Air Force Research Laboratory -...
Transcript of Air Force Research Laboratory -...
1DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited. 19 October 2011
Air Force Research Laboratory
Integrity Service Excellence
Timothy J. Haugan, Ph.D.
Research Physicist
Propulsion Directorate
Air Force Research Laboratory
Design of SMES
Devices for Air and
Space Applications
12 Oct 2011
2DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
• D. Latypov, J. V. Holle, BerrieHill Research Corp.
• Acknowledgments: AFRL/RZP Power Division
and Air Force Office of Scientific Research
Authors, Acknowlegements
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• Air and Space Applications
- 0.2 MJ for INVENT energy management
- 5-50 MJ for Directed Energy
- 0.2 to 2 GJ for Electric Aircraft power
• SMES Design Criteria and Optimization
- Weight
- Volume
- Energy and Power Densities (mass specific)
- Machine and Lifecycle Cost
- Efficiency (charge/discharge cycle)
- Operability and Logistics
Outline: Introduction
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E. Shaffer (Army RDECOM), “Power and Energy Tutorial”, DEPS Nov 2010
Ragone Chart
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E. Shaffer (Army RDECOM), Power and Energy Tutorial, DEPS Nov 2010
Ragone Chart
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BNL YBCO wireSMES - 30 MJ
SAFT Li Battery 30 MJ (Discharge)
Chevy Volt Li-Battery 38 MJ (Discharge)
(Charge)
~ NbTi or BSCCO wire
(Charge)
Fuel
Cells
Base chart from ASC „10
Ragone Chart
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IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, pp. 32-41, jul/august 2009
lower?
Energy Storage Power Ratings
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0.2 MJ Systems:
Integrated Vehicle and Energy
Management (INVENT)
0.15 m
0.3 m
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More Electric Aircraft
http://www.ece.cmu.edu.pdf
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Boeing 787 Electrical Systems
http://www.ece.cmu.edu.pdf
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INVENT Energy Management
J. Wells, et al, “Electrical Accumulator Unit for the Energy Optimized Aircraft,” SAE
International Journal of Aerospace, v. 1(1): pp. 1071-1077, 2008
Electrical Accumulator Unit: stores and controls power coming back onto
the bus off of the load
Loads: electromechanical actuators (EMA), electrohydrostatic actuators
(EHA), directed energy weapons (DEW), advanced radar
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Power Fluctuations on
Modern Electric Aircraft (MEA)
J. Wells, et al, “Electrical Accumulator Unit for the Energy
Optimized Aircraft,” SAE International Journal of Aerospace,
v. 1(1): pp. 1071-1077, 2008
- Power: Pulsed transients of 150 kW can occur
in about 10 ms
- Regenerative Power: up to 150 kW „waste heat‟
- Duty Cycles: 25-100%
- Switching frequencies: 0-20 kHz
Representative Transient Power Profile
Power back
onto bus
Peak P
ow
er
(pu
)
pu = power/avg
power
Power Draw
Avg Load
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5 - 50 MJ Systems:
Directed Energy
0.25 m
0.75 m
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DEPS 2010 Conference Proceedings , General Atomics AeronauticalDistribution “A”: Approved for public release; Distribution unlimited
Hybrid Power for Laser
Weapons
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DEPS 2010 Conference Proceedings , General Atomics AeronauticalDistribution “A”: Approved for public release; Distribution unlimited
58 MJ Electrical Energy
16DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
DEPS 2010 Conference Proceedings , General Atomics AeronauticalDistribution “A”: Approved for public release; Distribution unlimited
500 kW Li Batteries for DE Power
Energy: 58 useable, ~ 200 MJ actual (?)
Discharge time: 30-60 secRecharge Time: 10-15 min
Weight: - Total ~ 500 kgCost: ~ $0.5-1 M (?)
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Charge time: 6- 6.5 hrsWeight: ~ 170 kgCost: ~ $13K
37 MJ System*
Li Batteries Chevy Volt
http://gm-volt.com/2010/07/19/chevrolet-volt-battery-warranty-
details-and-clarifications/
* Actual = 58 MJ, however useable = 38 MJ
18DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
Brookhaven National Lab
SMES YBCO-wire ~ 30 MJ
• Charge/Discharge Time : 1 sec
• Mass: ~ 250-300 kg dominated by wire;
wire mass could drop ~ 5-10 x with new wire architecture (?)
• Cost: YBCO ~ $2.1M (will reduce < $2M in future)
0.25 m
0.75 m
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38 MJ Li-BatteryChevy-Volt
58 MJ Li-BatterySAFT
30 MJ AFRL YBCO-wire SMES
Energy 38 MJ* 58 MJ* 30 MJ
Power 136 kW 500 kW > 30 MW
Charge Time 6-6.5 hrs 10-15 min ~ 1 sec
Discharge Time 280 sec** 30-60 sec ~ 1 sec
Mass 170 kg ~ 500 kg*** ~ 320 kg
# Cycles Lifetime ~ 3000-4000 ~ 30,000 > 200,000 (?)
Efficiency ~ 96 % ~ 98 %
Price (rough) $ 13K ~ $ 0.5-1 M ~ $ 1-2 M
Issues Very long charge time
Fire hazard Withstand g-forces and vibration (?)
