Air Conditioner Project

8/12/2019 Air Conditioner Project

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Company Profile

Incorpora ted and promoted in 1992 by Mr Kar t a r S ingh , t he Amber Group i s among o ther t h ings ,

one of t he l a rges t o r ig ina l equ ipment manufac turer o f hi t e goods in Ind ia ! "ne fac tor t ha t has

l ed us t h i s fa r i s our re l en t l ess focus on qua l i t y ! A t t he Amber Group e fo l lo s t r i c t qua l i t y

p rocesses and e are an IS" 9##1 $ 2##% cer t if ied company! &nder the aegis of the Amber Group

there a re to d i s t i nc t en t i t ies ' Amber (nterpr ises Ind ia )*t ! + td ! and Amber A*ia t ion Ind ia )*t !

+ td ! Amber Indus t r i es i s a conglomera te o f 9 manufactur ing un i t s t ha t a re i n*ol*ed in producing

or ig inal equ ipment fo r some of t he b iggest b rands in Ind ia hi l e Amber A*ia t ion i s engaged in

ai rc ra f t char ters and tra in ing of commercia l pi lo ts !

Some of top hite good brands stae their reputations on our products e*ery day and ha*e done

so for years! -hat maes giants lie +!G, .ideocon, Godre/, -hirpool, 0lue Star, )hilips and

.oltas trust the insides of their products to us It can be summed up in one ord $ trust! "ur

customers trust us! -e manufacture and customie original equipment as per specifications and

as per schedule! 3ustomer ser*ice is not a ord e use lightly!

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Why are we one of the most cost-effective white good OEMs in India?

-e are based at strategic locations and ell connected to the rest of the country!

"ur in$house products, tool de*elopment facility and an acti*e 7;8 department ensure

quality and inno*ation thereby reducing costs!

"ur bacard integration across a ide range of components along ith economies of

scale eeps our costs lo!

Partial Product ist!

1! Split ; -indo Air 3onditioners for commercial and residential use!

2! )acage Air 3onditioners for Indian 7ailays and commercial use!

>! Multi 6lo 3ondensers!

?! ome appliances lie -ashing Machines, 7efrigerators ; Microa*es!

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@! +uminaries for commercial use!

! )lastic (=trusion Sheets!

%! .acuum 6orming 3omponents!

9! In/ection Molding 3omponents!

1#! Sheet Metal 3omponents!

11! Auto )arts!

"ir-Conditioning #ystems

An air$conditioning or .A3;7 system consists of components and equipment arranged in

sequential order to heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify, clean and purify, attenuate

ob/ectionable equipment noise, transport the conditioned outdoor air and recirculate air to the

conditioned space, and control and maintain an indoor or enclosed en*ironment at optimum

energy use!

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5he types of buildings hich the air$conditioning system ser*es can be classiBed as'

C Institutional buildings, such as hospitals and nursing homes

C 3ommercial buildings, such as offices, stores, and shopping centers Air$3onditioning and

7efrigeration 9$F summaried this process in four phases' gather information, de*elop alternati*es, e*aluate

alternati*es, and sell the best solution! 8esign determines the basic operating characteristics of a

system! After an air$conditioning system is designed and constructed, it is difBcult and e=pensi*e

to change its basic characteristics!

5he foundation of a successful pro/ect is teamor and coordination beteen designer,

contractor, and operator and beteen mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, facility operator,

architect, and structural engineer!

6ield e=perience is helpful to the designer! 0efore beginning the design process it is ad*isable to

*isit similar pro/ects that ha*e operated for more than 2 years and tal ith the operator to

in*estigate actual performance!

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Engineer+s %esponsi'ilities

5he normal procedure in a design$bid construction pro/ect and the mechanical engineerDs

responsibilities are

1! Initiation of a pro/ect by oner or de*eloper

2! "rganiing a design team

>! 3alculation of cooling and heating loads!

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?! Selection of systems, subsystems, and their components!

@! )reparation of schematic layouts siing of piping and ductor!

! )reparation of contract documents' draings and speciBcations!

%! 3ompetiti*e biddings by *arious contractors e*aluation of bids negotiations and

modiBcations!

9! Ad*ice on aarding of contract!

1#! Monitoring, super*ision, and inspection of installation re*ieing shop draings!

11! Super*ision of commissioning!

Moist "ir

Abo*e the surface of the earth is a layer of air called the atmosphere, or atmospheric air! 5he

loer atmosphere, or homosphere, is composed of moist air, that is, a mi=ture of dry air and

ater *apor!

