AimAim: What led to the : What led to the Emergence and Spread of Emergence and Spread of

New Belief Systems?New Belief Systems?

Global History and Geography Global History and Geography

Regents Review Unit 1 Section 4Regents Review Unit 1 Section 4

Key People and TermsKey People and Terms

What is Christianity?What is Christianity? Began in Palestine with the teachings of a Began in Palestine with the teachings of a

Jew named Jesus. Jesus is said to have Jew named Jesus. Jesus is said to have been born of the Virgin Mary and is the son been born of the Virgin Mary and is the son of God.of God.

Jesus is believed to be the Messiah which Jesus is believed to be the Messiah which means means ““SaviorSavior””. Jesus was arrested by the . Jesus was arrested by the Romans and crucified by Pontius Pilate for Romans and crucified by Pontius Pilate for going against Jewish law. Jesus was nailed going against Jewish law. Jesus was nailed to the cross and left to die.to the cross and left to die.

Jesus is said to have risen from the grave Jesus is said to have risen from the grave after his death. Jesusafter his death. Jesus’’ followers worked to followers worked to spread his teachings even though they faced spread his teachings even though they faced arrest and execution from the Romans.arrest and execution from the Romans.

In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine ended the persecution of the Christians and ended the persecution of the Christians and in 392 Christianity became the official religion in 392 Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Jesus and his of the Roman Empire. Jesus and his followers accept the Ten Commandments followers accept the Ten Commandments that God had given to the Jews through that God had given to the Jews through MosesMoses

Christians use the Bible as their sacred Christians use the Bible as their sacred text. The bible consists of two parts. The text. The bible consists of two parts. The old testament which includes the Hebrew old testament which includes the Hebrew scriptures, books of law, history, writing scriptures, books of law, history, writing and poetry. The New Testament includes and poetry. The New Testament includes the Gospels and other teachings written by the Gospels and other teachings written by JesusJesus’’ followers. followers.

Christianity

Salvation and eternallife to those who

follow Jesus

Faith in one God

Jesus is the son God and the

Messiah or Savior

The Sacred Text ofChristianity is the

Bible

God gave the Hebrewsthe Ten Commandments

through Moses

Jesus teaches mercy, sympathy, brotherhood,and equality of all people

before God

What is JudaismWhat is Judaism According to Hebrew tradition, the Jews According to Hebrew tradition, the Jews

became enslaved in Egypt and God helped became enslaved in Egypt and God helped them escape slavery. In about 1000 BC the them escape slavery. In about 1000 BC the Hebrews set up a Kingdom in Israel with Hebrews set up a Kingdom in Israel with Jerusalem as the capital. The Jews believe Jerusalem as the capital. The Jews believe that God promised them this land.that God promised them this land.

Judaism is one of the first Monotheistic Judaism is one of the first Monotheistic religions. They believed that God was all religions. They believed that God was all knowing, all powerful, and present knowing, all powerful, and present everywhere.everywhere.

The Sacred text of the Jews is the Torah. The Sacred text of the Jews is the Torah. The Jews believe that God gave them the The Jews believe that God gave them the

Ten Commandments through Moses. The Ten Commandments through Moses. The ten commandments are the laws that ten commandments are the laws that describe how people should behave toward describe how people should behave toward God and each other. God and each other.

Judaism

Prophets taught aboutmoral standards

and justice

One true God is presenteverywhere and is all

knowingGod made a covenant with

Abraham

God chose the Hebrews as his people

The Torah is the sacred recording of laws

and events in Jewish history

God gave the Hebrewsthe Ten

Commandmentsthrough Moses

What is Islam?What is Islam? In 570, an Arab named Muhammad was born In 570, an Arab named Muhammad was born

in Mecca. According to Islamic tradition, the in Mecca. According to Islamic tradition, the angel Gabriel came to Muhammad and angel Gabriel came to Muhammad and commanded him to spread the message of commanded him to spread the message of Islam. Islam.

Muhammad obeyed the command and Muhammad obeyed the command and starting spreading the messages of Islam. starting spreading the messages of Islam. Followers of Islam are known as Muslims. Followers of Islam are known as Muslims.

Muslims follow five basic duties known Muslims follow five basic duties known as as The Five PillarsThe Five Pillars. .

The Quran is the sacred text of Islam. The Quran is the sacred text of Islam. The Sharia is the book of laws for The Sharia is the book of laws for Muslims.Muslims.

The Five Duties of Islam

Muslims believe in one Godnamed Allah, who is all

powerful and all knowing,and Muhammad is his

greatest Prophet

Muslims are expected to prayfive times daily

Muslims are expected to give money to

the poor

Muslims are expectedto fast from sunriseto sunset during the

holy month of Ramadan

Muslims are required to visit Mecca at least

once in their lives if theyare physically able

What is Hinduism?What is Hinduism? Hindus believe in the Hindus believe in the BrahmanBrahman or single or single

unifying spirit. Hindus believe that no human unifying spirit. Hindus believe that no human can fully understand the Brahman and can fully understand the Brahman and therefore they worship three Gods. therefore they worship three Gods. BrahmaBrahma the creator the creator VishnuVishnu the Preserver the Preserver ShivaShiva the Destroyer. the Destroyer.

The goal of life for Hindus is to achieve union with The goal of life for Hindus is to achieve union with Brahman.Brahman.

