ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGYIt is the study of man with the aid of scientific It is the study of man with the aid of scientific methodology. It uses the experimental method- methodology. It uses the experimental method- Observation under controlled conditions- to Observation under controlled conditions- to gather data. It also uses other methods of data gather data. It also uses other methods of data collection such as case history method, collection such as case history method, longitudinal study of development as it takes longitudinal study of development as it takes place.place.In psychological study perceptions, emotions, In psychological study perceptions, emotions, cognition, personality, behaviour, interpersonal cognition, personality, behaviour, interpersonal relations etc are studied.relations etc are studied.It helps in the treatment of mental health It helps in the treatment of mental health problems as well as introducing improvements in problems as well as introducing improvements in the existing state of mind/system.the existing state of mind/system.

INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYINDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY

The branch of applied psychology The branch of applied psychology that is concerned with efficient that is concerned with efficient management of an industrial labor management of an industrial labor force and especially with problems force and especially with problems encountered by workers in a encountered by workers in a mechanized environment.mechanized environment.

ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

There is growing concern among all those who There is growing concern among all those who are concerned with business & industry that the are concerned with business & industry that the human beings occupy a central place in all sorts human beings occupy a central place in all sorts of industrial activities & any attempt to run them of industrial activities & any attempt to run them efficiently, smoothly, without any strife or tension efficiently, smoothly, without any strife or tension is bound to fail if due consideration is not given to is bound to fail if due consideration is not given to the psychology of these workers.the psychology of these workers.Its study is gaining popularity because it tries to Its study is gaining popularity because it tries to understand the human problems that have arisen understand the human problems that have arisen as a result of tremendous expansion of industry in as a result of tremendous expansion of industry in the present era of liberalization, privatization & the present era of liberalization, privatization & globalization.globalization.

METHODS: METHODS: – ExperimentationExperimentation– Observation methodsObservation methods– SurveysSurveys– Field studiesField studies– Developmental methodsDevelopmental methods– Case studiesCase studiesIndustrial psychology can be termed as Industrial psychology can be termed as applied psychology as it is mainly applied psychology as it is mainly concerned with the application of the facts concerned with the application of the facts and principles of psychology to the and principles of psychology to the behaviour of man working in the industry.behaviour of man working in the industry.

NATURE OF ADVANCED NATURE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYINDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYIt is developing into a universal phenomenonIt is developing into a universal phenomenonIt involves human beings/workers working in the It involves human beings/workers working in the industriesindustriesIt involves the use of advanced psychological techniques It involves the use of advanced psychological techniques for solving the problems of the industryfor solving the problems of the industryIt involves the study of the values, beliefs, attitudes, likes, It involves the study of the values, beliefs, attitudes, likes, dislikes of the workersdislikes of the workersIt requires specialized knowledge as a psychologistIt requires specialized knowledge as a psychologistIt aims at having deep understanding of man and his It aims at having deep understanding of man and his behaviourbehaviourIt is a very complex field of studyIt is a very complex field of studyIt involves applied psychologyIt involves applied psychology

SCOPE OF ADVANCED SCOPE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYINDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYIt involves It involves various sub fieldsvarious sub fields like personnel psychology, like personnel psychology, managerial psychology, consumer psychology, managerial psychology, consumer psychology, engineering psychology, organizational psychology etcengineering psychology, organizational psychology etcPersonnel selection:Personnel selection: developing the instruments, developing the instruments, techniques of personnel selectiontechniques of personnel selectionPersonnel development: Personnel development: developing methods for developing methods for performance appraisal, attitude measurement, employee performance appraisal, attitude measurement, employee counseling etccounseling etcHuman engineering: Human engineering: suggesting changes in designs of suggesting changes in designs of the machines for achieving ease of operationthe machines for achieving ease of operationProductivity study:Productivity study: activities concerned with reducing activities concerned with reducing fatigue, improving environmental conditions(proper light, fatigue, improving environmental conditions(proper light, ventilation etc)ventilation etc)Management: Management: development of managerial skillsdevelopment of managerial skillsAccident prevention and safety measuresAccident prevention and safety measuresLabour relationsLabour relations

OBJECTIVES OF ADVANCED OBJECTIVES OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGYINDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY

To know the important aspects of industrial-To know the important aspects of industrial-organizational functioning.organizational functioning.

To study the industrial-organizational process. To study the industrial-organizational process.

To understand the relationship between To understand the relationship between industrial-organizational psychology and human industrial-organizational psychology and human resource management. resource management.

