Air Capture & Carbon Negative Technology Economics & Engineering Graciela Chichilnisky -- Columbia...

Air Capture&

Carbon Negative Technology™

Economics & Engineering

Graciela Chichilnisky -- www.chichilnisky.comColumbia University and Global Thermostat – www.globalthermostat.com

Cambridge University October 17 2012

A Human Dominated WorldHuman Beings are today the largest geological force in the planet

We are changing the planet’s atmosphere, its body of waters, and the complex web of species that makes life on earth

Climate Change?

The AnthropoceneThe change we are producing will be read in rock formations for thousands of years

Geologists define a new geological era - the ‘Anthropocene’ – follows the Holocene – starting 1945

The Bretton Woods Institutions after WWII led to

Globalization of Western Economics

Global Risks• Climate Change• Biodiversity Extinction• Clean Water scarcity• Life in the Seas going extinct

Avoiding Extinction

Are Humans Next?• Need Action Now• Waited too long• Industrial economies 20% of world population cause

most of world’s C02 emissions – the North

Energy from fossil fuels 45% of global emissions

$55 Trillion Infrastructure 89% based on fossil fuels (IEA)

Clean Energy is the Only Solution

6Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) www.columbiariskmanagement.net

Sources: Earthtrends Database of the World Resource Institute (WRI) http://earthtrends.wri.org/

The North and the South• Since 2000, developing nations that did not yet

complete their industrialization are the engine of growth of the world economy – the South

Developing nations are for the first time the largest growth sector in the world economy – largest emitters in the future?

• Creation of G-20 in 2009:

Advocating Sustainable Development


Source: World Bank (2009) and UN Millennium Development Goals Database (2009)

GDP and Carbon Emissions

Present & Future Energy Demand

• 15 TW: Current use• Double global use by 2030 • 10 fold increase by end of XXI Century (IEA)

The World Needs More EnergyToday Energy = CO2 Emissions

Sustainable Economics

2009 The newly created G-20 requires change: a Sustainable World Economy

How to do it

Changes Articulated by the

United Nations

Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol Carbon Market

International Law since 2005

Compulsory Carbon Markets now exist in 4 continents:

EU ETS, Japan, Australia & California USA

December 2011:Kyoto Protocol extended 3 years

in Durban COP 17

• Existing KP limits valid until 2015

• New global emission limits pledged for 2020

The Carbon Market- by its author -

• What is it?

• What it is not

Emission Limits are the basis of Carbon Market

How does it Work

CHANGES THE ENTIRE GLOBAL

ECONOMY

$25/TON EMITTED

CARBON PRICES ARE THE Missing

Signal

Carbon Makes Clean Energy

profitable Dirty Energy

expensive and Undesirable

Dirty pays clean – ZERO overall costs

The Missing Signal• If we destroy all trees & make toilet paper our economy improves – why?• Because Toilet Paper has Market Value & Trees do not.

We lack Market Prices

New Market prices = New ValuesNew costs and New benefits

The Carbon Market Provides the Missing Signal

• 1997: KP Placed Limits on industrial emissions• 2005: KP Carbon Market International Law

New Markets

• SO2 market in CBOT – successful & 20 years old

• New markets for water and for biodiversity

• (Chichilnisky (1992, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011)

The Carbon Market• Trades $215 Bn/year EU ETS

• Reduced 37% EU emissions

• CDM transferred $50 Bn for clean energy projects in poor nations

• Changes US$55 Trillion energy infrastructure

Carbon MarketLinks to Global Economy

Everything is made with energy Economic growth = Energy Use

Link to EnergyCarbon Market provides Missing Signal

New Market Prices = New Values

FOCUS of Carbon Market• Capping Emissions

• We can’t get there without emissions reductions

Markets for trading a Global Public Good: Compensates bringing down Atmospheric CO2

Creating Equity and Efficiency

Closing the Carbon Cycle

Where are We?

What comes Next?

What to do?• Changing International Law• Changing Economics

We may just have to do it

• For the survival of our Species

Change International LawBasic Needs

• 1974 This author created Basic Needs within the Bariloche Model of the World Economy

• 1002 The new concept of Basic Needs becomes the basis of Sustainable Development and is voted by 150 nations at UN Earth Summit in Rio Brazil

• 2009 G-20 adopts Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development

Change International LawThe Carbon Market

• 1997 The Carbon Market - designed and written by the author into the UN Kyoto Protocol - international law since 2005

• Since 2005 Productive clean CDM transfers to developing nations $50 Bn

• 2012 EU ETS Trades $215 Bn/year, decreased 37% EU emissions since it became law

• Makes profitable the use of clean energy for the production of all goods and services