)sychrometrics is the science of studying the thermodynamic properties of moist air! It is idely

used to illustrate and analye the change in properties and the thermal characteristics of the air$

conditioning process and cycles!

5he composition of dry air *aries slightly at different geographic locations and from time to

time!

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5he appro=imate composition of dry air by *olume is nitrogen, 9!#%J o=ygen, 2#!9?J argon,

#!9


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"ir-Conditioning Cycle and Operating Modes

An air$condit ioning cycle comprises se*eral air$condit ioning processes that are

connected in a sequenti al order! An a ir $condit ioning cycle de termines the

operat ing performance of the ai r system in an ai r condi tioning system! 5he

oring subs tance to condi t ion ai r may be chi l led or hot ater , ref r igerant ,

desiccant, etc!

0ased on the outdoor eather and indoor operat ing condi t ions , the operat ing

modes of air$conditioning cycles can be classiBed as'

C Summer mode' hen outdoor and indoor operating parameters are in summer

conditions!

C -inter mode' hen outdoor and indoor operating parameters are in inter

conditions!

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C Air economier mode' hen al l outdoor ai r or an amount of outdoor ai r that

e=ceeds the minimum amount of outdoor air required for the occupants is taen

into the A& or )& for cooling! 5he air economier mode sa*es energy use for

refrigeration!

3ontinuous modes operate 2> hr a day and days a ee! (=amples are systems

that ser*e hospit al ards and ref rigera ted arehouses! An intermi tt ently

operated mode usually shuts don once or se*eral times ithin a 2>$hr operating

cycle! Such systems ser*e ofBces, class rooms, retail stores, etc! 5he 2>$ hr day$

and$night cycle of an intermittently operated system can again be di*ided into'

1! 3ool$don or arm$up period! -hen the space is not occupied and the space

air temperature is higher or loer than the predetermined *alue, the space air

should be cooled don or armed up before the space is occupied!

2! 3ondi t ioning period! 5he ai r$condi tioning system is operated dur ing the

occupied period to maintain the required indoor en*ironment!

partly operating to maintain a set$bac temperature!

Summer, inter , air economier, and continuously operating modes consist of

full $ load Edes ign loadF and part $ load operat ions! )ar t load occurs hen the

sys tem load i s l es s than the design load ! 5he capacity of the equipment i s

selected to meet summer and inter system design loads as ell as system loads

in all operating modes!

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,asic "ir-Conditioning Cycle #ummer Mode

A basic air$condit ioning system is a pacaged system of supply air at a constant

* olu me L o r at e, s er* in g a s in gle on e, e qu ip pe d it h o nl y a s in gle

supplyHreturn duct! A s ingle one is a condi t ioned space for hich a s ingle

control ler i s used to maintain a unique indoor operat ing parameter , probably

indoor temperature! A basic air$condit ioning cycle is the operating cycle of a

basic air$conditioning system! 5he basic air$conditioning cyc le of this sys tem!

In summer mode at design load, recirculat ion air from the condit ioned space, a

orship hal l , enters the pacaged uni t through the return gr i l l a t point ! I t i s

mi=ed it h t he r equi red min imum amount o f out door a ir a t poi nt o f or

acceptable indoor air quality and energy sa*ing!

,asic "ir-Conditioning Cycle Winter Mode

-hen the basic air$condit ioning systems are operated in inter mode, their air$

conditioning cycles can be classiBed into the folloing four categories'

In inter , for a ful ly occupied orship hal l , i f the heat loss i s less than the

space sens ible cool ing load, a cold ai r supply is required to offset the space

sensible cooling load and maintain a desirable indoor en*ironment as shon by

the loer cycle in &sually, a humidiBer is not used!

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Window and through-wall

7oom air conditioners come in to forms' unitary andpacaged terminalE)5A3F systems!

&nitary systems, the common one room air conditioners, sit in a indo or all opening, ith

interior controls! Interior air is cooled as a fan blos it o*er the e*aporator! "n the e=terior the

air is heated as a second fan blos it o*er the condenser! In this process, heat is dran from the

room and discharged to the en*ironment! A large house or building may ha*e se*eral such units,

permitting each room to be cooled separately!

)5A3 systems are also non as all$split air conditioning systems or ductless systems!21N5hese

)5A3 systems hich are frequently used in hotels ha*e to separate units Eterminal pacagesF,

the e*aporati*e unit on the interior and the condensing unit on the e=terior, ith tubing passing

through the all and connecting them! 5his minimies the interior system footprint and allos

each room to be ad/usted independently! )5A3 systems may be adapted to pro*ide heating in

cold eather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas or other heater, or by re*ersing the

refrigerant flo to heat the interior and dra heat from the e=terior air, con*erting the air

conditioner into a heat pump! -hile room air conditioning pro*ides ma=imum fle=ibility, hen

used to cool many rooms at a time it is generally more e=pensi*e than central air conditioning!

