Airbus, it ranked as the world'sfastest-selling jet airliner family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the best-selling single-generationaircraft programme.[6] [7] [8] The family's direct competitors are the Boeing 737, 717 and 757.

Development

OriginsWhen Airbus designed the Airbus A300 during the late 1960s/early 1970s, it envisioned a broad family of airlinerswith which to compete against Boeing and Douglas, two established US aerospace manufacturers. From the momentof formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B in support of this long term goal.[9]

Prior to the service introduction of the first Airbus airliners, engineers within Airbus had identified nine possiblevariations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9.[10] A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to beconstructed, was designated the A300B10.[11] It was a smaller aircraft which would be developed into the long-rangeAirbus A310. Airbus then focused its efforts on the single-aisle market, which was dominated by the Boeing 737 andMcDonnell Douglas DC-9.

Finnair's A320-200 just after takeoff.

Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for asuccessor to the relatively successful BAC One-Eleven, and to replacethe Boeing 737–200 and DC-9.[12] Germany’s MBB(Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm), British Aircraft Corporation,Sweden's Saab and CASA worked on the EUROPLANE, a 180- to200-seat aircraft.[12] [13] It was abandoned after intruding on A310specifications.[14] VFW-Fokker, Dornier and Hawker Siddeley workedon a number of 150-seat designs.[12]

Design effort

A new programme was initiated subsequently, called Joint European Transport (JET). This was set up in June1977,[15] and was based at the then British Aerospace (formerly Hawker Siddeley) site in Weybridge, Surrey, UK.Although the members were all of Airbus' partners, they regarded the project as a separate collaboration fromAirbus.[16] This project was considered the forerunner of Airbus A320, encompassing the 130- to 188-seat market,powered by two CFM56s.[12] It would have a cruise speed of Mach 0.84 (faster than B737).[12] The programme waslater transferred to Airbus, leading up to the creation of the Single-Aisle (SA) studies in 1980, led by former leader ofJET programme, Derek Brown.[17] The group looked at three different variants, covering the 125- to 180-seatmarket, called SA1, SA2 and SA3.[12] Although unaware at the time, the consortium was producing the blueprints forthe A319, A320 and A321, respectively.[18] The single-aisle programme created divisions within Airbus aboutwhether to design a shorter-range twinjet than a longer-range quadjet wanted by the West Germans, particularlyLufthansa.[12] [19] However, works proceeded, and the German carrier would eventually order the twinjet.

Airbus A320 family 3

The cockpit of the A321 is similar to that of theA318, A319 and A320. This layout would laterbe incorporated to the A330, A340, A380, and

the upcoming A350. This is called"commonality" within the industry, which saves

airlines money due to the short transition time forpilots. Note the side-stick controller, a first for a

commercial aircraft, along with the digitalfly-by-wire technology.

In February 1981, the project was re-designated A320,[18] with effortsfocused on the former SA2. During the year, Airbus worked with DeltaAir Lines on a 150-seat aircraft envisioned and required by the airline.The A320 would carry 150 passengers unknown operator: u','nautical miles (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator:u','km) using fuel from wing fuel tanks only.[18] The Dash 200 hadmore fuel through the activation of center fuel tank, increasing fuelcapacity from 3,429 imperial gallons (unknown operator:u'strong'unknown operator: u','L) to 5,154 imperial gallons(unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','L).[20]

enabling to fly up to unknown operator: u',' nautical miles(unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','km).[18] Theaircraft would measure 118 feet 3 inches (36.04 meters) and 128 feet9 inches (39.24 meters), respectively.[18] Airbus then had to decide ona cross-section for the A320. It considered a fuselage diameter of "theBoeing 707 and 727, or do something better".[12] It eventually settledon a wider diameter, with the internal width at 3.7 metres

(12 ft 2 in),[12] compared to 3.45 metres (11 ft 4 in)[12] of the Boeing aircraft. Although heavier, this specificationallowed the aircraft to compete more effectively with the 737. The A320 wing went through several stages of design,finally settling on 33.91 metres (111 feet 3 inches).[20] It is longer and thinner, offering better aerodynamicefficiency because of higher aspect ratio than the competition, namely the 737 and MD-80.

With the A320, Airbus made a controversial decision. For the first time, digital fly-by-wire (FBW) flight controlsystem would be incorporated into a commercial airliner,[21] although it was previously successfully proven onmilitary fighter aircraft,[21] such as the Vought F-8 Crusader. Aside from associated reduction in weight and cost,this system would provide flight envelope protection.[22] The pilot, in essence, places inputs into the flight controlcomputer, which interprets these actions and moves the flight control surfaces. FBW also allows Airbus to makeflying characteristics similar to later models,[23] such as the Airbus A330, A340, A380, and the upcoming A350. Itwould feature, for the first time, side-stick control, which was implemented on the General Dynamics F-16.[23]

During the A320 development programme, Airbus considered propfan technology, backed by Lufthansa.[24] At thetime unproven, it was essentially a fan placed outside the engine nacelle, offering speed of a turbofan at turbopropseconomics; eventually, Airbus stuck with turbofans. Power on the A320 would be supplied by two CFM56-5-A1srated at 25,000 lbf (112.5 kN).[20] It was the only available engine at launch until the IAE V2500, offered byInternational Aero Engines, a group composed of Rolls Royce, Pratt & Whitney, Japanese Aero EnginesCorporation, Fiat and MTU Aero Engines (MTU). The first V2500 variant, the V2500-A1, has a thrust output ofunknown operator: u',' pounds-force (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','kN),[25] hence thename, and is marginally more efficient than the CFM56, with specific fuel consumption at 0.560, compared to 0.591of the CFM56.[26]

Airbus A320 family 4

Production, testing and demonstration

The horizontal stabilizer of the A320 is producedin Spain. Other A320 parts are manufactured atvarious sites throughout Europe and the world.

Production of the A320 was postponed due to a number of reasons.From the start, the UK, France and West Germany wanted theresponsibility of final assembly and the associated duties. Thesedisputes were known as "work-share arguments",[27] driven by, apartfrom money, prestige.[27] The Germans requested an increasedwork-share of 40%,[27] while the British wanted the majorresponsibilities to be swapped around to give partners production andresearch and development (R&D) experience.[27] In the end, Britishwork-share was increased from that of the two previous Airbuses,[27]

while virtually no changes took place for the other three majormember-countries. Another contributing factor was launch aid, or subsidies, for the aerospace companies from theirrespective governments. France was willing to commit, while the Germans were more cautious.[28] The UKgovernment, on the other hand, were unwilling to provide fundings for the tooling requested by British Aerospace(BAe). Estimated at ₤250 million, it was postponed for three years until 1 March 1984,[20] when an announcementwas made about the deal between government and manufacturer. The agreement dictates that ₤50 million would bepaid whether the A320 would fly or not, while the rest would be paid as a levy of each aircraft sold.[29]

The programme was launched the following day[30] off the back of orders for 96 aircraft from five customers. AirFrance was the first customer for the type, having placed an order for 50 aircraft, split evenly between firm andoptions, between 16 A320-100s and 34 -200s.[21] However, British Caledonian was the first to place a firm order forseven back in October 1983.[31] Cyprus Airways became the first to place order for V2500-powered A320s inNovember 1984.[32] Pan Am also selected V2500 when it requested 16 firm orders and 34 options in January 1995,as did Inex Adria.[31] The most significant order was to come, when Northwest Airlines placed an order for 100A320s in October 1986, later confirmed at the 1990 Farnborough Airshow, powered by CFM56.[33]

An Airbus Beluga unloading A320-familyaircraft parts at Finkenwerder, northern Germany.

