The United StatesGovernment

Chapter 3 AHSGE(Vocabulary & Test Review)

AHSGE 2-1: Recognize and comprehend the impact of the influences of intellectual and religious thought on the

political systems of the U.S. AHSGE 2-2: Identify and comprehend the provisions of essential documents of

the U.S. government.ACOS 4: Describe the political system of the U.S. based on the Constitution and Bill of Rights. ACOS 5: Identify key cases that helped shape the U.S. Supreme Court. ACOS 6: Describe relations of the U.S. with Britain and

France from 1781 to 1823.

Which describes the Second Continental Congress?

• an organization of British merchants selling goods to the colonies

• a meeting of colonists opposed to colonial independence

• a union of British governors in the colonies• a group of colonists acting as a national

government ANSWER: a group of colonists acting as a national governmenta group of colonists acting as a national government

The main purpose of the “elastic clause” in the Constitution of the

United States is to• ?

ANSWER: give Congress additional powers.give Congress additional powers.

In the case of ___________ (1824), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress alone had the power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce. This decision allowed the building of roads and canals to increase without the restrictions of state monopolies.

• ?

ANSWER: GibbonsGibbons v. v. OgdenOgden

Montesquieu’s theory that government should be divided into three branches is called

• ?

ANSWER: separation of powersseparation of powers

Once the Constitution was ratified, Congress began working on changes to the Constitution to insure individual rights. Congress wrote ten amendments to the Constitution to insure basic rights and freedoms for American citizens. These first then amendments are called the _______________.

• ?ANSWER: Bill of RightsBill of Rights

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution requires a ___________ majority vote in

Congress or a special convention called by two thirds of the state legislatures. The amendment must then be ratified by the legislatures of 3/4 of

the states or by a special convention.

• ?ANSWER:

2/32/3

Use the chart below and your own knowledge to answer the question.

Some Provisions of the Constitution of the United States

• ?ANSWER: separation of powersseparation of powers

Article Provision I All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress. . . .

The Congress shall have power . . . to declare war . . . [and] made all laws which shall be necessary and proper. . . .

II The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States. . . .

The President shall . . . have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties . . . appoint ambassadors . . . and judges of the

Supreme Court. . . .

III The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court. . . .

The judicial power shall extend to all cases . . . arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made. . . .

The information on the chart MOST related to the concept of ________________.

Which describes the original purpose of the Magna Carta?

• to bring religious wars to an end

• to limit the power of the king

• to finalize trade agreements between nations

• to create a plan for governing colonies to create a plan for governing colonies

ANSWER: to limit the power of the kingto limit the power of the king

Which civil rights amendment granted women the right to

vote?

• ?

ANSWER: 19th19th

Which branch of government makes the laws?

• ?

ANSWER: legislativelegislative

Study the list below.

- inclusion of slaves in population counts- balance of representation for large and small states in Congress- strength of the national government

The issues shown in the box caused debate

over the writing of the • ?

ANSWER: Constitution of the United StatesConstitution of the United States

Study the passage below.

When . . . Men have, by the consent [permission] of every individual, made a Community, they have thereby made that Community . . . with a Power to Act as one Body, which is only by the and determination of the majority. . . .

The feature of the United States government MOST influenced by

the idea discussed above is the right of • individuals to be considered innocent until proven

guilty • state governments and the federal government to

share power. • people to give a government its authority. • courts to review laws.

ANSWER: people to give a government its authority.people to give a government its authority.

After much debate at the Constitutional Convention,

delegates arrived at a compromise which divided Congress into two houses. In the upper house, the __________, each state was represented by two senators. In the lower house, the ___________, each state had representatives in proportion to it population.

• ?

ANSWER: Senate, House of RepresentativesSenate, House of Representatives

After eight years in officer, President Washington left office in 1797. His farewell address

provided wise advice on several subjects such as

• ?

ANSWER: avoiding foreign alliances and the formation of political avoiding foreign alliances and the formation of political parties.parties.

Supporters of the Constitution were called

__________________.

• ?

ANSWER: FederalistsFederalists

Study the information below.Social Contract Theory: government receives its authority

from the people, and is given powers to maintain order and protect its citizens.

Supporters of this theory would most likely agree with

• restricting public knowledge of government processes.

• requiring all citizens to work for the government. • giving unlimited powers to a government. • allowing citizens to change their government.

ANSWER: allowing citizens to change their government.allowing citizens to change their government.

Who published The Spirit of the Laws in 1748? He thought the functions of government should be divided among three branches of government and that powers and duties should be carefully defined and separated so no branch acquired too much power.

• ?