• Changes the energy foundation of the Global Economy• China ratified the Kyoto Protocol and since 2005 leads the World

in Solar and Wind markets• US did not and we are left behind in clean technology

Change International LawThe Green Power Fund

• 1997 Sustainable Development requires Carbon Negative Technology™

• $200Bn/year private public Green Power Fund to support Sustainable Development in the short and the long term – and change the global energy industry

• Uses Kyoto Protocol and its Carbon Market to fund Carbon Negative Power Plants - in LA. Africa & 43 Small Island States

• 2009 GPF Created by the author in Copenhagen COP 15• 2011 Partially approved as the $200 Bn/year Green Climate

Fund in Durban COP17 December 2011

New types of Markets = New GDP• Market economics can be made consistent with sustainable goals• But markets themselves must change

• Individualistic markets must evolve into new types of markets that I postulated - markets for the global commons – which incorporate

connections between people and value Valuing the Global Commons

• They are slowly emerging due to new scarcities: carbon market I created within the Kyoto Protocol, international law since 2005

trading $200Bn/year; SO2 markets in CBOT, new markets for water and for biodiversity - Chichilnisky 1992, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011, Chichilnisky

Heal and Starrett 1994, Chichilnisky & Heal 2000

New Global Markets value privately produced public goods: the Global Commons

Green Capitalism in the 21st Century

• The basis exists: international law and new economics

• Theoretically and in practice• New markets for the global commons, new

growth theory, new cost benefit analysis and new GDP measures, new international law

• New international law – self-funded and creating economic value (Kyoto Protocol)

The Global Commons

New Economics

From maximizing profits toeconomic progress

that ensures survival of our species

Technology Urgently Needed

• To Reduce Carbon from the Atmosphere

• In a Profitable Way

The Word needs Energy

CLEAN ENERGY FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS

Why Carbon Negative Technology™

Global Thermostat Company Confidential

Carbon Neutral is not enough• Neutralizing emissions does not prevent

further increases in atmospheric CO2 • Even the most aggressive efficiency

improvements and renewables adoption are unlikely to keep CO2 concentration at the generally agreed 450ppm to avoid catastrophic climate risk

Negative Carbon is the solution1

• Air capture enables direct and rapid reduction of CO2 concentration

• GT allows for the capture of even more CO2 than we are loading into the atmosphere or that the earth’s systems can absorb – Negative Carbon GT’s technology directly reduces

carbon concentration in the air, making carbon negative possible

Pre-Ind Ti

mes2010

20302050

20802100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Reducing CO2 Concentrations in the Atmosphere

Business as Usual

Constant Growth

Wedges Ap-proach / Stabi-lization

Global Thermostat

Hazardous Level 450 ppm

CO2

Part

s per

Mill

ion

(PPM

)

1 United Nations Headquarters, New York, November 12, 2009. Presentation by G. Chichilnisky on "The Rising Tide at Copenhagen: A Win-Win Solution for Industrialized and Developing Nations“

http://www.chichilnisky.com/pdfs/TheRisingTideatCopenhagen.pdf

http://www.chichilnisky.com/pdfs/TheRisingTideatCopenhagen.pdf

Engineering:Closing the Carbon Cycle for Sustainability

A Key Strategy for Environmental Protection, Energy Security, and Economic Development

Global Thermostat

• GT creates Carbon Negative Power Plants™• More Energy for Development• While Cleaning the Atmosphere

• GT Transforms the worse emitters – the fossil power plants - into carbon sinks

• GT technology makes solar plants more profitable and even faster carbon sinks

Closing the Carbon Cycle™• GT Technology Captures Carbon from Air• Inexpensive: Uses Low Process Heat • Cogenerates Power Production with Carbon

Capture• With GT the More Power is Produced – the More

Carbon is Reduced• Makes Coal Plants Carbon Negative• Makes Solar Power Plants even more Carbon

Negative

Markets for Captured CO2


Storage Enhanced Oil Recovery*

Algae-Based Biofuels*

Hydrogen-Based Fuels

Products cement, fertilizer, plastics,

greenhouses

*EOR and Algae-based biofuels represent most

significant opportunities for commercial applications

of CO2 captured using GT’s technology

Global Thermostat:

Captures CO2 from Air

Transforms CO2 from a Global Threat Into A Massive Profit Opportunity

Benefits the Environment

globalthermostat Company Confidential 2

Global Thermostat:

Transforms Energy and Fuel Markets

Enables National Security & Economic Development

Turns CO2 from a global liability and pollutant into a profit center and source of clean fuel