The first Airbus A320 was rolled out on 14 February 1987 amid dry iceand laser beams as part of a spectacular unveiling ceremony.[34] [35] Anumber of high-profile figures were present, including the Prince andPrincess of Wales.[36] The first flight came on 22 February,[35] duringwhich the aircraft flew for 3 hours 23 minutes.[30] The flight markedthe beginning of a flight test programme involving 1,200 airbornehours on 530 flights.[34] European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)certification was received on 26 February 1988.[34] The first A320

delivery was to Air France on 26 March 1988.[34]

On 26 June 1988, a chartered Air France Airbus A320-111 (F-GFKC)[37] crashed into trees at the end of runway atMulhouse-Habsheim Airport. Three out of 130 passengers were killed.[37] Another A320, flown by Indian Airlines,crashed landed short of the airport runway in Bangalore. The ensuing fire contributed to the casualty count ofninety-two, out of 146 on board.[38] The press and media later questioned the fly-by-wire flight control system.[37]

Subsequent investigations by commission of inquiry found "no malfunction of the aircraft or its equipment whichcould have contributed towards a reduction in safety or an increase in the crew's workload during the final flightphase...the response of the engines was normal and in compliance with certification requirement".[37]

As of 2009, Airbus required about eight months to build an A320.[39] Components from various Airbus plants aretransported to the final assembly plant at Hamburg Finkenwerder for the A318/A319/A321[40] and to ToulouseBlagnac for the A320. Nearly all assemblies are moved using Airbus' A300-600ST Beluga outsized transporters.Airbus A320s sold to Chinese airlines scheduled for delivery between 2009 and 2012 are being assembled in Tianjin,People's Republic of China.[41]

Airbus A320 family 5

Stretching and shrinking

Alitalia was the second to receive the stretchedA321, after Lufthansa.[42] One example is seenhere during climb out from London Heathrow

Airport, with landing gear still retracting

The first derivative of the A320 is the Airbus A321, also known as theStretched A320, A320-500 and A325.[34] [43] Its launch came on 24November 1988 after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customerswere secured.[34] [44] The aircraft would be a minimum-changedderivative, apart from a number of minor modifications to the wing,and the fuselage stretch itself. The wing would incorporatedouble-slotted flaps and minor trailing edge modifications,[45]

increasing the wing area from 124 m2 (1330 sq ft) to 128 m2

(1380 sq ft).[46] The fuselage was lengthened by four plugs (two aheadand two behind the wings), giving the A321 an overall length of 6.94metres (22 ft 9 in) longer than the A320.[45] [47] [48] The length increaserequired the overwing exits of the A320 to be enlarged andrepositioned to either the leading or trailing edges of the wings.[42] Reinforced were the centre fuselage andundercarriage to accommodate the increase in maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of unknown operator:u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u','lb), taking the MTOW to unknownoperator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u','lb).[45]

Final assembly for the A321 would be, as a first for any Airbus, carried out in Germany (then West Germany).[49]

This came after a dispute between the French, who claimed the move would incur $150 million, €135 million inunnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant,[50] and the Germans, arguing it would be more productivefor Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located at Hamburg, which would also produce thesmaller Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the bond market, through which it raised$480 million, €475 million to finance development costs.[37] An additional $180 million, €175 million was loanedfrom European Investment Bank and private investors.[51] The maiden flight of the Airbus A321 came on 11 March1993, when the prototype, registration F-WWIA, flew with IAE V2500 engines; the second prototype, equipped withCFM56-5B turbofans, flew in May.[42] Lufthansa and Alitalia were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20and 40 aircraft requested, respectively.[42] The first of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January1994, while over at Alitalia, the first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft was delivered on 22 March.[42]

A US Airways A319 in America West heritagelivery. The A319's wingspan is longer than the

aircraft's overall length.

The A319 is the next derivative of the baseline A320. The design is a"shrink" with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, part of theSingle-Aisle studies.[50] The SA1 was shelved as the consortiumconcentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of theA320/A321, Airbus turned its focus back to what was then known asthe A320M-7, meaning A320 minus seven rows of seats.[52] It wouldprovide direct competition for the Boeing 737–500/600.[50] The shrinkwas achieved though the removal of four fuselage frames fore andthree aft the wing, cutting the overal length by 3.73 metres(12 ft 3 in).[47] [53] [54] Consequently, the number of overwing exitswere reduced from four to two. The bulk-cargo door was replaced byan aft container door, which can take in reduced height LD3-46 containers.[53] Minor software programming weremade to accommodate the different handling characteristics; otherwise the aircraft is largely unchanged. Power isprovided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98 kN (22000 lbf), with option for 105 kN (24000 lbf)thrust.[55]

Airbus began offering the design from 22 May 1992, with the actual launch occurring 10 June 1993;[56] [57] the A319's first customer is ILFC, who signed for 6 aircraft. The development cost was $275 million, €250 million.[53]

Airbus A320 family 6

[56] On 23 March 1995, the first A319 underwent final assembly at Airbus' German plant in Hamburg, where theA321s are assembled. It was rolled out on 24 August, with the maiden flight the following day.[58] The certificationprogramme would take 350 airborne hours involving two aircraft; certification for the CFM56-5B6/2-equippedvariant was granted in April 1996, after which qualification for the V2524-A5 started the following month.[59]

Delivery of the first A319, to Swissair, took place on 25 April 1996, entering service by month's end.[59] In January1997, A 319 broke a record during a delivery flight by flying unknown operator: u',' nautical miles (unknownoperator: u','km) the great circle route to Winnipeg, Manitoba from Hamburg, in 9 hours 5 minutes.[59] Sales ofA319 would overtake that of the A321, amassing 1,470 order compared to 932;[1] it has proved popular withlow-cost airlines such as EasyJet, who has orders for 172, with 167 delivered.[1]

Further shrinking

The A318 originally had dorsal fins to improvehandling characteristics, but it is not featured on

this Air France A318 (F-GUGC).

