Aids To Navigation
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Transcript of Aids To Navigation
NS100
Fundamentals ofNaval Science
Visual Navigation Aids
Types of Aids to Navigation
Buoys - Floating aids to navigation.
Lights - Fixed aids to navigation with distinctive light characteristics that make them identifiable at night.
Major Lights
On the Range
Range Lights
To the right of the range.
Visual Range
On the RangeThe location of the rear range
relative to the front range will indicate your relationship to the range line.
Beacons
Fixed aids to navigation used in U.S. waters– Each has daymark ( or ) to
denote right or left-side channel boundary– Beacons may be unlighted (daybeacons) or
lighted
Types of Aids to Navigation
Radio Beacon - used with a direction finding receiver, will yield an LOP.
RACON BuoysRACON Buoys to identify aids to navigation, both seaborne (e.g. buoys) and land-to identify aids to navigation, both seaborne (e.g. buoys) and land-
based (e.g. lighthouses) based (e.g. lighthouses) to identify landfall or positions on inconspicuous coastlines to identify landfall or positions on inconspicuous coastlines to indicate navigable spans under bridges to indicate navigable spans under bridges to identify offshore oil platforms and similar structuresto identify offshore oil platforms and similar structures
General Buoyage Classification Lateral - Used to indicate on which side the buoy should be passed and are used to mark channels.
Car
dina
l Sys
tem
C
ardi
nal S
yste
m
of B
uoya
geof
Buo
yage
Buoy Description and Purpose Can Buoy
13
Buoy Description and Purpose Nun Buoy
12
Sound Buoys Bell Gong Whistle Horn
Lighted Buoys
Combination Buoys Any buoy in which a light and a sound
signal are combined
Examples include:– Lighted bell– Lighted gong– Lighted whistle– Lighted horn
Buoy Description and Purpose Buoys are painted different colors according to their purpose. Lateral Aids - Either red or green or the combination of the two.
Cardinal Aids - Painted black and yellow.
Lateral Buoyseither red
or green, or a
combination of the two.
Numbered from seaward,
meaning the numbers increase
as you approach land.
Buoy Description and Purpose Safe Water Marks - presence of a channel. Fitted with a red ball topmark or a white light flashing MORSE ALPHA. Special Marks - Painted yellow.Isolated Danger Marks - Painted black and red.
Special Buoys Used to mark:
– Prohibited areas– Limits of fish traps– Cable crossings– Anchorages– NOAA weather buoys
Color is yellow– Usually unlighted– NOAA weather buoys are lighted and typically use a
flashing 4 or 6 second yellow light
13
Buoyage Systems There are two buoyage systems in the world today: IALA “A” and IALA “B”.
International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)
Buoyage Systems IALA “B” memory aids:
Red Right Returning
Even Red Nuns have Odd Green Cans
Light Attributes Color Phase Characteristics Period
Color Common colors:
WhiteRedGreen
Illustration Symbol and meaning
F. = Fixed
F.Fl. = Fixed and flashing
F.Gp.Fl. = Fixed and group flashing
Fl. = Flashing
Gp. Fl. = Group flashing
Gp. Fl. (1+2) = Composite group flashing
Mo. (A) = Morse code
Qk. Fl. = Quick flashing
I.Qk.Fl. = Interrupted quick flashing
E.Int. = Equal Interval (Isophase)
Occ. =Occulting
Gp.Occ. = Group occultingGp.Occ. (2+3) = Composite group occulting
Lights and Lighted BuoysLateral and Channel Buoys - red or green with flashing phase characteristics.U.S. Safe Water Marks - Show a white light with Morse “Alpha” ( ) with a period of about eight seconds.Fixed Lights and Lighthouses - variety of phase characteristics, lights, and colored sectors to distinguish from the background lights of the shore.
Ch
ann
el
Bu
oys
Safe Water BuoysSafe Water Buoys
Preferred Channel BuoysPreferred Channel Buoys
16
16
1616
16
16
1616
16
20
2020
20
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14 14
12
12
12
12
10
10
1010
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
6 6
6
2
2
21
Mast
Piles
PepeReefUncov.
1 m
HobbsRks
PepeIsland
10
Dredged 10 ft 1996R2
G1
R12Fl R 2.5s
G C 3
R N 4
Kentmore marina
Pepe PtFl 6s 54ft 7M
R14Fl R 5s
G13Fl G 2.5s
16
14
12
10Mast
Aids To Navigation
Using Buoys and Lights in Piloting
Buoys should never be used to fix your
position!Lights and Lighthouses - fixed andprovide for good visual fixing both during the day and at night.