Closing the Carbon CycleSM


Graciela ChichilniskyManaging Director

• World leading economist, entrepreneur, inventor, & executive• Founder CEO of FITEL & Cross Border Exchange, financial

technology companies• Authored carbon market of Kyoto Protocol (EU ETS), and

formal theory of Sustainable Development• PhDs (2) in Mathematics and in Economics, MIT and UC

Berkeley• Tenured Professor Columbia University, previously Harvard &

Stanford

Peter Eisenberger Managing Director

• Leading physicist, R&D energy executive - 20 year career as head of R&D at Bell Labs and Director

• EXXON Global R&D, Vice Provost Columbia University• Expertise in innovation around CO2 - renewable gasoline,

chemicals, materials• Founding Director Princeton University Materials Institute• Founding Director Columbia University Earth Institute

Edgar Bronfman, Jr.Chairman

• Chairman, Endeavor Global• General Partner, Accretive LLC• Former President and CEO of the Seagram Company• Former Chairman and CEO, Warner Music Group• Recently and successfully sold Warner for $3.3 billion

Key Advisors

Ed HotardFormer COO, Praxair

Eric (Ric) RedmanPresident, Summit Power

Ron ChanceEmeritus Science Advisor, Exxon

Rocco FiatoAccelergy, Exxon

Richard KauffmanCEO, Energies

Nicholas EisenbergerPure Energy Partners

Ben BronfmanGlobal Thermostat

Chris JonesGeorgia Tech

Roger CohenEx-Exxon

Michael FleisherBain, Gartner

Eric RedmanPresident, Summit Power

Sasha MacklerSummit Power

Leadership Team


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CO2 Management and Commercialization

GT Pilot at SRI - October 1, 2010 – Commercial Demonstration Fall 2012


September 2012 First Commercial Demonstration Plant at SRI

Commenced March 2012 - TRL 9 expected Fall 2012 Uses heat from SRI Co-gen Power Plant GT Tandem + Carburetor lowest cost embodiment full integration Cost Breakthrough

Powered by low-cost, process heat from SRI Co-gen Plant Eliminates transportation costs

Modular Design 5,000-1,000,000 tons CO2/year Locates anywhere with 100 C heat source

Flexible Integration Into Legacy or New Industrial Facilities

Carbon Negative Solution Captures more CO2 from SRI fossil fuel Co-gen power plants than is emitted by plant


Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL

42

Closing the Carbon Cycle

• Sustainability Requires Humans Close the Carbon Cycle– Climate Sustainability– Energy Security– Economic Development

• A Human System that Closes The Carbon Cycle– Flexibility in location of sources and sinks– Connectivity between different components – Serve both todays fossil fuel and tomorrows renewables – Consistent with existing infrastructure– Provide net carbon negative technologies to offset carbon emitters– Value carbon so as to support positive feedbacks– New types of cooperation between countries and companies

Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 43

You need to know where you are going to get there…

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Current Approaches to Climate Change

“Wedges” approach a good start…– Sensible, diversified strategy based on existing pathways– Portfolio of renewable energy and efficiency technologies– Potential to keep CO2 below 500ppm (still 2x pre-indust.

level)

But may not be enough to avoid climate change…– Depends on continued net natural absorption rate– Does not address 2000’s already elevated emissions – Underestimates projected growth rate by factor of two– No solution past 2055

Climate will change destructively on its own– Earth history has many climate disasters– New York City under a 1 mile high ice sheet

A safe, effective, and affordable solution to climate change is still urgently needed


http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol305/issue5686/images/large/zse0320427630001.jpeg


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Emissions Scenarios…


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Future Atmospheric Concentrations…


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What Carbon Negative Can Achieve…


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The Cost of Atmospheric CO2…


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The Need for Going Carbon Negative…

Carbon Neutral is not enough– Neutralizing new and existing

emissions does not prevent atmospheric concentration of CO2 from further increasing

– It doesn’t solve the climate risk problem (reducing atmospheric concentrations below 500 ppm)

Carbon-Negative Required– To reduce atmospheric

concentrations faster than the natural absorption rate

– To achieve a safe level of CO2 concentration

Air Capture Can Make Going Carbon Negative Possible Pacala and Socolow, Science, Vol 305, 8/13/2004, Pg 969.

Note: 7 Wedges refers to the seven stabilization wedges, created by Wigley, Richels & Edmonds, necessary to achieve an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of 500 ppm by 2125.