The A318 was born out of mid-1990 studies between AviationIndustries of China (AVIC), Singapore Technologies Aerospace,Alenia and Airbus on a 95- to 125-seat aircraft project. The programmewas called the AE31X, and covers the 95-seat AE316 and 115- to125-seat AE317.[60] The former would have an overall length of31.3 m(102 ft 8 in), while the AE317 is longer by 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in), at 34.5 m(113 ft 2 in).[61] The engines would be supplied from two BMWRolls-Royce BR715s, CFM56-9s, or the Pratt & WhitneyPW6000s;[60] [61] with the MTOW of 53.3 t ( lb) for the smallerversion and 58 t ( lb) for the AE317, the thrust requirement were77.9–84.6 kN (17500–19000 lbf) and 84.6–91.2 kN (19000–20500lbf), respectively.[61] Range was settled at unknown operator:u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','nmi)and unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator:u'strong'unknown operator: u','nmi) for the high gross weights of both variants.[61] Both share a wingspan of31.0 m (101 ft 8 in)[61] and a flight deck similar to that of the A320 family. Costing $2 billion, €1.85 billion todevelop, aircraft production to take place in China.[60]

Simultaneously, Airbus was developing Airbus A318. In early 1998, Airbus revealed its considerations of designinga 100-seat aircraft based on the A320; by September 1998, the project AE31X terminated, after which Airbusofficially announced an aircraft of its own, the A318,[62] at that year's Farnborough Airshow.[63] The aircraft is thesmallest, or "baby", of the A320 family, and therefore the smallest Airbus. Ironically, it was developed at the sametime as the largest commercial aircraft in history, the Airbus A3XX (later renamed Airbus A380). First calledA319M5 in as early as March 1995, it was shorter by 0.79-metre (2 ft 7 in) ahead of the wing and 1.6 metres(5 ft 3 in) behind.[63] These cuts reduced passenger capacity from 124 on the A319 to 107 passengers in a two-classlayout.[64] Range was unknown operator: u',' kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator:u','nmi), or unknown operator: u',' kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','nmi) withupcoming sharklets.[64]

The 107-seater was launched on 26 April 1999 with the options and orders count at 109 aircraft.[63] After three years of design, the maiden flight came on 15 January 2002, when the prototype took off at Hamburg at 10:11 local time, returning 3 hours and 44 minutes later at 13:55.[65] Tests on the lead engine, the Pratt & Whitney PW6000, revealed worse-than-expected fuel consumption.[66] Consequently, Pratt & Whitney abandoned the five-stage high pressure compressor (HPC) for the MTU-designed six-stage HPC. The 129 order book for the A318 shrunk to 80 largely because of switches to other A320 family members.[66] After 17 months of flight certification, during which 850 hours and 350 flights were accumulated, JAA certification was obtained for the CFM56-powered variant on 23 May 2003.[66] On 22 July 2003, first delivery for launch customer Frontier Airlines occurred,[67] entering service before

Airbus A320 family 7

the end of the month.

A320 EnhancedA320 Enhanced (or A320E) is the working title for a series of improvements of the A320 family. The improvementsincorporate engine improvements, aerodynamic refinements, partly by adding large curved winglets,[68] weightsavings and a new cabin.[69]

In 2006, Airbus tested three styles of winglet intended to counteract the wing’s induced drag and wingtip vorticesmore effectively than the previous wingtip fence. The first design type to be tested was developed by Airbus and wasbased on work done by the AWIATOR programme. The second type of winglet incorporated a more blended designand was designed by Winglet Technology LLC, a company based in Wichita, Kansas as well as the third type. Twoaircraft were used in the flight test evaluation campaign – the prototype A320, F-WWBA [70], which had beenretained by Airbus for testing, and the new F-WWDL, which later delivered to JetBlue Airways and registeredN636JB; the latter was fitted with both types of winglets.[71] [72]

Despite the anticipated efficiency gains and development work, Airbus announced that the new winglets will not beoffered to customers, claiming that the weight of the modifications required would negate any aerodynamicbenefits.[73] Instead, on 17 December 2008, Airbus announced it was to begin flight testing an existing blendedwinglet design developed by Aviation Partners as part of an A320 modernisation programme. The aircraft used forthe test programme is MSN001 (F-WWBA), the original A320 prototype airframe, powered by CFM56 engines.[74]

Virgin America Airbus A320 economy classEnhanced Cabin with light-emitting diode (LED)

lighting.

On 15 November 2009, Airbus announced future additions ofSharklets[75] to A320s commencing in 2012 with launch customer AirNew Zealand.[76] These Airbus winglets, which are 2.4 metres(7 ft 10 in) tall and weigh 200 kilograms (440 lb),[77] would reducefuel burn by 3.5% and offer increases in payload of 500 kilograms(1100 lb), or range by 100 nautical miles (190 km) at the originalpayload.[78] This corresponds to an annual CO2 reduction of around700 tonnes per aircraft,[75] saving operators US$220,000 per aircraftper year.[79] The Sharklets are to be manufactured and distributed byKorean Air Aerospace.[80]

The cabin was fitted to more than 600 aircraft (as of March 2009) since2007. Airbus claims it offers better luggage storage and a quieter cabin,

packaged with a more modern look and feel. Additionally, improved cabin efficiency by a new galley concept,reduced weight, improved ergonomics and food hygiene and recycling requirements.[81] LED ambience lighting isoptionally available. Anytime LEDs are used for the Passenger Service Unit (PSU)[82] and passengers can getinformation with touchscreen displays.[83] Older A320 series aircraft can be updated.[84]

New Engine OptionAirbus is working on offering a new engine for the A320 known as the New Engine Option (NEO).[85] [86] [87] Thechoice for new engines include the CFM International LEAP-X and the Pratt & Whitney PW1100G.[85] Though thenew engines will burn 16% less fuel, the actual fuel gain on an A320 installation will be slightly less, since 1–2% istypically lost upon installation on an existing aircraft. This means an additional range of 950 km (510 nmi), or 2 t(4400 lb) of extra payload.[88] The A320neo will also include some modifications to the wing, mainly the installationof blended winglets called "Sharklets".[89]

Airbus' CEO said to be "comfortable" with the projections of 20% lower maintenance cost for the Pratt & Whitney's PW1000G family, compared with today's engines.[85] Airbus is targeting 2016 for the first delivery and plans to deliver 4,000 A320neo over 15 years. Virgin America became the launch customer with a firm order of 30 A320neo

Airbus A320 family 8

aircraft as a part of a 60 aircraft order on 17 January 2011.[90] In January 2011 IndiGo reached a tentative agreementwith Airbus to order 150 A320neo aircraft along with 30 more A320s.[91] [92]

At the Paris Air Show 2011, Airbus announced that they had orders from Scandinavian Airlines System and AirLease respectively[93] and also from India's low-cost carrier IndiGo.[94] On 23 June 2011, Airbus announced an orderfor 200 A320neo jets from Malaysian low-cost carrier AirAsia, the largest commercial aviation order in history.[95]

At the 2011 Paris Air Show, the A320neo won an unprecedented 667 orders worth $60.9 billion. It has receivedorders for 1,029 aircraft since officially being launched in December 2010 to become the most popular civil aircraftmodel. American Airlines ordered 130 NEOs as well as 130 current A320 family aircraft on 20 July 2011, whichwould cause American Airlines to cease having an all-Boeing fleet.

