Thursday, September 15, 2009Thursday, September 15, 2009

Agree Disagree 1. The town Agree DisagreeAgree Disagree 1. The town Agree Disagree

____ ____ was the center ____ ________ ____ was the center ____ ____

of society in New England towns.of society in New England towns.

____ ____ 2. Many Africans ____ _________ ____ 2. Many Africans ____ _____Immigration in the 1700’s Immigration in the 1700’s

caused the demand for wheat to decrease. caused the demand for wheat to decrease.

Friday, January, 15, 2010Friday, January, 15, 2010

Agree Disagree 1. Locke,Agree Disagree 1. Locke, Agree Agree DisagreeDisagree

Rousseau,Rousseau, and Montesquieu were important and Montesquieu were important

to the creation of the U.S. to the creation of the U.S. government.government.

AHSGE Chapter 3AHSGE Chapter 3The United States GovernmentThe United States Government

Magna CartaMagna Carta – document written in – document written in 1215 that stated a 1215 that stated a king’s power king’s power was not absolutewas not absolute. .

John LockeJohn Locke – English – English philosopher who believedphilosopher who believed the government should get the government should get it’s power from the people.it’s power from the people.

Jacques RousseauJacques Rousseau – French philosopher – French philosopher

who believed the right to rule should who believed the right to rule should

come from come from the people the people andand not a king not a king..

Wrote the Wrote the Social Contract TheorySocial Contract Theory (there should be an agreement between (there should be an agreement between the the people and the governmentpeople and the government that that limits the rights and duties of each.) limits the rights and duties of each.) Thomas Jefferson used this philosophy in Thomas Jefferson used this philosophy in the Declaration of Independence.the Declaration of Independence.

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu – believed that government – believed that government should possess a legislative, executive and judicial should possess a legislative, executive and judicial branch. branch.

Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu are all Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu are all part of the Enlightenment Movement.part of the Enlightenment Movement.

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening – revival of – revival of Christianity inChristianity in the American Colonies. Contributed tothe American Colonies. Contributed to a sense of American nationality and a sense of American nationality and emphasized the emphasized the importance of the importance of the individualindividual before the Revolution. before the Revolution.

House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses – – first democratic first democratic assemblyassembly in the American colonies. in the American colonies.

First and Second Continental First and Second Continental CongressesCongresses – – models for forming the models for forming the United States government. United States government.

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence – –

A formal declaration of colonial A formal declaration of colonial independence. Established general independence. Established general principles of human rights. principles of human rights.

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation-first constitution of the United States-first constitution of the United StatesCongress can:Congress can:

-declare war and make peace-declare war and make peace-coin and borrow money-coin and borrow money-establish a post office-establish a post office-raise an army and navy-raise an army and navy-make foreign treaties and -make foreign treaties and

alliancesalliances-pass laws by 9 of 13-pass laws by 9 of 13

states.states.

Congress cannotCongress cannot::-levy taxes-levy taxes-regulate foreign or domestic -regulate foreign or domestic

tradetrade-enforce any of its powers-enforce any of its powers

StrengthsStrengths – States retained rights, Central – States retained rights, Central government established a post office.government established a post office.

WeaknessesWeaknesses – loose bonds developed between – loose bonds developed between independent states, one vote per state, no independent states, one vote per state, no executive or judicial power, unanimous vote executive or judicial power, unanimous vote required for amendments. required for amendments. Lack of a strong NationalLack of a strong National governmentgovernment..

The Constitutional ConventionThe Constitutional ConventionMeeting held to revise the Articles of Meeting held to revise the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Virginia PlanVirginia Plan – representation – representation

in Congress would be based on in Congress would be based on populationpopulation..

New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan – representation in – representation in Congress would be based on Congress would be based on equal equal representationrepresentation..

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise –Congress would –Congress would be divided into two houses. be divided into two houses.

SenateSenate-- upper house would have upper house would have equal representation (two senators).equal representation (two senators).

House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives - Lower - Lower house would be based on population. house would be based on population.

3/5 Compromise3/5 Compromise – decisions on how to – decisions on how to count slavery in the south. For every 5 count slavery in the south. For every 5 slaves, 3 would count as a person. slaves, 3 would count as a person.

United States Government Under the United States Government Under the ConstitutionConstitution

The ConstitutionThe Constitution - Supreme law - Supreme lawof the land. The Constitution outlines the of the land. The Constitution outlines the federal governments system of separation of federal governments system of separation of powers. powers.

FederalismFederalism – the dividing of power – the dividing of power between the national and state between the national and state governments. This power is shared governments. This power is shared between the national and state governments. between the national and state governments.

ConstitutionalismConstitutionalism – government where – government where power is divided among various groups but all power is divided among various groups but all obey a system of laws. obey a system of laws.

Three Branches of GovernmentThree Branches of GovernmentLegislativeLegislative – – Congress makes the laws. Congress makes the laws.ExecutiveExecutive – – the President carries out the the President carries out the laws.laws.JudicialJudicial- - Supreme Court interprets or Supreme Court interprets or explains the laws.explains the laws.

Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances – system to keep – system to keep one branch of government from becoming one branch of government from becoming too powerfultoo powerful. . VetoVeto - reject or refuse. - reject or refuse.