ANSWER: Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu

The passage below is from a series of articles written to encourage support for the Constitution of the U.S. Use the passage and your own knowledge to answer the question.

The Federalist, No. 51 In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, . . . it is evident that each department should have a will of its own. . . . But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments [infringements] of the others. . . . In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. . . . We see it particularly displayed in all the . . . distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other.

The author of the passage is encouraging support for the Constitution of the United States because it would

• allow amendments to be made • protect individual rights. • allow branches of the government to have some

control over each other. • provide political parties with a clearly defined role

ANSWER: allow branches of the government to have some control over each other.

At the Constitutional Convention, the ______________ delegates presented a plan for the new government. Under this plan, representation in Congress would be based on a state’s population. This plan satisfied states with large populations, but angered small states would have less representation.

• ?

ANSWER: VirginiaVirginia

What was the purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment?

• ?

ANSWER: to end slaveryto end slavery

Which statement below BEST describes the Articles of Confederation?

• The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government consisting of a Congress only.

• The Articles of Confederation established a strong executive branch with the right to levy taxes and control trade.

• The Articles of Confederation established a government modeled after the English parliamentary model.

• The Articles of Confederation established the concept of three branches of government later used in the Constitution.

ANSWER: The Articles of Confederation established a weak central The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government consisting of a Congress only.government consisting of a Congress only.

The ___________________ was the first colonial assembly. It was established on July 30, 1619 in Jamestown to represent the colonists in the state of Virginia. This assembly symbolized the authority of the people to limit the power of the king. This event was critical in developing state and

national governments in the United States.

• ?

ANSWER: House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

Which completes

this diagram?

• the right to trial by jury the right to confront witnesses • the right to trial by jury • the right to assemble peaceably • the right to be secure against unreasonable searches

ANSWER: the right to assemble peaceablythe right to assemble peaceably

The phrase “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a

more perfect Union” begins which document?

• ?

ANSWER: the United States Constitutionthe United States Constitution

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could NOT

• make amendments with a unanimous vote of all states.

• establish a post office.

• levy taxes.

• declare war and make peace.

ANSWER: levy taxes.levy taxes.

Opponents of the Constitution were known as

• ?ANSWER: Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists

Which branch of government interprets or explains the laws?

• ?ANSWER: judicialjudicial

Which civil rights amendment abolished slavery?

• ?

ANSWER: 13th13th

Which branch of government carries out and/or enforces the

laws?

• ?

ANSWER: executive

The delegates of the Constitutional Convention were mostly pleased with the government

described by the United States Constitution; however, before the Constitution became

law, it had to be _____________ (approved) by the states.

• ?

ANSWER: ratifiedratified

After much debate at the Constitutional Convention, delegates arrived at the _____________________ which divided Congress into two houses.

• ?

ANSWER: Great CompromiseGreat Compromise

Changes in the Constitution can be made through the _________________ process. The writers of the Constitution recognized the need to change the document in order to keep the government flexible and current as

circumstances changed.

• ?

ANSWER: amendmentamendment

The First and Second Continental Congress (1774-1781) brought together delegates from each of the thirteen colonies — except ________________. The First Continental Congress was the first time state representatives met together. These congressional meetings were a model for forming the United States government.

• ?

ANSWER: GeorgiaGeorgia

What were the first political parties in the United States?

• ?

ANSWER: Federalists and Democratic-RepublicansFederalists and Democratic-Republicans

The _________________ gives Congress the power to pass

legislation that is “necessary and proper” for doing its job.

• ?

ANSWER: Elastic ClauseElastic Clause

The writers of the Constitution knew that the limits of the powers and

responsibilities of each branch were not always clear. To keep the

branches equal in power, the writers developed a system of

• ?

ANSWER: checks and balanceschecks and balances

Who proposed paying the revolutionary war debt in full?

• ?

ANSWER: Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

I was a French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract in 1762. I believed that the right to rule should come from the people and not a king. Who am I?

• ?

ANSWER: Jacques RousseauJacques Rousseau

Use the chart below and your own knowledge to answer the following question. -- The Constitution of the United States is different from the

Articles of Confederation because it Some Features of the Articles of Confederation and the

Constitution of the United States

• ? ANSWER: creates a stronger national governmentcreates a stronger national government

Articles of Confederation Constitution of the United States

Congress consists of one house. Congress consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

The central government has no executive branch.

The executive branch (headed by a President) caries out laws.

The central government has no judicial branch. The judicial branch (headed by the U.S. Supreme Court), reviews the constitutionality of laws.

Amendments must be approved by all states. Amendments may be adopted with the approval of 3/4 of state legislatures or 3/5 of state conventions held regarding the amendment.

State governments have the right to tax. Congress has the right to tax.