Design

Planform view of an Iberia A320 at takeoff

The Airbus A320 family are narrow-body (single-aisle) aircraft with aretractable tricycle landing gear and are powered by two wingpylon-mounted turbofan engines.

Airframe

The Airbus A320 family are low-wing cantilever monoplanes with aconventional tail unit with a single vertical stabilizer and rudder. Wingswept back at 25 degrees, optimised for maximum operating Machnumber 0.82,[47] built by British Aerospace (BAe). Compared to otherairliners of the same class, the A320 features a wider single-aisle cabinof 155.5 inches (3.95 m) outside diameter, compared to 148 inches(3.8 m) of the Boeing 737 and 131.6 inches (3.34 m) of the Boeing 717, and larger overhead bins. In addition, theaircraft has a cargo hold equipped with large doors to assist in expedient loading and unloading of goods.

The first narrow body airliner with a significant amount of the structure made from composite material. Its tailassembly made virtually of such material by CASA,[96] who also builds the elevators, main landing gear doors, andrear fuselage parts.[96]

Flight deck and avionics

The Airbus A320 family was the first commercialairliner to feature a full glass cockpit and digital

fly-by-wire flight control system. The onlyanalogue instruments are the RMI (backup ADIon earlier models, replaced by digital ISIS on

later models) and brake pressure indicator.

The A320 was the first civil airliner to include a full digital fly-by-wireflight control system. Its design also included a full glass cockpit ratherthan the hybrid versions found in other previous airliners. Digitalhead-up displays are available.[97]

The A320's flight deck is equipped with Electronic Flight InstrumentSystem (EFIS) with side stick controllers. At the time of the aircraft'sintroduction, the behaviour of the fly-by-wire system (equipped withfull flight envelope protection) was a new experience for many pilots.The A320 features an Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor (ECAM)which gives the flight crew information about all the systems of theaircraft. With the exception of the very earliest A320s, most can beupgraded to the latest avionics standards, keeping the aircraft advancedeven after two decades in service.

Airbus A320 family 9

Early A320 planes used the Intel 80186 and Motorola 68010,[98] in 1988 Intel 80286 family CPUs. The flightmanagement computer contained six CPUs, running in three logical pairs, with 2.5 megabytes of memory.[99]

Newer Airbus feature LCD (liquid crystal display) units in the flight deck of its A318, A319, A320, and A321 flightdecks instead of the original CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. These include the main displays and the backupartificial horizon, which was an analogue display prior to this. LCDs weigh less and produce less heat than CRTdisplays.

EnginesThree suppliers provide turbofan engines for the A320 series: CFM International with their CFM56, InternationalAero Engines, offering the V2500 and Pratt & Whitney whose PW6000 engines are only available for the A318variant.

A319 left wing during landing. S7 Airlines,Moscow-Pavlodar.

Operational history

The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) issued the type certificate for theA320 on 26 February 1988. After entering the market in March 1988with Air France and Ansett, the former Australian domestic airline.Airbus then expanded the A320 family rapidly, launching the 185-seatA321 in 1989 and first delivered it in 1994; launching the 124-seatA319 in 1993 and delivering it in 1996; and launching the 107-seatA318 in 1999 with first deliveries in 2003.[100]

Competition

British Airways Airbus A321 takes off fromManchester Airport.

The A320 family was developed to compete against the Boeing 737Classics (−300/-400/-500) and the McDonnell Douglas MD-80/90series, and has since faced challenges from the Boeing 737 NextGeneration (−600/-700/-800/-900) and the Boeing 717 during its twodecades in service. As of 2010, as well as the Boeing 737, the A320family faces competition from Embraer's E-195 (to the A318), and theCSeries being developed by Bombardier[101] to the A318/A319.

Airbus has shipped 4,728 A320 series aircraft since theircertification/first delivery in early 1988, with another 2,834 on firmorder (as of 30 June 2011).[1] In comparison, Boeing has shipped 6,787737s since late 1967, with 5,281 of those deliveries since March 1988, and has a further 2,101 on firm order (as of 30June 2011).[102] Based on figures since 1988 when they first entered direct competition, Airbus delivered on average203 A320 series aircraft per annum, while on average 227 Boeing 737s were delivered.

Airbus A320 family 10

Replacement airlinerAirbus was studying a future replacement for the A320 series, tentatively dubbed NSR, for "New Short-Rangeaircraft".[103] The follow-on aircraft to replace the A320 was named A30X. Airbus North America President BarryEccleston states that the earliest the aircraft could be available is 2017.[104] In January 2010, John Leahy, Airbus'sChief Operating Officer Customers, stated that any all new single-aisle aircraft is unlikely to be constructed before2024/2025.[105]

Variants

Airbus A320 variants

ICAO code[106] Model(s)

A318 A318

A319 A319

A320 A320

A321 A321

The baseline A320 has given rise to a family of aircraft which share a common design but with passenger capacityranges from 100, on the A318,[64] to 220, on the A321.[48] They compete with the Boeing 737, 757–200, and 717.Because the four variants share the same flight deck, all have the same pilot type rating. Today all variants areavailable as corporate jets. US Airways is the largest airline operator of A320 family of aircraft in North Americawith 232 as of January 2011.[1]

Technically, the name "A320" only refers to the original mid-sized aircraft, but it is often informally used to indicateany of the A318/A319/A320/A321 family. All variants are able to be ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engineOperational Performance Standards) certified.

A320

Air France was the launch customer of the AirbusA320

The A320 series has two variants, the A320-100 and A320-200. Only21 A320-100s were ever produced;[34] these aircraft, the first to bemanufactured, were delivered only to Air Inter (later acquired by AirFrance) and British Airways (as a result of an order from BritishCaledonian Airways made prior to its acquisition by British Airways).The A320-200 features wingtip fences and increased fuel capacity overthe A320-100, resulting in increased range; otherwise differences areminimal. Indian Airlines used their first 31 A320-200s withdouble-bogie main landing gear for airfields with poor runwaycondition which a single-bogey main gear couldn't manage. Typicalrange with 150 passengers for the A320-200 is about 3,300 nauticalmiles (6,150 km). It is powered by two CFMI CFM56-5s or IAE V2500s with thrust ratings between 113 to 120 kN(25400 to 27000 lbf). The direct Boeing competitor is the 737–800.