Checks and BalancesChecks and BalancesLegislative Branch – May override the presidential veto.Legislative Branch – May override the presidential veto.

(Congress) May remove the president from (Congress) May remove the president from office.office.

May reject Supreme Court May reject Supreme Court appointments.appointments.

Executive Branch – May veto bills passed by Congress.Executive Branch – May veto bills passed by Congress.

(President) Appoint Supreme Court Justices.(President) Appoint Supreme Court Justices.

May pardon federal offenders.May pardon federal offenders.

Judicial Branch - Judicial Branch - May rule that laws are unconstitutional.May rule that laws are unconstitutional.

(Supreme Court(Supreme Court

And lower courts)And lower courts)

The ConstitutionThe ConstitutionPreamblePreamble – states the purpose of – states the purpose of establishing a new government underestablishing a new government under the Constitution.the Constitution.

Article IArticle I – establishes the Legislative Branch – establishes the Legislative Branch with a two house Congress (Senate and House of with a two house Congress (Senate and House of Representatives)Representatives)

Article IIArticle II – Outlines the – Outlines the Executive BranchExecutive Branch

Article IIIArticle III – Explains the – Explains the Judicial BranchJudicial Branch

Ratifying the ConstitutionRatifying the Constitution

RatifyRatify – to approve. – to approve.

FederalistsFederalists – Supporters of the – Supporters of the

Constitution. Believed the U.S.Constitution. Believed the U.S.

needed to have a strong national needed to have a strong national

government.government.

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists – opponents of the – opponents of the Constitution. Believed the new national Constitution. Believed the new national government would be too powerful and government would be too powerful and

that states should retain more power. that states should retain more power.

Amending the ConstitutionAmending the ConstitutionWhat must be done to amend the What must be done to amend the Constitution?Constitution? Changes can only be made Changes can only be made through amendments. through amendments.

The Bill of Rights:The Bill of Rights:

First ten amendments to the Constitution First ten amendments to the Constitution to insure basic rights and freedoms for to insure basic rights and freedoms for American citizens. The first amendment American citizens. The first amendment secured the secured the freedom of speech, religion, freedom of speech, religion, press and the right to assembly. press and the right to assembly.

Other Important Amendments to the Other Important Amendments to the ConstitutionConstitution

1313thth – – abolished slaveryabolished slavery

1414thth – – civil rightscivil rights of all people born or naturalized in the of all people born or naturalized in the United States are guaranteed (allowed citizenship of African United States are guaranteed (allowed citizenship of African Americans).Americans).

1515thth – – All male citizensAll male citizens have the right to have the right to vote regardless of race or color. vote regardless of race or color.

Ratified during Reconstruction.Ratified during Reconstruction. Most associated with suffragists Most associated with suffragists (women’s right to vote)(women’s right to vote)

These three amendments increased the rights of These three amendments increased the rights of African Americans. African Americans.

1919thth – – WomenWomen are guaranteed the are guaranteed the right to vote. right to vote.

The First Government Under the The First Government Under the ConstitutionConstitution

Electoral CollegeElectoral College – a group of people – a group of people representing each state.representing each state.

George WashingtonGeorge Washington – First president. – First president.

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton – Secretary of – Secretary of Treasury. FederalistTreasury. Federalist

Politics and Policies in the New Politics and Policies in the New GovernmentGovernment

Elastic ClauseElastic Clause – – gives Congress the power to gives Congress the power to pass legislation which is considers pass legislation which is considers “necessary “necessary and proper”.and proper”. It stretches the power It stretches the power of the of the ConstitutionConstitution. .

Loose InterpretationLoose Interpretation – – The belief by Alexander The belief by Alexander Hamilton that the government had more powers Hamilton that the government had more powers than were actuality listed in the Constitution.than were actuality listed in the Constitution.

Strict InterpretationStrict Interpretation – – The belief by Thomas The belief by Thomas Jefferson that the government had only the Jefferson that the government had only the powers specifically listed in the Constitution. powers specifically listed in the Constitution.

Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

Washington said the U.S. should stay Washington said the U.S. should stay neutral and avoid permanent alliances with neutral and avoid permanent alliances with other nations.other nations.

He advised against forming He advised against forming political parties.political parties.

He believed good government He believed good government is based on religion and morality.is based on religion and morality.

Every citizen should obey the Every citizen should obey the Constitution. Constitution.

Formation of PartiesFormation of PartiesFederalistsFederalists – Alexander Hamilton, – Alexander Hamilton, favored a strong central government and a favored a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. loose interpretation of the Constitution. Power should be with well educated Power should be with well educated people.people.

Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans – Thomas – Thomas Jefferson, favored states retaining Jefferson, favored states retaining authority and a strict interpretation of the authority and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Wanted power in the hands of Constitution. Wanted power in the hands of the everyday people. the everyday people.

Important CasesImportant Cases

John MarshallJohn Marshall – Chief Justice of the – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Established supremacy of Supreme Court. Established supremacy of the national government over the states.the national government over the states.

Marbury v MadisonMarbury v Madison – established the – established the right of judicial review. The Supreme Court right of judicial review. The Supreme Court could declare a law unconstitutional.could declare a law unconstitutional.

Gibbons v OgdenGibbons v Ogden – Congress had the – Congress had the power to regular interstate and foreign power to regular interstate and foreign commerce. commerce.