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An air conditioning unit

#plit #ystems

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Split$system air conditioners come in to forms' central and mini$split! In both types, the inside$

en*ironment Ee*aporati*eFheat e=changerand fan is separated by some distance from the

outside$en*ironment Econdensing unitF heat e=changer and fan!

In central air conditioning, the inside heat$e=changer is typically placed inside the central

furnaceHA3 unit offorced airheating systemhich is then used in the summer to distribute

chilled air throughout a residence or commercial building! A mini$split system typically supplied

chilled air to only a single space, and thus as sometimes referred to as split-systemsingle-

zoneair conditioning! 5oday, hoe*er, one split$system compressor can supply chilled air to up

to eightindoor units!2


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outputF and ith and ithout electric$resistance heaters! )ortable air conditioners are either

e*aporati*e or refrigerate!

)ortable refrigerati*e air conditioners come in to forms, split and hose! 5hese compressor$

based refrigerant systems are air$cooled, meaning they use air to e=change heat, in the same ay

as a car or typical household air conditioner does! Such a system dehumidifies the air as it cools

it! It collects ater condensed from the cooled air and produces hot air hich must be *ented

outside the cooled area doing so transfers heat from the air in the cooled area to the outside air!

A portable split system has an indoor unit on heels connected to an outdoor unit *ia fle=ible

pipes, similar to a permanently fi=ed installed unit!

ose systems, hich can be mono'loc/or air-to-air, are *ented to the outside *ia air ducts!

5he mono'loc/ type collects the ater in a bucet or tray and stops hen full! 5he air-to-

airtype re$e*aporates the ater and discharges it through the ducted hose and can run

continuously!

A single$duct unit uses air from ithin the room to cool its condenser, and then *ents it outside!

5his air is replaced by hot air from outside or other rooms, thus reducing the unitPs effecti*eness!

Modern units might ha*e a coefficient of performance E3"), sometimes called QefficiencyQF of

appro=imately < Ei!e!, 1 - of electricity ill produce < - of coolingF! A dual$duct unit dras

air to cool its condenser from outside instead of from inside the room, and thus is more effecti*e

than most single$duct units!

(*aporati*e air coolers, sometimes called Qsamp coolersQ, do not ha*e a compressor or

condenser! +iquid ater is e*aporated on the cooling fins, releasing the *apour into the cooled

area! (*aporating ater absorbs a significant amount of heat, the latent heat of *aporiation,

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cooling the air' humans and animals use the same mechanism to cool themsel*es by seating!

5hey ha*e the ad*antage of needing no hoses to *ent heat outside the cooled area, maing them

truly portable and they are *ery cheap to install and use less energy than refrigerati*e air

conditioners! 8isad*antages are that unless ambient humidityis lo Eas in a dryclimateF cooling

is limited and the cooled air is *ery humid and can feel clammy! Also, they use a lot of ater,

hich is often at a premium in the dry climates here they or best!

A typical single hosed portable air conditioner can cool a room that is >? sq ft E>>!1 m 2F or

smaller and has at most a cooling poer of 1?,### 05&sHh E>!< -F! oe*er, single hosed

units cool a room less effecti*ely than dual hosed as the air e=pelled from the room through the

single hose creates negati*e pressure inside the room! 0ecause of this, air Epotentially arm airF

from neighboring rooms is pulled into the room ith the cooling unit to compensate!

0eat pumps

Qeat pumpQ is a term for a type of air conditioner in hich the refrigeration cyclecan be

re*ersed, producing heating instead of cooling in the indoor en*ironment! 5hey are also

commonly referred to, and mareted as, a Qre*erse cycle air conditionerQ! &sing an air

conditioner in this ay to produce heat is significantly more energy efficient than electric

resistance heating! Some homeoners elect to ha*e a heat pump system installed, hich is

simply a central air conditionerith heat pump functionality Ethe refrigeration cycle can be

re*ersed in cold eatherF! -hen the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor e*aporator coil

sitches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat! 5he outdoor condenser unit also

sitches roles to ser*e as the e*aporator, and discharges cold air Ecolder than the ambient

outdoor airF!

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eat pumps are more popular in milder inter climates here the temperature is frequently in

the range of >#O??R6 E>O1


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.ses

Air$conditioning engineers broadly di*ide air$conditioning applications into hat they call

comfortandprocessapplications!