To understand the relationship between To understand the relationship between industrial-organizational psychology to industrial-organizational psychology to organizational science. organizational science.

To understand the relationship between To understand the relationship between industrial-organizational psychology and human industrial-organizational psychology and human cognitive processes. cognitive processes.

To understand the role of industrial-To understand the role of industrial-organizational psychology in developing organizational psychology in developing leadership and management training and leadership and management training and education programs. education programs.

To understand the role of industrial-To understand the role of industrial-organizational psychology in developing organizational psychology in developing employee training and education programs. employee training and education programs.

To understand the role of industrial-To understand the role of industrial-organizational psychology in organizational psychology in conducting various types of conducting various types of evaluations in the work place. evaluations in the work place.

To understand the role of industrial-To understand the role of industrial-organizational psychology in organizational psychology in promoting safety in the workplace. promoting safety in the workplace.

Increasing production Increasing production

Promoting harmonious relationship Promoting harmonious relationship among workers among workers

Creating better understanding Creating better understanding between labour and management between labour and management

MAJOR PROBLEMS OF MAJOR PROBLEMS OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGYDefining the role of the psychologist:Defining the role of the psychologist: should he be termed as the consultant or should he be termed as the consultant or the staff psychologist.the staff psychologist.Communication: Communication: the language of the the language of the psychologist should match the language psychologist should match the language understood by the workers.understood by the workers.Resistance to change: Resistance to change: Employees and Employees and the employers are often resistant to the employers are often resistant to change their attitudes.change their attitudes.

Understanding the complex nature of Understanding the complex nature of human beingshuman beings

Checking personal bias on the part of Checking personal bias on the part of the psychologistthe psychologist

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND THEIR EVALUATION THEIR EVALUATION

Individual differences is a cornerstone subject area in Individual differences is a cornerstone subject area in modern psychology. modern psychology.

PlatoPlato stated more than 2000 years ago: “No two persons stated more than 2000 years ago: “No two persons are born exactly alike; but each differs from the other in are born exactly alike; but each differs from the other in natural endowments, one being suited for one occupation natural endowments, one being suited for one occupation and the other for another.” and the other for another.”

Individual difference psychology examines how people are Individual difference psychology examines how people are similar and how they differ in their thinking, feeling and similar and how they differ in their thinking, feeling and behaviour.  No two people are alike, yet no two people are behaviour.  No two people are alike, yet no two people are unlike.  So, in the study of individual differences we strive unlike.  So, in the study of individual differences we strive to understand ways in which people are psychologically to understand ways in which people are psychologically similar and particularly what psychological characteristics similar and particularly what psychological characteristics vary between people.vary between people.

In the Western psychology approach to In the Western psychology approach to individual differences, it is generally individual differences, it is generally assumed  that:assumed  that:

People vary on a range of psychological People vary on a range of psychological attributes attributes

It is possible to measure and study these It is possible to measure and study these individual differences individual differences

individual differences are useful for individual differences are useful for explaining and predicting behaviour and explaining and predicting behaviour and performance performance

We can classify people psychologically, according We can classify people psychologically, according to their intelligence and personality to their intelligence and personality characteristics, for example, with moderate characteristics, for example, with moderate success, however people are complex and much success, however people are complex and much is still left unexplained.  is still left unexplained.  Human beings have been aware of individual Human beings have been aware of individual differences throughout history, e.g.differences throughout history, e.g.

Gender differences -hunters=men, Gender differences -hunters=men, gatherers=women gatherers=women

Intelligence differences - caste, class, education, Intelligence differences - caste, class, education, etc. etc.

Personality differences - job specialisationsPersonality differences - job specialisations

Individual differences research typically includes Individual differences research typically includes PersonalityPersonality MotivationMotivation IntelligenceIntelligence Mental AbilityMental Ability IQIQ interestsinterests ValuesValues self-conceptself-concept self-esteem self-esteem

TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES

CYCLOTHYMIA: CYCLOTHYMIA: emotionally emotionally expressive, frankexpressive, frank

SCHIZOTHYMIA: SCHIZOTHYMIA: reserved, close-reserved, close-mouthedmouthed

GENERAL MENTAL GENERAL MENTAL CAPACITY: intelligent, CAPACITY: intelligent, smart, assertivesmart, assertive