Business as usual

7 Wedges (aggressive renewable energy use, efficiency, point-source sequestration)

Negative Carbon Technology (such as Global Thermostat) with aggressive renewable energy

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A Sustainable Solution

ENERGY SECURITY FOR ALL� AIR AND WATER MORE EQUABLY DISTRIBUTED

CONTROL HUMAN CO2 INPUT TO CARBON CYCLE� TEMPERATURE CONTROL

GREEN ENERGY FUND STIMULATES ECONOMIC GROWTH� STIMULATES TRANSITION TO CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE� MONETIZE THE CO2 SO IT IS A VALUABLE AND NOT A POLLUTANT


Close the carbon cycle –CO2 from air to make the energy we need-

Renewable 95: Closing the Carbon Cycle


CO2 Capture&

Hydrogen Conversion

Water Vapor and CO2

95Octane

CONVERTING CO2 FROM AIR & HYDROGEN FROM WATER

TO95 OCTANE GASOLINE

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GT Project with Algae Systems


Desalination

CO2

Wastewater

Algae Production Dewatering Fuel

Production

Fuels,Electricity &

Biochar

TreatedWastewater

Drinking Water

•Produces carbon negative transportation fuels (diesel, jet, etc)•Treats municipal wastewater and produces drinking water•Generates green electricity and biochar fertilizers

GT is developing a fully-integrated biorefinery through a partnership with Algae Systems

This unique combination of technologies provides critical municipal services while producing energy in an embodiment that is

As Green As It Gets

Solar Energy

Geothermal Electricity + CO2

Collaboration with Green Fire Energy– Uses CO2 instead of water– 10-20% of circulating CO2 sequestered

Using CO2 captured by Global Thermostat– Location flexibility of air capture – Economic advantage of locating near use– Increased geothermal locations accessible

Produces Carbon Negative electricity


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CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE FOR ENERGY, ECONOMIC, AND CLIMATE SUSTAINABILITY

Global Thermostat

Our goal is to provide technology to:� Facilitate the transition to a renewable future

• Our Carburetor Technology to Clean Fossil Fuel Sources

� Provide carbon for the renewable energy future • Our Direct Air Capture Technology to Close the Carbon Cycle

� Provide a common technology platform • Connects air and concentrated CO2 sources

� Make money by doing good

We seek and welcome partners � They have already been essential to our efforts

We are committed to broad dissemination � Licensing model



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“GT CARBON SPONGE”

Pipes to oil well, algae, etc.

Patented Carbon Sponge: porous block coated with proprietary amine sorbents

Ambient air and/or flue gas goes through and binds to sorbent

Carbon Sponge lowers into sealed chamber

Low temperature process heat releases pure CO2 gas for collection

And the cycle restarts…

How GT Technology Works

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Technology Operation

Adsorption Phase

Regeneration Phase

Ambient air OR Air-flue gas blend

Monolith Contactors + Sorbent “Cartridge”GT Module

Step 1 Air Input

• GT uses Corning monolith contactors similar to those in your cars tailpipe

• Contactors provide high surface contact areas at low pressure drop

• Enables movement of large volumes of air with effective contact of CO2 at low cost

• 40 minute cycle

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Step 2 CO2 Capture

Adsorption Phase

Regeneration Phase


• GT sorbents proven highly effective by Georgia Tech - confirmed by SRI, BASF, and NETL

• BASF process to deposit immobilized amines in pores of the contactor walls at high loading

• Dramatically reduces heat required compared to liquid based CCS

Ambient air OR

Air-flue gas blend


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105C Steam

Step 3 Regeneration

CO2 Collection

Adsorption Phase

Regeneration Phase


• CO2-rich sorbent is heated with low-temperature process heat (90-105C) steam

• CO2 is collected and sorbent is regenerated

• CO2 can be stored or used in multiple commercial applications

• 4 - 10 minute cycle

For Sustainable Carbon-Based Life: Close the Carbon Cycle…

Need Direct Air Capture � Carbon for a sustainable renewable energy future � Flexibility to provide sources and sinks

Need Negative Carbon � Climate Security

Need Carburetor for transition � Short term carbon free products� Long term carbon negative products

Need a Green Energy Fund � Global Economic Sustainability


Closing the Carbon Cycle is Key

Carbon dioxide concentration decreasing

The Global Thermostat

ENERGY

CO2 CAPTURE

Atmosphere 800

Graciela ChichilniskyCo-Founder and Managing [email protected]

Peter EisenbergerCo-Founder and Managing [email protected]

Global Thermostat Confidential 62

Contact

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

A Game Changing Company

Transforms Energy and Fuel Markets

Enables National Security & Economic Development

Turns CO2 from a global liability and pollutant into a profit center & source of clean fuel

Closing the Carbon CycleSM

Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 8

Air Capture & Carbon Negative Technology Economics & Engineering Graciela Chichilnisky -- Columbia...

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