Comfort applicationsaim to pro*ide abuilding indoor en*ironmentthat remains relati*ely

constant despite changes in e=ternal eather conditions or in internal heat loads!

Air conditioning maesdeep planbuildings feasible, for otherise they ould ha*e to be built

narroer or ith light ellsso that inner spaces recei*ed sufficient outdoor air *ia natural

*entilation! Air conditioning also allos buildings to be taller, since ind speedincreases

significantly ith altitude maing natural *entilation impractical for *ery tall buildings!N

3omfort

applications are quite different for *arious building types and may be categoried as'

3ommercial buildings , hich are bui lt for commerce, including offices ,

malls, shopping centers, restaurants, etc!

igh$rise residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment blocs

Industrial spaces here thermal comfort of orers is desired

Ins ti tut ional bui ldings , hich includes go*ernment buildings , hospi tals,

schools, etc!

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+o$rise residential buildings, including single$family houses, duple=es, and

small apartment buildings

Sports s tadiums' recently, s tadiums ha*e been bui lt i th ai r condi t ioning,

s uch as t he &ni*ersi ty of )hoeni= Stadiumand in atar for the 2#22 6I6A

-orld 3up!

5he structural impact of an air conditioning unit ill depend on the type and sie of the unit!

In addition to buildings, air conditioning can be used for many types of transportation, including

motor$cars, buses and other land *ehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft!

Process applicationsaim to pro*ide a suitable en*ironment for a process being carried out,

regardless of internal heat and humidity loads and e=ternal eather conditions! It is the needs of

the process that determine conditions, not human preference! )rocess applications include these'

3hemical and biological laboratories

3lean roomsfor the product ion of integrated circuits , pharmaceuticals ,

and the l ie , in hich *ery h igh l e*el s of a i r c l eanl iness and cont ro l of

temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process!

(n*ironmental control of data centers

6acil i t ies for breeding laboratory animals ! Since many animals normally

reproduce only in spring, holding them in rooms in hich condit ions mirror

those of spring all year can cause them to reproduce year$round!

6ood cooing and processingareas

ospital operating theatres , i n hi ch a ir i s f il te red t o h igh l e*el s t o

reduce infection ris and the humidity controlled to limit patient

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dehydration! Al though temperatures are of ten in the comfort range, some

special is t procedures, such as open heart surgery, require lo temperatures

Eabout 1% R3, @> R6F and others, such as neonatal , r el at i*el y h igh

temperatures Eabout 2% R3, %2 R6F!

Industrial en*ironments

Mining

4uclear poerfacilities

)hysical testing facilities

)lants and farm groing areas

5e=tile manufacturing

In both comfort and process applications, the ob/ecti*e may be to not only control temperature,

but also humidity, air quality, and air mo*ement from space to space!

*omestic use

Air conditioning is common in the &S, ith %%J of ne single$family homesconstructed in

2#11 including air conditioning, ranging from 99J in the Southto @2J in the -est! In (urope,

home air conditioning is generally less common! Southern (uropeancountries such

as Greeceha*e seen a ide proliferation of home air$conditioning units in recent years! In

another southern (uropean country, Malta, it is estimated that around ??J of households ha*e an

air conditioner installed! In India A3 sales ha*e dropped by >#J due to higher costs and stricter

energy efficiency regulations!

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0ealth Issues

Air$conditioning systems can promote the groth and spread of microorganisms, such

asLegionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for +egionnairesP disease, or

thermophilic actinomycetes hoe*er, this is only pre*alent in poorly maintained atercooling

toers! As long as the cooling toer is ept clean Eusually by means of a chlorine treatmentF,

these health haards can be a*oided!

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3on*ersely, air conditioning Eincluding filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfectionF can

be used to pro*ide a clean, safe,hypoallergenicatmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other

en*ironments here an appropriate atmosphere is critical to patient safety and ell$being! Air

conditioning can ha*e a negati*e effect on sin, drying it out, and can also

cause dehydration! Air conditioning may ha*e a positi*e effect on sufferers

of allergiesand asthma!

)rior to 199>, most automoti*e air conditioning systems used8ichlorodifluoromethaneE%-12F

as a refrigerant! It as usually sold under thebrand nameFreon-12and is

achlorofluorocarbonhalomethaneE363F! 5he manufacture of 7$12 as banned in many

countries in 199> because of en*ironmental concerns, in compliance ith the Montreal )rotocol!

5he 7$12 as replaced ith7$1arefrigerant, hich has a loer oone depletion potential!