Airbus A320 family 11

A321

A Royal Jordanian Airlines A321-200 (JY-AYG)during landing.

The A321 is stretch and first derivative of the standard A320. Thevariant was launched in 1988,[34] when the A320 began operations.Compared with the A320, the A321's major change is the stretchedfuselage, which is lengthened by 6.94 metres (22 ft 9 in) which makesthe A321 the largest among the A320 Family.[47] [48] This is achievedby adding a front plug immediately forward of wing 4.27 m(14 ft 0 in), and a 2.67 m (8 ft 9 in) rear plug.[107] To maintainperformance, double-slotted flaps were included, in addition toincreasing the wing area by 4 m2 (43 sq ft), to 128 m2 (1380 sq ft).[46]

Other minor modifications were made to accommodate the A321'sunknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator:u',' (unknown operator: u','lb) increase in maximum takeoff weight, taking the MTOW to unknown operator:u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u','lb).[45] The maiden flight of the firstof two prototypes came on 11 March 1993.[42] The A321 entered service in 1994.

A319The A319 is a shortened, minimum-change version of the A320. Also known as the A320M-7 (A320 minus sevenrows of seats), it is 3.73 metres (12 ft 3 in) shorter than the A320;[47] [53] [54] four frames fore and three frames aftwere removed. This allows the number of emergency exits to be reduced to six. With virtually the same fuel capacityas the A320-200, and fewer passengers, the range with 124 passengers in a two-class configuration extends tounknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknownoperator: u','nmi), or unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknownoperator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','nmi) with Sharklets.[54] Four propulsion options available on the A319are the unknown operator: u','-pound-force (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','kN)V2522-A5 and unknown operator: u','-pound-force (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','kN)V2527M-AS from IAE, or the unknown operator: u','-pound-force (unknown operator: u'strong'unknownoperator: u','kN) CFM56-5B/A and unknown operator: u','-pound-force (unknown operator:u'strong'unknown operator: u','kN) CFM56-5B7.[57] Although identical to those of the A320, these engines arederated because of the A319's lower MTOW.

A318The Airbus A318 is the smallest member of the Airbus A320 family. The A318 carries up to 132 passengers and hasa maximum range of 3,100 nmi (5,700 km; 3,600 mi). The aircraft entered service in July 2003 with FrontierAirlines, and shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320 family variants, allowing existing A320 familypilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training. It is the largest commercial aircraft certified by theEuropean Aviation Safety Agency for steep approach operations, allowing flights at airports such as London CityAirport. Relative to other Airbus A320 family variants, the A318 has sold in only small numbers with total orders foronly 80 aircraft placed at 28 February 2011.

Airbus A320 family 12

FreighterA programme to convert A320 and A321 aircraft into freighters is being set up by Airbus Freighter ConversionGmbH. Airframes will be converted by EADS EFW in Dresden, Germany, and Zhukovsky, Russia. The launchcustomer AerCap signed a firm contract on 16 July 2008 to convert 30 of AerCap’s passenger A320/A321s intoA320/A321P2F (passenger to freighter).On June, 3 2011 Airbus however announced all partners would end the passenger to freighter programme, citinghigh demand for used airframes for passenger service.[108]

Orders and deliveries

Orders Deliveries

Type Total Backlog Total 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988

A318 80 6 74 2 6 13 17 8 9 10 9

A319 1,470 175 1,295 23 51 88 98 105 137 142 87 72 85 89 112 88 53 47 18

A320 5,080 2,376 2,704 150 297 221 209 194 164 121 101 119 116 119 101 101 80 58 38 34 48 71 111 119 58 58 16

A321 932 277 655 29 51 87 66 51 30 17 35 33 35 49 28 33 35 22 16 22 16

Total 7,562 2,834 4,728 202 401 402 386 367 339 289 233 233 236 257 241 222 168 127 72 56 64 71 111 119 58 58 16

Data through end of June 2011. Updated on 7 July 2011.[1]

Accidents and incidentsFor the entire A320 family there have been 17 hull-loss accidents with a total of 795 fatalities as of July 2010.[109]

[110]

Other occurrences for the A320 include 33 non-fatal incidents such as engine failure, APU fire, runway excursion,and minor collision near gate.[111] There have been 50 incidents of glass cockpit blackout.[112] [113] [114] There havealso been seven incidents of nose gear malfunction, including JetBlue Airways Flight 292.

A319• 12 August 2010 – Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 75, operated by Airbus A319-111 4K-AZ04 suffered a collapse of

the undercarriage when the aircraft departed the runway on landing at Atatürk International Airport, Istanbul,Turkey. The aircraft was substantially damaged but all 127 passengers and crew escaped unharmed.[115]

• 24 September 2010 – Wind Jet Flight 243, operated with an Airbus A319-132 EI-EDM landed short of therunway and broke an undercarriage when the aircraft attempted landing at Palermo Airport, Italy. Preliminaryreports name windshear as one possible cause for the accident. The aircraft was seriously damaged but stopped inthe grass out of the runway. About 20 passengers were injured.[116]

Airbus A320 family 13

A320• 26 June 1988 – Air France Flight 296, an A320-111, crashed into the tops of trees beyond the runway on a

demonstration flight at Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport, France. Three passengers were killed.• 14 February 1990 – Indian Airlines Flight 605, an A320-231 carrying 146 people, crashed on its final approach to

the Old Airport, Bangalore. 88 passengers and four crew members were killed.[117]

• 20 January 1992 – Air Inter Flight 148, an A320-111, crashed into a high ridge near Mount Sainte-Odile in theVosges mountains while on final approach to Strasbourg at the end of a scheduled flight from Lyon. This accidentresulted in the deaths of 87 of the aircraft's occupants (five crew members, 82 passengers).

• 14 September 1993 – Lufthansa Flight 2904, an A320-211, coming from Frankfurt am Main with 70 people,crashed into an earth wall at the end of the runway at Warsaw. A fire started in the left wing area and penetratedinto the passenger cabin. The copilot and a passenger died.

• 22 March 1998 – Philippine Airlines Flight 137, an A320-214, crashed and overran the runway of Bacolod CityDomestic Airport, RPVB, in Bacolod, Philippines, plowing through homes near it. None of the passengers orcrew died, but many were injured and three on the ground were killed.

• 23 August 2000 – Gulf Air Flight 072, an A320-212, crashed into the Persian Gulf on approach to BahrainAirport. All 143 passengers and crew on board lost their lives.