Which issue was at the center of the political differences of Thomas

Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton?

• colonial independence

• individual rights

• slavery

• federal power

ANSWER: federal powerfederal power

How is power divided under the system of federalism?

• ?

ANSWER: Power is divided between federal and statePower is divided between federal and state governments governments

Following the Revolutionary War, thirteen independent states were left to figure out how to govern themselves. The colonists’ chief loyalty was to

• ?

ANSWER: the state in which they livedthe state in which they lived

_________________ was an English philosopher who believed that government should derive its power

from the people whom it governed.

• ?

ANSWER: John LockeJohn Locke

Use the passage below and your own knowledge to answer the question.Marbury v. Madison, 1803

The powers of the legislature are defined and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken or forgotten, the constitution is written. . . . It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. . . . If two laws conflict with each other, . . . the court must determine which . . . governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty. If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply. Thus, . . . the constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant [offensive] to the constitution is void [invalid]. . . . The ruling shown above gives the Supreme Court authority to

• disregard parts of the Constitution of the United States • determine whether a law is constitutional • review bills before they become laws • approve members elected to Congress

ANSWER: determine whether a law is constitutionaldetermine whether a law is constitutional

President Adams appointed _____________ (a Federalist) as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He became one of the most influential people to hold the office and established the supremacy of the national government over the states. His decisions showed that the Constitution could adapt to the changing size and needs of the nation.

• ?

ANSWER: John MarshallJohn Marshall

Which political party favored states retaining authority, wanted power in the hands of the people because they felt the people were the safest store of power, thought the nation’s economy should be based on agriculture, and interpreted the Constitution strictly as giving powers only as stated?

• ?

ANSWER: Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican

Which case established the Supreme Court’s power of

judicial review?• ?

ANSWER: MarburyMarbury v. v. MadisonMadison

The ____________ was a written document protecting the rights of English nobles. Although it didn’t protect the rights of a common man, it set the precedent that a king’s power was not absolute.

• ?

ANSWER: Magna CartaMagna Carta

Which writing expressed the idea that there should be an agreement between the people and the government that limits the rights and duties of each? Thomas Jefferson (lived 1743-1826) agreed with this writing, and it became one of the philosophies for colonial separation from England expressed in the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

• ?

ANSWER: Social Contract TheorySocial Contract Theory

At the Constitutional Convention, the ______________ delegates presented a plan for the new government. Under this plan, each state would have an equal voice in Congress. This proposal satisfied the smaller states, who wanted representation equal to the larger states; however, the larger states were upset by this proposal, feeling that this proposed congress would not reflect the nation’s population.

• ?

ANSWER: New JerseyNew Jersey

Vocabulary

What was one of the first political parties in the U.S.? This political

party opposed strong national government.

• Democratic-Republican

What Supreme Court case granted Congress alone the power to

regulate interstate commerce?

• Gibbons v. Ogden

Who was the Federalist that became the second president of the

U.S.?

• John Adams

What term refers to approval by vote of the people or their

representatives?

• Ratify

Who authored the Declaration of Independence and was the first Secretary of State in the U.S.?

• Thomas Jefferson

Which French philosopher thought the functions of government should be divided and carefully defined? He wrote The Spirit of the Laws.

• Baron de Montesquieu

What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?

• The Bill of Rights

By which process does the Constitution change?

• amendment

What term refers to colonial government made up of elected

representatives?

• House of Burgesses

What term refers to dividing power between state and national

governments?

• Federalism

What divided Congress into two houses (Senate and House of Representatives) to assure fair representation of the states?

• the Great Compromise

What was the first constitution ratified by the thirteen colonies in

March 1781?

• Articles of Confederation

What document did King John sign in 1215? It gave certain rights to the nobility of England and limited

the power of the king.

• Magna Carta

What term refers to newspaper articles written to persuade the

people of NY state to support the Constitution?

• Federalist Papers

Who was the English philosopher that believed government should get its power from the people it

governed?

• John Locke

What case established the Supreme Court’s right to judicial

review?

• Marbury v. Madison

What was the system of government in which power is

divided among various groups but all obey a system of laws called the

Constitution?

• Constitutionalism

What term refers to the right of the Supreme Court to decide whether a

law passed by Congress was constitutional or not?

• Judicial review

Who was the Federalist appointed by President John Adams to be Chief Justice of the Supreme

Court?

• John Marshall

Who did President Washington appoint to be the first Secretary of

the Treasury?

• Alexander Hamilton

A revival of evangelical Christianity in the American colonies in the

1740s

• Great Awakening

What gives Congress the power to pass legislation that is “necessary

and proper” for doing its job?

• Elastic Clause

The End

• Study!