"ld 7$12 systems can be retrofitted to 7$1a by a complete flush and filterHdryer replacement

to remo*e the mineral oil, hich is not compatible ith 7$1a!

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Humidity Control

Air condit ioning units outside a classroom building at the &ni*ersi ty of 4orth

3arolina in 3hapel ill, 4orth 3arolina

7efrigeration air$conditioning equipment usually reduces the absolutehumidityof the air

processed by the system! 5he relati*ely cold Ebelo the depointF e*aporator coil condenses

ater *apor from the processed air Emuch lie an ice$cold drin ill condense ater on the

outside of a glassF, sending the ater to a drain and remo*ing ater *apor from the cooled space

and loering the relati*e humidity in the room! Since humans perspire to pro*ide natural cooling

by the e*aporationofperspirationfrom the sin, drier air Eup to a pointF impro*es the comfort

pro*ided! 5he comfort air conditioner is designed to create a >#J to @#J relati*e humidity in

the occupied space! In food$retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets act as highly

effecti*e air dehumidifying units!

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A specific type of air conditioner that is used only for dehumidifying is called a dehumidifier! A

dehumidifier is different from a regular air conditioner in that both the e*aporator and condenser

coils are placed in the same air path, and the entire unit is placed in the en*ironment that is

intended to be conditioned Ein this case dehumidifiedF, rather than requiring the condenser coil to

be outdoors! a*ing the condenser coil in the same air path as the e*aporator coil produces

arm, dehumidified air! 5he e*aporator EcoldF coil is placed first in the air path, dehumidifying

the air e=actly as a regular air conditioner does! 5he air ne=t passes o*er the condenser coil, re$

arming the no dehumidified air! a*ing the condenser coil in the main air path rather than in

a separate, outdoor air path Eas ith a regular air conditionerF results in to consequences' the

output air is arm rather than cold, and the unit is able to be placed anyhere in the en*ironment

to be conditioned, ithout a need to ha*e the condenser outdoors!

&nlie a regular air conditioner, a dehumidifier ill actually heat a room /ust as an electric

heaterthat dras the same amount of poer EattsF as the dehumidifier ould! A regular air

conditioner transfers energy out of the room by means of the condenser coil, hich is outside the

room EoutdoorsF! 5hat is, the room can be considered a thermodynamic systemfrom hich

energy is transferred to the e=ternal en*ironment! 3on*ersely, ith a dehumidifier, no energy is

transferred out of the thermodynamic system EroomF because the air conditioning unit

EdehumidifierF is entirely inside the room! 5herefore all of the poer consumed by the

dehumidifier is energy that is input into the thermodynamic system Ethe roomF and remains in the

room Eas heatF! In addition, if the condensed ater has been remo*ed from the room, the amount

of heat needed to boil that ater has been added to the room! 5his is the in*erse of adding ater

to the room ith an e*aporati*e cooler!

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8ehumidifiers are commonly used in cold, damp climates to pre*ent moldgroth indoors,

especially in basements! 5hey are also used to protect sensiti*e equipment from the ad*erse

effects of e=cessi*e humidity in tropical countries!

5he engineering of physical and thermodynamic properties of gasO*apor mi=tures is

calledpsychrometrics!

Energy

In a thermodynamically closed system, any poer dissipated into the system that is being

maintained at a set temperature Ehich is a standard mode of operation for modern air

conditionersF requires that the rate of energy remo*al by the air conditioner increase! 5his

increase has the effect that, for each unit of energy input into the system Esay to poer a light

bulb in the closed systemF, the air conditioner remo*es that energy! In order to do so, the air

conditioner must increase its poer consumption by the in*erse of its QefficiencyQ E coefficient of

performanceF times the amount of poer dissipated into the system! As an e=ample, assume that

inside the closed system a 1## - heating elementis acti*ated, and the air conditioner has an

coefficient of performance of 2##J! 5he air conditionerPs poer consumption ill increase by

?# - to compensate for this, thus maing the 1## - heating element cost a total of 1?# - of

poer!

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It is typical for air conditioners to operate at QefficienciesQ of significantly greater than

1##J! oe*er, it may be noted that the input electrical energy is of higher thermodynamic

quality Eloer entropyF than the output thermal energy Eheat energyF!

Air conditioner equipment poer in the &!S! is often described in terms of Qtons of

refrigerationQ! A ton of refrigerationis appro=imately equal to the cooling poer of one short

tonE2### pounds or 9# ilogramsF of ice melting in a 2>$hour period! 5he *alue is defined as

12,### 05&per hour, or

Air Conditioner Project

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