• 21 September 2005 – JetBlue Airways Flight 292, an A320-232, executed an emergency landing at Los AngelesInternational Airport (LAX) after the nose wheels jammed in an abnormal position. No one was injured.

• 3 May 2006 – Armavia Flight 967, an A320-211, crashed into the Black Sea while attempting to conduct ago-around following its first approach to Sochi Airport, Russia. All 113 passengers and crew on board lost theirlives. The accident was a Pilot error / Controlled flight into terrain accident.[118]

• 17 July 2007 – TAM Airlines Flight 3054, an A320-233, was not able to stop while landing at CongonhasInternational Airport in São Paulo, Brazil. As of 2009, the accident was caused by pilot error (by positioning thethrottle out of the "idle" position) and by bad weather. All 187 passengers and crew died with 12 fatalities on theground, totalling 199 people.

• 30 May 2008 – TACA Flight 390, an A320-233 from San Salvador, overran the runway on its final approach toToncontín International Airport in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, with bad weather conditions. At least fivefatalities.[119]

• 27 November 2008 – XL Airways Germany A320 Flight 888T, a check flight of an A320-232 stalled in a lowspeed test and control could not be regained, causing the aircraft to crash into the sea off the southern Frenchcoast. The aircraft was on lease by XL Airways and scheduled to be returned to Air New Zealand. All sevenpeople aboard died.[120] [121] [122]

US Airways Flight 1549, ditched in the HudsonRiver in 2009 with all passengers surviving

• 15 January 2009 – US Airways Flight 1549. An A320-214 en routefrom New York City LaGuardia Airport to Charlotte, NorthCarolina, ditched into the Hudson River several minutes aftertakeoff. All 150 passengers and five crew survived, with only fiveserious injuries. The accident was due to a collision with a flock ofbirds which disabled both engines.[123] The entire airframeincluding the wings is being preserved at the Carolinas AviationMuseum.

• 4 April 2011 – United Airlines Flight 497, an Airbus A320 en routefrom Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport to San

Airbus A320 family 14

Francisco, had to return to the airport in New Orleans after pilots smelled smoke in the cockpit. The airplane lostpower to all its instruments, and air traffic controllers had to guide the pilots' return trip to the airport. Afterlanding, because of a loss of power to brakes and steering, the plane ran off the side of the runway, blowing itsfront tire, and getting stuck in the mud. There were no reported injuries.[124] [125]

• On 20 April 2011, Vueling Airlines Flight VY2220, an Airbus A320 (registration EC-GRH), from Barcelona toSeville, Spain, landed with the front landing gear rotated 90 degrees to the left, an event similar to JetBlue Flight292 six years earlier and Pegasus Airlines Flight 361 the previous year. The aircraft performed the first approachhad the front gear rotated 90 degrees. It then made another approach and did an emergency landing. After theaircraft landed, the airport was closed for 2.5 hours. No injuries were reported.

A321• 0n 21 March 2003 TransAsia Airways Flight 543, an Airbus A321 (B-22603) on a flight from Taipei Songshan

Airport, landed at Tainan Airport and collided with a truck on the runway. The truck went on the runway withoutnoticing the incoming plane. The 175 passengers and crew were uninjured but the two people in the truck wereinjured. The aircraft was severely damaged in the accident and was written off.

• 28 July 2010 – Airblue Flight 202, an Airbus A321 flying from Karachi to Islamabad, crashed in Margalla Hillsin Islamabad, Pakistan. It is reported that the pilot was instructed to perform a go-around due to traffic on therunway, however due to severe weather in the city, very low visibility was present. 146 passengers and 6 crewmembers were on board; four flight attendants, a co-pilot and a captain. Pilot Pervez Iqbal Chaudry was one ofthe senior pilots in Airblue with more than 35 years of experience. There were no survivors in this crash.

• On 16 June 2011, Asiana Airlines Flight 324 operated by Airbus A321-200 HL7763 between Chengdu ShuangliuInternational Airport, China and Incheon International Airport, South Korea was fired upon by two soldiers of theSouth Korean Army as it came in to land at Incheon. A total of 99 rounds were discharged at the aircraft, whichwas out of range and made a safe landing without sustaining any damage. The soldiers had misidentified theaircraft as belonging to the North Korean military, and were acting on orders that gave them permission to engagewithout reference to senior officers, following the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong in November 2010.[126]

Specifications

A318-100 A319-100 / A319LR/A319CJ

A320-200 A321-200

Cockpit crew Two

Seating capacity 132 (1-class, maximum)117 (1-class, typical)107 (2-class, typical)

156 (1-class, maximum)134 (1-class, typical)124 (2-class, typical)

180 (1-class,maximum)

164 (1-class,typical)

150 (2-class,typical)

220 (1-class, maximum)199 (1-class, typical)185 (2-class, typical)

Seat Pitch 29 in (74 cm) & 30 in(76 cm) (1-class,

maximum)32 in (81 cm) (1-class,

typical)38 in (97 cm) & 32 in

(81 cm) (2-class, typical)

28 in (71 cm) & 30 in(76 cm) (1-class,

maximum)32 in (81 cm) (1-class,

typical)36 in (91 cm) & 32 in

(81 cm) (2-class, typical)

28 in (71 cm) & 29 in (74 cm) (1-class,maximum)

32 in (81 cm) (1-class, typical)36 in (91 cm) & 32 in (81 cm) (2-class,

typical)

Cargo capacity 21.21 m3 (749 cu ft) 27.62 m3 (975 cu ft)4× LD3-46

37.41 m3

(1321 cu ft)7× LD3-46

51.73 m3 (1827 cu ft)10× LD3-46

Airbus A320 family 15

Length 31.44 m (103 ft 2 in) 33.84 m (111 ft 0 in) 37.57 m(123 ft 3 in)

44.51 m (146 ft 0 in)

Wingspan 34.10 m (111 ft 11 in)

Wing area 122.6 m2 (1320 sq ft)

Wing sweepback 25 degrees

Tail height 12.51 m (41 ft 1 in) 11.76 m (38 ft 7 in)

Cabin width 3.70 m (12 ft 2 in)

Fuselage width 3.95 m (13 ft 0 in)

Operating emptyweight

39500 kg (87000 lb) 40800 kg (90000 lb) 42600 kg (94000lb)

48500 kg ( lb)

Maximumzero-fuel weight

(MZFW)

54500 kg ( lb) 58500 kg ( lb) 62500 kg ( lb) 73800 kg ( lb)

Maximum take-offweight (MTOW)

68 t ( lb) 75.5 t ( lb) 78 t ( lb) 93.5 t ( lb)

Cruising speed Mach 0.78 (828 km/h/511 mph at 11,000 m/36,000 ft)

Maximum speed Mach 0.82 (871 km/h/537 mph at 11,000 m/36,000 ft)