* For Li batteries, only useful capacity = ~ 60% of total capacity is shown;
e.g. for Chevy Volt actual capacity = 58 MJ but only 30-90% of the cycle can be used
** Not sure if fire hazard for this discharge rate
** Includes fire suppressant system
Energy Storage Comparison
30-60 MJ Class
20DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
BNL YBCO wireSMES - 30 MJ
SAFT Li Battery 30 MJ (Discharge)
Chevy Volt Li-Battery 38 MJ (Discharge)
(Charge)
~ NbTi or BSCCO wire
(Charge)
Fuel
Cells
Base chart from ASC „10
Ragone Chart
21DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
0.2 - 2 GJ Systems:
Aircraft Power
0.4 m
1.2 m
22DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
Electric-Aircraft: YUNTEC Int. e430
Impacts:
- Flight Efficiency: ↑ 25% or more
- Fuel Cost : ↓ 10x
- Maintenance: only a few parts
- Ownership Cost : extremely low
- Noise: ultra-quiet
- CO2 emission: potentially zero
- Other: vertical lift, distributed, etc..
Specifications Combustion
Engine
(typical)
All-Electric
(glider-style)
Fuel Cost
@ 100 kW
~ $50/hr ~ $3/hr
Motor Efficiency ~ 10-15 %
(?)
95 %
Fuel
@ 100 kW
9 gal/hr 90 MJ/hr
Fuel Weight 70 lbs 150-300 lbs
(Li-Polymer)
2 passenger aircrafthttp://yuneeccouk.site.securepod.com/Aircraft. html
4 Passenger Aircraft @ 100 kW
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http://www.wired.com/autopia/2011/08/pipistrel-taurus-g4-electric/
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2011/2011-10-04-01.html, other…
Electric Aircraft: Pipestrel G4 Taurus
Capacity: 4 passenger
Battery Size: 270 MJ / 2 hr
Battery Weight: ~ 450 lbs per 270 MJ
(one source 1100 lbs)
Battery Type: Li-polymer;
non-insurable fire hazard
Fuel Efficiency: ~100 miles/gallon (!)
Fuel Cost: $3/hr (!)
Other Specifications
Motor: 150 kw
Motor Efficiency: 95% (includes controller)
Drivetrain+Propeller Efficiency: ~ 60-70% ? (gearbox needed)
Total Empty Weight = 1250 lbs (without battery)
Max. Possible Weight: 3300 lbs
NASA $1.35M Winner Green Flight Challenge
Largest prize in aviation history
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“EADS VoltAir all-electric aircraft
concept unveiled in Paris”
European Aeronautic Defense and
Space Company N.V. (EADS) –
parent company of Airbus
Battery Size: 20-100 GJ
Electric-Aircraft: EADS VoltAir
http: http://www.earthtechling.com/2011/06/eads-voltair-concept-the-ev-of-the-skies/
http://www.gizmag.com/eads-voltair-electric-airliner/18988
• “VoltAir's two next-generation lithium-air batteries would power
two highly efficient superconducting electric motors…”
• “… as batteries approach and exceed energy densities of 1000
Wh/kg within the next two decades.”
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H. D. KIMH. D. KIM
Hybrid-Electric Aircraft:
NASA Subsonic Airliner (~2030)
- Fuel Efficiency: +70%
- Potential World-Market Pull: $400B/yr savings
30 MW Superconductor
Electrical Generator
~ 6 MW Superconductor
Electrical Motor TurboFans
30 MW
Superconductor
Power Transmission
C.A. Luongo, et al, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 19(3), 1005 (2009)
SuperconductorApplications Needed
Class
Generators 30-40 MW
Motors 4-6 MW
PowerTransmission Cables
5-70 MW,DC 270V
Power Inverters 1-30 MW
Power Electronics 30-40 MW
Recent NASA contract awards of $12.6M
@ http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/nra_awardees_10_06_08.htm
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Design Criteria Summary
0.2 MJ INVENT 5-50 MJ Directed Energy
0.2-2 GJ Electric DriveAircraft
High Duty Cycle 10 4 1
AC Loss 10 8 1
High Efficiency 7 8 10
Low Weight/Volume 5 8 10
Operability/Logistics 9 7 6
Cost 7 9 10
Rating Scale: 10 is highest and 1 is low for importance (approximate)
27DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
JE vs Applied Field –
km-length Wires @ 4-5K
http://magnet.fsu.edu/~lee/plot/plot.htm
10
100
1000
10000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Applied Field (T)
JE
(A/m
m²)
YBCO Insert Tape (B|| Tape Plane)
YBCO Insert Tape (B Tape Plane)
MgB2 19Fil 24% Fill (HyperTech)
2212 OI-ST 28% Ceramic Filaments
NbTi LHC Production 38%SC (4.2 K)
Nb3Sn RRP Internal Sn (OI-ST)
Nb3Sn High Sn Bronze Cu:Non-Cu 0.3
YBCO B|| Tape Plane
YBCO B Tape Plane
2212
RRP Nb3Sn
Bronze
Nb3SnMgB2
Nb-Ti
SuperPower tape
used in record
breaking NHMFL
insert coil 2007
18+1 MgB2/Nb/Cu/Monel
Courtesy M. Tomsic, 2007
427 filament strand with
Ag alloy outer sheath
tested at NHMFL
Maximal JE for
entire LHC NbTi
strand production
(–) CERN-
T. Boutboul '07,
and (- -) <5 T data
from Boutboul et al.
MT-19, IEEE-
TASC’06)
Complied from
ASC'02 and
ICMC'03 papers
(J. Parrell OI-ST)
4543 filament High Sn
Bronze-16wt.%Sn-
0.3wt%Ti (Miyazaki-
MT18-IEEE’04)
28DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
SMES Power Density
• Power Density ≤ B2/(2*μo), so YBCO wire can
achieve much higher power densities by
making small magnet coils = 25-30T (?)
• YBCO wire is 5-7x stronger than BSCCO or
LTS, which is needed for high-field magnets.