Air Pollutants Policy Greenhouse Gases Control & Prediction.
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Transcript of Air Pollutants Policy Greenhouse Gases Control & Prediction.
Air Pollutants
Primary
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
NO nitrous oxide
NO2 nitrate
SO2 sulfur dioxide
PM particulate matter
HC hydro-carbons
Secondary• produced by reactions
in the atmosphere– SO3
– HNOs
– H2SO4
– H2O2
– PAN’s
– NO3, SO4 Salts
Major Air Pollutants
Air Pollutant
50% Carbon Monoxide
16% Sulfur Oxides
15% Volatile Organic
Compounds
14% Nitrogen Oxides
5% Suspended Particulate Matter
Source of Pollutants
49% Transportation
28% Electrical Utilities
13% Industrial
3% Solid Waste
7% Misc.
Air Pollutants• CO2
– Fossil fuel burning
• HC– Cars, Factory’s
• SO2– Power plants, Coal
• NOx: Cars, Fertilizers• O3: Depletion by CFC’s• O3: Cars
• Global Warming– Stop deforestation
• Smog– Use mass transit
• Acid Rain (wet/dry)– Use natural gas, solar
• Smog• UV / Sunburn• Smog, health concerns
Human Impact(2 overheads)
• Chest Cavity• Large PM expelled by
bronchial tubes• Visible PM
– easiest to capture with pollution control equipment
– easiest for public to see improvement
• Particle Size• Visible
– greater than 1 micron
• Invisible– less than 1 micron
– more damaging to lung tissues
NAAQS & NAA• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
– a measure of background pollution– how much the environment can assimilate and
still remain healthy
• Non-Attainment Areas– Class I: Can not have any increases
• National Parks, mostly out west
– Class II: Allows moderate growth of sources– Class III: Allows for significant development of
new sources
PSD’s & NSPS
• Prevention of Significant Deterioration– clean up of current sources – prevent air from getting worse
New Sources Performance Standards (NSPS)– don’t want to stop economic growth,– but don’t let new factory’s from add to
the problem
NESHAP’s & PSI
• National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Pollutants (NESHAPS)– set standards for hazardous, man-made
pollutants
• Pollution Standards Index– report to the public on how ‘clean’ the air is– helps pressure industry to clean up– public health awareness from air pollution
CAA Stationary Sources
• Determined background (natural) pollution levels
NAAQS• Controlling existing
sources in polluted areas Class I
• Control new sources NSPS
• Prevent areas from getting worse
PSD’s• Regulate Primary
Pollutants• Regulate man-made
toxic pollutants
NESHAP’s
Pollution PreventionReplace / Substitute
– Levi Straus: blue cloth paper
– Kodak: shredded paper
– Hugh’s: lemon juice instead of CFC’s
– Burn low sulfur Anthracite coal
instead of high sulfur Bituminous coal
– Utilities: burn oil instead of coal
Pollution PreventionReplace / Substitute
– Hazardous Materials reductions
– Natural Gas for use on buses & trucks
– Emissions Trading Policy
Pollution ControlReduce / Optimize• Flume: high temperature burner
• Cyclone: vacuum sweeper
• Bag-house: but when the bag breaks…?
• Wet Scrubber: dirty water, now what…?
• Electrostatic Precipitator: effective
• Limestone Fluidized bed: alter composition • Tower: Electro. Precipitator + wet scrubber
Pollution Reduction
Recycle / Reuse– EGR valve on cars
– CH4 in wastewater systems
– Levi Straus: blue cloth paper
– Kodak: shredded paper for shipping
– Electric utilities use wastewater for coolant
– St. Petersburg lawn water reuse
4 R’s = 4 P’s
• Regulation = Polluter Pays Principle
• Replace / Substitute = Pollution Prevention
• Reduce / Optimize = Pollution Control
• Recycle / Reuse = Pollution Reduction
Acid Rain
• Utilities & Factory’s – Electricity from turbines– Turbines run on steam– Steam produced by heat– Heat created by burning coal– Coal contains Sulfur
• Combusted Sulfur reacts with water to form Sulfuric Acid (HSO3)
Acid Rain
• Sulfuric Acid (HSO3) falls to the ground as– Dry Deposition (dust, acidification)– Wet Deposition (Acid Rain)
• Acidic water bodies can not support life
• Lime Soils buffer & neutralize Acid Rain
• In other soils, Acidic rain leaches metals out of the soil and make them bio-available
• Metals bio-accumulate and become toxic
Acid Rain: Cross Media Impact
• Sulfuric Acid (HSO3) falls to the ground as– Dry Deposition (dust, acidification)– Wet Deposition (Acid Rain)
• Acidic water bodies can not support life
• Lime Soils buffer & neutralize Acid Rain
• In other soils, Acidic rain leaches metals out of the soil and make them bio-available
• Metals bio-accumulate and become toxic
Greenhouse Gases
• SO2 Sulfur Dioxide: coal / electricity
• CO2 Carbon Dioxide: people, fossil fuel
• NOx Nitrous Oxide: fertilizer, fossil fuel, cars» also involved in ozone depletion
Greenhouse Gases
• CO Carbon Monoxide: cars
• CH4 Methane: animals, biodegration
• Pb Lead: 1970 - 1985 = 90% reduction
• HC Hydrocarbons (VOC’s): fossil fuels
• CFC’s Chloroflourocarbons: aerosols» mainly involved in ozone depletion
Greenhouse Effect• CO2
– naturally occurring in Troposphere– is used by plants for photosynthesis– by-product of fossil fuel combustion– COx traps heat, keeps the Earth warm
• Hawaii Statistics
• Deforestation in Brazil & Asia– loss of plants taking in CO2– what is the precautionary approach?
Ozone Hole
• Ozone located in the upper troposphere
• Ozone filter UV radiation
• CFC’s gobble up Ozone (1000 : 1)
• Increase UV = Increase Skin Cancer
• HFC’s substitute for CFC’s at minimal cost
• Precautionary Approach to Management– we don’t know, & it isn’t costly: so be cautious
PAN’s / SMOG(overhead)
• NOx & COx produced by cars
• Reacts with oxygen to produce Ozone
• Ozone filters (captures) sunlight just like in stratosphere, but on dirt & dust particles
• Particles cause haze “Smog”
• Serious health hazard at high levels
Atmospheric Patterns(diagrams)
• Curiolis Effect
• Pressure Zones– High & Low, Wind, Moisture– Urban Bubble - heat sink
• Inversions – (Warm Sunny Days, Clear Cool Nights)– Nocturnal Inversion– Subsidence Inversion– Stagnation: Denver, Pgh, WVa
Stationary Source Plumes(diagrams)
• Adiabatic Expansion Rate
• Mean Mixing depth
• Coning Plume
• Looping Plume
• Fanning Plume
• Trapping Plume
• Fumigating Plume
Mobile Sources
• Trucks & Buses– Natural gas, big tanks, diesel
• Trains & Planes– oil, electric, new engine designs: ACRID AIR
• Cars– mufflers, EGR, fuel injection, catalytic
converter, mpg, weight, SUV’s