MENTAL DEFECTMENTAL DEFECT

EMOTIONALLY EMOTIONALLY STABLE: realistic STABLE: realistic about lifeabout life

NEUROTIC NEUROTIC EMOTIONALITY: EMOTIONALITY: immatureimmature

DOMINANCE: DOMINANCE: confident, aggressiveconfident, aggressive

SUBMISSIVENESS: SUBMISSIVENESS: unsure, submissiveunsure, submissive

SURGENCY: cheerful, SURGENCY: cheerful, joyousjoyous

DESURGENCY: DESURGENCY: depressed,pessimisticdepressed,pessimistic

POSITIVE POSITIVE CHARACTER: CHARACTER: attentive to peopleattentive to people

DEPENDENT DEPENDENT CHARACTER: CHARACTER: neglectful of social neglectful of social choreschores

ADVENTUROUS ADVENTUROUS CYLOTHYMIA: likes CYLOTHYMIA: likes meeting peoplemeeting people

WITHDRAWN WITHDRAWN SCHIZOTHYMIA:shySCHIZOTHYMIA:shy

SENSITIVE: SENSITIVE: dependent, immaturedependent, immature

MATURE: self MATURE: self sufficient, toughsufficient, tough

SOCIALIZED, SOCIALIZED, CULTURED MIND: CULTURED MIND: polished, composedpolished, composed

BOORISHNESS: BOORISHNESS: awkward, crude, awkward, crude, clumsyclumsy

TRUSTFUL TRUSTFUL CYCLOTHYMIA: CYCLOTHYMIA: trustful, trustful, understanding understanding

PARANCIS: PARANCIS: suspicious, jealoussuspicious, jealous

SOPHISTICATION: SOPHISTICATION: logical mind, coollogical mind, cool

SIMPLICITY: SIMPLICITY: sentimental mind, sentimental mind, attentive to peopleattentive to people

EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES

NEED FOR EVALUATION:NEED FOR EVALUATION:

Determining the worth of employeesDetermining the worth of employees Salary structureSalary structure PromotionPromotion TransferTransfer Need for training & developmentNeed for training & development Determining the appropriate methods of training Determining the appropriate methods of training

& development& development Employees get chance to improve their Employees get chance to improve their

performanceperformance

Evaluation system should be made Evaluation system should be made objective, sound & scientificobjective, sound & scientificFor proper evaluation a set criterion or For proper evaluation a set criterion or evaluation standard needs to be setevaluation standard needs to be setCriterion- number of items produced, Criterion- number of items produced, number of units soldnumber of units soldFor higher level & managerial jobs criteria For higher level & managerial jobs criteria setting is difficultsetting is difficultFor effective evaluation multifactor or For effective evaluation multifactor or multiple criterion is used.multiple criterion is used.

EVALUATION SITUATION:EVALUATION SITUATION:TrainingTrainingActual jobActual jobSimulatedSimulated

TECHNIQUE/METHOD OF TECHNIQUE/METHOD OF EVALUATION:EVALUATION:

Rate of workRate of workQuality of workQuality of workAccident & breakageAccident & breakageJob knowledgeJob knowledgeJob tenureJob tenureAbsenteeismAbsenteeismRate of improvement/advancementRate of improvement/advancementSupervisory judgmentSupervisory judgmentPeer judgmentPeer judgmentSelf judgmentSelf judgment

JUDGMENTAL METHODS OF JUDGMENTAL METHODS OF EVALUATIONEVALUATION

RANKING METHODS:RANKING METHODS:

RATEERATEE RATER RATER 11

RATER RATER 22

RATER RATER 33

Mean Mean rankrank

JagritiJagriti 11 33 22 22

KanwarKanwar 33 11 33 2.32.3

PAIRED COMPARISON:PAIRED COMPARISON:

DeeptiDeepti RoopalRoopal ManpreetManpreet

DeeptiDeepti 00

RoopalRoopal 00

ManpreetManpreet 00

MAN TO MAN RATINGMAN TO MAN RATING

HOW EFFICIENT IS AVNISH?HOW EFFICIENT IS AVNISH?

RICHARICHA MANJOTMANJOT NEHANEHA

highhigh middlemiddle lowlow

FORCED CHOICEFORCED CHOICE

PunctualPunctual

Always Sometimes NeverAlways Sometimes Never

GRAPHIC RATINGGRAPHIC RATING

Efficiency Efficiency

Very efficient Average Very inefficient

CHECKLIST METHODCHECKLIST METHOD

Efficient ----------------Efficient ----------------

Aggressive ----------------Aggressive ----------------

Friendly ----------------Friendly ----------------

Punctual ----------------Punctual ----------------

Selfish ----------------Selfish ----------------

COMMON EVALUATION ERRORSCOMMON EVALUATION ERRORSError of leniency: rater may give very high Error of leniency: rater may give very high ratings to allratings to allError of central tendency: average score to Error of central tendency: average score to allallHalo error/effect: single positive trait leads Halo error/effect: single positive trait leads to positive scores on all the dimensionsto positive scores on all the dimensionsContrast error: rater considers others to be Contrast error: rater considers others to be opposite of his own character. Eg: others opposite of his own character. Eg: others are not as honest as I am.are not as honest as I am.