Maximum range,fully loaded

3100 nmi (5700 km;3600 mi)

3600 nmi (6700 km;4100 mi)

LR: 5600 nmi(10400 km; 6400 mi)

CJ: 6500 nmi(12000 km; 7500 mi)

3200 nmi(5900 km; 3700 mi)

3000 nmi (5600 km;3500 mi)

Take off run atMTOW (sea level,

ISA)

1828 m (5997 ft) 2164 m (7100 ft) 2090 m (6860 ft) 2560 m (8400 ft)

Maximum fuelcapacity

24210 L (5330 imp gal;6400 US gal)

24210 L (5330 imp gal; 6400 US gal) standard30190 L (6640 imp gal; 7980 US gal) optional

24050 L (5290 imp gal;6350 US gal) standard

30030 L (6610 imp gal;7930 US gal) optional

Service ceiling 12000 m (39000 ft)

Engines (×2) Pratt & Whitney PW6000series or

CFM InternationalCFM56-5 series

IAE V2500 series orCFM International CFM56-5 series

Thrust (×2) 96–106 kN(22000–24000 lbf)

98–120 kN(22000–27000 lbf)

111–120 kN(25000–27000 lbf)

133–147 kN(30000–33000 lbf)

|+Airbus A320 family Source: Airbus,[47] [48] [54] [64] [127] Airliners.net,[128] [129] [130] [131] Pratt & Whitney[132]

Airbus A320 family 16

Aer Lingus A320-200 at Belfast InternationalAirport

Engines

Aircraft Model Date Engines

A318-111 2003 CFM56-5B8/P

A318-112 2003 CFM56-5B9/P

A318-121 2007 PW6122A

A318-122 2007 PW6124A

A319-111 1996 CFM56-5B5 or 5B5/P

A319-112 1997 CFM56-5B6 or 5B6/P or 5B6/2P

A319-113 1997 CFM56-5A4 or 5A4/F

A319-114 1997 CFM56-5A5 or 5A5/F

A319-115 2002 CFM56-5B7 or 5B7/P

A319-131 1997 IAE Model V2522-A5

A319-132 1997 IAE Model V2524-A5

A319-133 2002 IAE Model V2527M-A5

A320-111 1988 CFM56-5A1 or 5A1/F

A320-211 1988 CFM56-5A1 or 5A1/F

A320-212 1990 CFM56-5A3

A320-214 1996 CFM56-5B4 or 5B4/P or 5B4/2P

A320-216 2005 CFM56-5B6

A320-231 1989 IAE Model V2500-A1

A320-232 1993 IAE Model V2527-A5

A320-233 1995 IAE Model V2527E-A5

A321-111 1995 CFM56-5B1 or 5B1/P or 5B1/2P

A321-112 1995 CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P

A321-131 1995 IAE Model V2530-A5

A321-211 1997 CFM56-5B3 or 5B3/P or 5B3/2P

A321-212 2005 CFM56-5B1 or 5B1/P or 5B1/2P

A321-213 2005 CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P

A321-231 1997 IAE Model V2533-A5

Airbus A320 family 17

A321-232 2005 IAE Model V2530-A5

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Airbus A320 family 19

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ReferencesBibliography• Aris, Stephen (2002). Close to the Sun. London, UK: Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85410-830-1.• Gunston, Bill (2009). Airbus: The Complete Story. Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing.

ISBN 978-1-84425-585-6.• Norris, Guy and Mark Wagner (2001). Airbus A340 and A330. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing.

ISBN 0-7603-0889-6.• Norris, Guy and Mark Wagner (1999). Airbus. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 0-7603-0677-X.• Reed, Arthur (1992). Airbus: Europe's High Flyer. Zürich, Switzerland: Norden Publishing House.

ISBN 3-907150-10-4.

Airbus A320 family 21

• Laming, Tim and Robert Hewson (2000). Airbus A320 (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=wiwFHh4sd_0C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Airbus+ A320& hl=en& ei=UdhgTemFOsG3cO6B6cAJ&sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false). ZenithImprint. ISBN 0-7603-0902-7.

External links• Official Airbus website of the A320 aircraft family (http:/ / www. airbus. com/ en/ aircraftfamilies/ a320/ )• Airliners.net: History and pictures of the A320 family (http:/ / www. airliners. net/ aircraft-data/ stats.

main?id=23),• Airbus A318 (http:/ / www. planespotters. net/ Production_List/ Airbus/ A318/ index. html), A319 (http:/ / www.

planespotters. net/ Production_List/ Airbus/ A319/ index. html), A320 (http:/ / www. planespotters. net/Production_List/ Airbus/ A320/ index. html), A321 (http:/ / www. planespotters. net/ Production_List/ Airbus/A321/ index. html) Production List