Hindus believe in Hindus believe in ReincarnationReincarnation or the or the rebirth of the soul in a new body. rebirth of the soul in a new body.

People must obey the law of People must obey the law of KarmaKarma which consists of the good deeds of a which consists of the good deeds of a personperson’’s life that affect his or her s life that affect his or her existence in the next life.existence in the next life.

The good deeds of Karma involve The good deeds of Karma involve following following DharmaDharma or the moral and or the moral and religious duties that are expected of an religious duties that are expected of an individual. individual.

Hindu teachings were recorded in the Hindu teachings were recorded in the VedasVedas which was a collection of prayers and sacred which was a collection of prayers and sacred texts. The texts. The UpanishadsUpanishads is a collection of Hindu is a collection of Hindu beliefs.beliefs.

The Caste SystemThe Caste System is a system of social is a system of social grouping. When a person is born; they are born grouping. When a person is born; they are born into a certain caste from which they cannot into a certain caste from which they cannot move during a lifetime. However, with good move during a lifetime. However, with good karma people can be reincarnated into a higher karma people can be reincarnated into a higher caste.caste.

The Caste System Karma determines Caste

In this life In next life

Higher Caste

Lower Caste

A person isBorn into a caste

If good and obeys caste

If bad and disobeys caste

The caste system is a followsThe caste system is a follows::

BrahminsBrahmins- who are priests.- who are priests. KshatriyasKshatriyas- who are the warriors.- who are the warriors. VaisyasVaisyas- who are farmers, artisans, - who are farmers, artisans,

and merchants.and merchants. SudrasSudras- who are farm workers and - who are farm workers and

servants.servants. UntouchablesUntouchables- who are the lowest - who are the lowest

ranked peoples.ranked peoples.

What is Buddhism?What is Buddhism?

Founded by Siddharta Gautama who was Founded by Siddharta Gautama who was born a Hindu. While mediating under a tree born a Hindu. While mediating under a tree he found the answer to his question and he he found the answer to his question and he was then called the was then called the BuddhaBuddha or the or the Enlightened One.Enlightened One.

BuddhaBuddha’’s teaching were collected into the s teaching were collected into the TripitakaTripitaka or Three Baskets of Wisdom. or Three Baskets of Wisdom.

Buddhists follow the Buddhists follow the Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths……

The Four Noble TruthsThe Four Noble Truths

1.1. All life is suffering.All life is suffering.

2.2. Suffering is caused by desire for Suffering is caused by desire for things that are illusions.things that are illusions.

3.3. The way to eliminate suffering is to The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire.eliminate desire.

4.4. Following the Eightfold Path will help Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire. people overcome desire.

The ultimate goal is The ultimate goal is NirvanaNirvana which will which will end the cycle of death and rebirth.end the cycle of death and rebirth.

Who was Confucius?Who was Confucius?

• Born in 551 BC, Confucius was ChinaBorn in 551 BC, Confucius was China’’s most s most influential thinker. His work is written in influential thinker. His work is written in ““The The AnalectsAnalects””..

• Confucius taught people to accept their given Confucius taught people to accept their given place in society.place in society.

• Confucius taught that; Confucius taught that; Older people are Older people are superior to younger people, Men are superior to younger people, Men are superior to women, and that every person superior to women, and that every person had duties and responsibilities that had duties and responsibilities that depended on their position in life.depended on their position in life.

Confucius also taught:Confucius also taught:– People are naturally good.People are naturally good.– Education should be the road to advancement in Education should be the road to advancement in

society.society.– To ensure social order, the individual must find To ensure social order, the individual must find

and accept his or her proper place in societyand accept his or her proper place in society

Superior

Ruler, Husband, Father,

Elder brother

Inferior

Subject, Wife, Son,Younger brother

Takes care of and sets good examples for…

Owes loyalty and obedience to…

Confucius Quotes:Confucius Quotes:

o A superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds A superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions. in his actions.

o Ability will never catch up with the demand for it. Ability will never catch up with the demand for it. o An oppressive government is more to be feared than An oppressive government is more to be feared than

a tiger. a tiger. o And remember, no matter where you go, there you And remember, no matter where you go, there you

are. are. o Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without. Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without. o By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by

reflection, which is noblest; Second, by imitation, reflection, which is noblest; Second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. bitterest.

o Choose a job you love, and you will never have to Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life. work a day in your life.

o Do not impose on others what you yourself do not Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire. desire.

o Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it. Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it. o Faced with what is right, to leave it undone shows a Faced with what is right, to leave it undone shows a

lack of courage. lack of courage. o If I am walking with two other men, each of them will If I am walking with two other men, each of them will

serve as my teacher. I will pick out the good points of serve as my teacher. I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself. other and correct them in myself.

o If we don't know life, how can we know death? If we don't know life, how can we know death? o If you shoot for the stars and hit the moon, it's OK. If you shoot for the stars and hit the moon, it's OK.

But you've got to shoot for something. A lot of people But you've got to shoot for something. A lot of people don't even shoot. don't even shoot.

o If you think in terms of a year, plant a seed; if in terms If you think in terms of a year, plant a seed; if in terms of ten years, plant trees; if in terms of 100 years, of ten years, plant trees; if in terms of 100 years, teach the people. teach the people.