Similarity error: others are also equally Similarity error: others are also equally honest as I amhonest as I amConstant error: different raters may have Constant error: different raters may have different set of rating standardsdifferent set of rating standardsRecency error: generally recent behaviour Recency error: generally recent behaviour of employee is considered at the time of of employee is considered at the time of ratingratingPersonal bias & prejudicePersonal bias & prejudiceSubjectivitySubjectivityExpectations: expected dress of the Expectations: expected dress of the employee, way of talking etcemployee, way of talking etc

ROLE OF HEREDITY & ENVIRONMENTROLE OF HEREDITY & ENVIRONMENTIN INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCESIN INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

The passing down by genetic transmission of The passing down by genetic transmission of the characteristics of plants or animals from the characteristics of plants or animals from one generation to the next (‘like begetting one generation to the next (‘like begetting like’).like’). The idea of biologically transmitted The idea of biologically transmitted similarities is an old one. However, ideas as similarities is an old one. However, ideas as to the means of this transmission and its to the means of this transmission and its malleability by environmental influences malleability by environmental influences have changed.have changed. Present-day ideas are grounded in research Present-day ideas are grounded in research on genetics (a term first coined in 1905 for on genetics (a term first coined in 1905 for the science of heredity) that has its origins in the science of heredity) that has its origins in Mendel's classic studies cross-breeding peas. Mendel's classic studies cross-breeding peas.

This and other research provided the This and other research provided the missing link in Charles Darwin's theory of missing link in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection by specifying the natural selection by specifying the mechanism through which species mechanism through which species variation and similarity could occur.variation and similarity could occur.The impact of such ideas on the study of The impact of such ideas on the study of human behaviour was considerablehuman behaviour was considerableFrancis Galton, a cousin of Darwin, Francis Galton, a cousin of Darwin, explored the role of heredity in accounting explored the role of heredity in accounting for individual differences in personality and for individual differences in personality and intelligence.intelligence.He also introduced the term eugenics for He also introduced the term eugenics for the body of knowledge that could be used the body of knowledge that could be used to direct human evolutionto direct human evolution

Heredity and environment in an Heredity and environment in an exhaustive specification of causal factors, exhaustive specification of causal factors, has continued the attempt to assess the has continued the attempt to assess the relative contributions of genetics and relative contributions of genetics and environment in the causation of human environment in the causation of human characteristics and behaviour, with characteristics and behaviour, with individual differences receiving much of individual differences receiving much of the research attention. the research attention. Twin studies, comparing monozygotic or Twin studies, comparing monozygotic or MZ (identical) twins with dizygotic or DZ MZ (identical) twins with dizygotic or DZ (non-identical) twins have been widely (non-identical) twins have been widely employed, although the methodological employed, although the methodological difficulties are considerable. However, difficulties are considerable. However, whilst the attempt to quantify the genetic whilst the attempt to quantify the genetic or environmental contribution to or environmental contribution to differences between individuals continuesdifferences between individuals continues

There is increasing recognition that both There is increasing recognition that both genetics and environment are essential to genetics and environment are essential to all human behaviour. all human behaviour.

most psychology researchers are in most psychology researchers are in agreement that heredity and agreement that heredity and environment both play significant environment both play significant roles in the development of various roles in the development of various human traits human traits

Researchers may disagree, however, on Researchers may disagree, however, on the extent to which heredity and the extent to which heredity and environment contribute to the environment contribute to the development of a particular dimension, development of a particular dimension, and on how various factors may affect and on how various factors may affect each other to create a certain human each other to create a certain human characteristic characteristic Unfortunately, researchers have had very Unfortunately, researchers have had very limited success in identifying specific limited success in identifying specific genetic patterns that influence particular genetic patterns that influence particular psychological and behavioral psychological and behavioral characteristics characteristics

an identical environment can elicit an identical environment can elicit different reactions in different different reactions in different individuals, due to variations in their individuals, due to variations in their genetic predispositions genetic predispositions

increasing intellectual stimulation increasing intellectual stimulation should help increase cognitive should help increase cognitive performances of some children performances of some children