AIR TRANSPORTAION AND AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE

(AE1012 )

BY

Y.K.SINHA

Flight Times by Piston and Jet Engines from Chicago

Piston Engine

Jet Engine

10 hours15 hours20 hours

24 hours30 hours 40 hours

10 hours

15 hours 20 hours

24 hours

Average Airfare (roundtrip) between New York and London,

1946-2004 (in 2004 dollars)$6,500

$4,100

$2,600

$600$0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

$7,000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2008

Aircraft Year of First Commercial Service

Speed (km/hr)

Maximum Range at Full Payload (km)

Seating Capacity

Douglas DC-3 1935 346 563 30

Douglas DC-7 1953 555 5,810 52

Boeing 707-100 1958 897 6,820 110

Boeing 727-100 1963 917 5,000 94

Boeing 747-100 1970 907 9,045 385

McDonnell Douglas DC-10

1971 908 7,415 260

Airbus A300 1974 847 3,420 269

Boeing 767-200 1982 954 5,855 216

Boeing 747-400 1989 939 13,444 416

Boeing 777-200ER 1995 1030 14,300 300

Airbus A340-500 2003 886 15,800 313

Airbus A380 2008 930 14,800 555

Boeing 787-8 2008 1040 15,700 250

Selected Ultra-Long-Range Nonstop Airline Routes

From To Airline Aircraft Flying Time

Distance (km)

Singapore New York Singapore Airbus A340-500 18:35 15,335

Singapore Los Angeles Singapore Airbus A340-500 18:20 14,104

Bangkok New York Thai International Airbus A340-500 17:30 13,950

New York Hong Kong Continental Boeing 777-200ER/LR 16:00 12,952

Chicago Hong Kong United Boeing 747-400 15:55 12,517

Toronto Hong Kong Air Canada Airbus A340-500 15:30 12,550

Melbourne Los Angeles Qantas Boeing 747-400 15:20 12,751

Karachi Toronto Pakistan Boeing 777-200ER/LR 15:15 11,671

Atlanta Johannesburg South African Boeing 747-400 15:05 13,575

Development Costs for Selected Aircraft

Aircraft Year of First Service

Development Costs, Constant 2004 Dollars

Douglas DC-3 1936 4,300,000

Douglas DC-6 1946 144,000,000

Boeing 707 1958 1,300,000,000

Boeing 747 1970 3,700,000,000

Boeing 777 1995 7,000,000,000

Airbus A380 2007 14,400,000,000

The International Air Transport Association is an international industry trade group of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the International Civil Aviation Organization is also headquartered. The main objective of the organization is to assist airline companies to achieve lawful competition and uniformity in prices. The Director General is Giovanni Bisignani.IATA was formed in April 1945, in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the world's first international scheduled services. At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it has over 240 members from more than 140 nations in every part of the globe.For fare calculations IATA has divided the world in three regions:South, Central and North America. Europe, Middle East and Africa. IATA Europe includes the geographical Europe and Turkey, Israel, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the islands of the Pacific Ocean.

IATA

ICAOThe International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Canada.

The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. In addition, the ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonly known as the Chicago Convention. See NTSB, TSB, AAIB, BFU, and BEA.

ICAO CODE

AIR TRANSPOTATION GROWTH

Airline Schedule Planning

Some Basic Definitions• Market

– An origin-destination airport pair, between which passengers wish to fly one-way

• BOS-ORD and ORD-BOS are different

• Itinerary– A specific sequence of flight legs on which a passenger

travels from their ultimate origin to their ultimate destination

• Fare Classes– Different prices for the same travel service, usually

distinguished from one another by the set of restrictions imposed by the airlines

Some More Definitions

• Spill– Passengers that are denied booking due to

capacity restrictions• Recapture

– Passengers that are recaptured back to the airline after being spilled from another flight leg

Problem Description

• Given– An airline’s flight schedule– The unconstrained demand for all

itineraries over the airline’s flight schedule• Objective

– Maximize revenues by intelligently spilling passengers that are either low fare or will most likely fly another itinerary (recapture)

• Equivalent to minimize the total spill costs

RELIABILITY

RELIABILITY DEFINITION

In general, reliability (systemic def.) is the ability of a person or system to perform and maintain its functions in routine circumstances, as well as hostile or unexpected circumstances

The need for reliability data standards:

Operators need to collect, organize and report reliability data to manydifferent organizations : Manufacturers, suppliers, regulatory authorities,each other.

Some of the benefits of reliability data exchange :• Assist operators and manufacturers to attain and maintain higher

reliability through trend monitoring.• Facilitate maintenance program development, escalation and

deescalation.• Determine which modification has a better payback by comparing removal and failure rates of operators incorporating various Service Bulletins/modifications.• Determine if certain problem areas are unique to an operator or

if others are experiencing the same problems.

ETOPS• ETOPS is an acronym for Extended-range Twin-engine

Operational Performance Standards, an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) rule permitting twin-engined commercial air transports to fly routes that, at some points, are farther than a distance of 60 minutes' flying time from an emergency or diversion airport with one engine inoperative.

• This rule allows twin-engined airliners—such as the Airbus A300, A310, A320, A330 and A350 families, and the Boeing 737, 757, 767, 777 and 787 and Tupolev Tu-204 —to fly long-distance routes that were previously off-limits to twin-engined aircraft. ETOPS operation has no direct correlation to water nor distance over water. It refers to single-engine flight times between diversion airfields—regardless as to whether such fields are separated by water or land.

Aircraft maintenance checks A Check

This is performed approximately every month. This check is usually done overnight at an airport gate. The actual occurrence of this check varies by aircraft type, the cycle count (takeoff and landing is considered an aircraft "cycle"), or the number of hours flown since the last check. The occurrence can be delayed by the airline if certain predetermined conditions are met.500 Flight Hours (FH).

Aircraft maintenance checks

B CheckThis is performed approximately every 3 months. This check is also usually done overnight at an airport gate. A similar occurrence schedule applies to the B check as to the A check.

Aircraft maintenance checks

C CheckThis is performed approximately every 12-18 months or 2500 Flight Hours (FH). This maintenance check puts the aircraft out of service and requires plenty of space - usually at a hangar at a maintenance base. The schedule of occurrence has many factors and components as has been described, and thus varies by aircraft category and type.

Aircraft maintenance checksD Check

This is the heaviest check for the airplane. This check occurs approximately every 4-5 years. This is the check that, more or less, takes the entire airplane apart for inspection. This requires even more space and time than all other checks, and must be performed at a maintenance base. Often, older aircraft being phased out of a particular airlines' fleet are stored or scrapped upon reaching their next check.

THE END