Article Sources and Contributors 22

Article Sources and ContributorsAirbus A320 family  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=442664479  Contributors: -js-, 16@r, A James 72, A little insignificant, A380 Fan, ACJ, AEMoreira042281, ANG99,Aaron Hurst, Aaron Ray, Aaron1a12, Abhishek191288, Acebulf, Acintas, Adambro, Aerlingusrocks, Ahunt, Aiol, AirFS.eng, Airline, Aldis90, Aleksengland, Amniarix, Anais1983, Andres,Andrewpmk, Androids101, Andros 1337, Anesinan, Antandrus, Anthony Ivanoff, Anti I A, Archtransit, Ardfern, AreaControl, Arpingstone, Art LaPella, Artaxiad, Ashley Pomeroy, Atanamir,Attilios, AuburnPilot, Aviation, Avitya, Awdr, AxelBoldt, Ayaz Aslam, Aycan, Azabetas, B bog, BD2412, Bangabalunga, Bayberrylane, Bcnviajero, Beau+Lobo, Beetstra, Benjamin22b, Bidgee,BilCat, BlaF, Blau, Blorg, Blue520, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Bomfim, Bovineone, Bozena83, Brainard92, Brutaldeluxe, Bsuclan, Bwr014, Bzuk, C628, CALR, Cactus Rd., Cactus Wren,Callumm, Capricorn42, Captainm, Carabaopower, Causantin, CeeKay, CeruttiPaolo, CesarB, Chad320, Chealer, Chendenghang, Chilledsunshine, Chris j wood, Chris the speller, Chuunen Baka,Cisar, Cleared as filed, Cliffb, CommonsDelinker, Compdude123, Concept1, Coppertwig, Coroboy, CreepyMan, Cristibur, Cwolfsheep, Cyde, DMG413, Da man times 2, Dan100, Dave Foley,Dave420, David.Monniaux, Dbenbenn, Dechm4af, Decrease789, Deineka, Delirium, Denniss, Dfinkel, Dino2244, Dk16, Dmottl, DocWatson42, Donatus, Doniago, Dowlingm, Dr.Kerr,DragonFly31, Drrumbowe, Drummerdg, Duk, Dxlondon, EHRice, ESkog, EWR, East718, Easyup77, Edward, El C, El-dodo, ElBenevolente, Emt147, Enginesmax, Enviroboy, Enzo Aquarius,Ericg, Etm157, Ewlyahoocom, Extra999, F.bendik, FCYTravis, FDMT92, FaisalNahian, Felipealvarez, FellGleaming, Ferengi, Figgboy, Fikri, Filelakeshoe, Fleckerl, Flightglobal, Fnlayson,Fredler Brave, Free Bear, Fry1234, Fsx crazy, Fudoreaper, Fulcrum-35, Funandtrvl, Fusionblu, Für eine Gerechte Welt!, Gabinho, Gadfium, Gaius Cornelius, Geo-Loge, Georgewilliamherbert,Gerben1974, Gerbilface, Ghewgill, Giraffedata, Giuliopp, Glacier Wolf, Gm90Boy, Gparker, GraceGuy, GraemeLeggett, Greyengine5, Gsarwa, Gscshoyru, Guanaco, H1523702, HJV, HairyDude, Hamishrex, Haroon88, Hashar, Hdt83, Hedavid, Hektor, Hibatullah, Historian, Hu, Hydrargyrum, HyperSonicBoom, Hypopostumus, I.A.Roeschmann, Inetpup, Insomniacpuppy,Intoronto1125, Iridescent, Ironholds, Ishwasafish, Isnow, Ixfd64, Ja 62, Jacky1993, Jaime1208, JamesR, Jamesontai, Janggeom, Jason526, Jaw101ie, Jcheckler, Jer10 95, Jerrycobra, John,JonathanDP81, Jongleur100, Joshua Issac, Jqubed, Jrstroud88, Js coron, Ju98 5, Jumping cheese, JustPhil, JustinRossi, Juux, Karl Dickman, Katarighe, Keimzelle, Kent Wang, Kerdas, Ketiltrout,Kevin082693, Kierant, King Zebu, Kmisra, Koodoo, Korealine777, Kr Superfox, Krysryjuly, Kspilling, Ksyrie, Kyteto, KyuuA4, LCmucky, LWF, Lapinmies, Lariso, Laurent Simon,Lcmortensen, Lepetitvagabond, Lester, Leszek Jańczuk, Lewis odane, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Limaindia, LittleHow, LizardJr8, Loughrey13, LrdChaos, Luke Sorro, M-le-mot-dit, M.O.X, M4rk,M@sk, MBK004, MKY661, Magnus Manske, Mailer diablo, Malshayef, Marcfarrow, Marcusaffleck, Mark, Mark.arnold, Mark83, MarkJones55, Marskuzz, Marvzlorenzo, Materialscientist,Mathmo, MatthewRob79, MattieTK, Mav, Max silent chaos, MaxBech1975, Mayakowsky, McSly, Memoreks, Menonarjun7, Mexcellent, Mgw89, Mhaggar, Mic of orion, Michael Hardy,Michael Zimmermann, Mick Knapton, MikeLynch, MilborneOne, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mingocr83, Ministry of Information, Minna Sora no Shita, Mjroots, Mjroots2, Mmurawinski, Mnw2000,MoRsE, MorganHaggis, Msoos, Mtaylor848, Mtpaley, N328KF, N419BH, NJA, NSH001, Naerii, Naus, Nekhbet, Nevilley, Nick Moss, NicoBolso, Nicolas bernier, Night Gyr, No Guru,Nobunaga24, Nono64, Nouse4aname, Nsaum75, Nv8200p, O, Objectivephysics, Oblivious, Octane, OhanaUnited, Ohconfucius, Ojigiri, Olyus, Onebravemonkey, Opkcb2f, Optakeover, Ospalh,Otsego, P203067, PTSE, Pablosam, Padsquad43, Paul Richter, Pedroivan, Pepper, Per aspera ad Astra, Phoenix2, Pigsonthewing, Piquante, Plane Person, Plugwash, PoccilScript, PolarYukon,Posix memalign, Presuki, Prodego, ProhibitOnions, Q43, Qooth, Quadratic, Quidam65, Quiensabe, Quityergreeting, Qwyrxian, R. S. Shaw, REDDAIR, RFBailey, Rachzach96, RadioFan, RafaelGangi, Rafaelparra, Rama, Ramnika, Raptor95, Rareeyes, Raryel, Rastahflip, Raymondwinn, Raywil, Redafaiz, Reedy, Rehnn83, Reigh, René Le Conte, Rgvis, Rich Farmbrough,Rjcflyer@aol.com, Rje, Rjwilmsi, Rlandmann, Roadrunner, Robincross224, Rodan44, Rogerd, Rtcpenguin, Rushabh1217, RuthAS, SCDBob, SCZenz, SDC, Saga City, Salamurai, Sappe,Sasquatch, Saxmanjdb, Sdas3593, Seadart, Sebculture, Seifsoss, Sekicho, SempreVolando, Seroyen, Setanta747 (locked), Shadowjams, Shiham K, Silversam, Silviuq12, Simon Shek, Skapur,Skater, Skew-t, Sladen, Slasher-fun, Snowolf, Snoyes, SoSaysChappy, Someguy1221, Somersetlevels, Soumyasch, Sovxx, Sox23, Sp33dyphil, Spikydan1, Ssublyme, Starbois, Stemonitis, Stevenmore, Stilltrapped, Stonesuite, StuffOfInterest, Suffusion of Yellow, SuperJumbo, Suruena, Swpb, TAG.Odessa, TL500, TRosenbaum, TSRL, Tannin, Targeman, Tbo 157, Template namespaceinitialisation script, Tevi, Texaswebscout, The Bushranger, The plane master, TheCoffee, TheRealNightRider, TheScorpion021, Theanthony345, Thenoflyzone, Thepoliticalmaster, Thingg,Thunderbird2, Tiggerjay, Titoxd, Toby Douglass, Tobych, Tolmaion, Tomccoll, Tommy2010, Tompagenet, Tpbradbury, Tri400, Tsveto4nik, TwirlTour, Ulfmichel, Ultimateprobe, Uncoolbob,Vasketo333, Vivaperucarajo, Vlad, VoDKanights, Wahabi86, Waqaskhawar, Wdfarmer, Weasel, Weemanorpope, WereSpielChequers, Weyes, Whale plane, WhisperToMe, Wigyori,WikiDan61, Wikieditor06, Wispanow, Wolbo, WurmWoode, XDiiMAx, Xionbox, Yellowdesk, Yousaf465, Zack2007, Zaidpjd, Zaindy87, Zenstone, Zero76, Zoney, ∙, 1183 anonymous edits

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LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/